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Chemosensors
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Recent Advances in Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Sensing
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Recent Advances in Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Sensing

A special issue of Chemosensors (ISSN 2227-9040). This special issue belongs to the section "Electrochemical Devices and Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2025 | Viewed by 12069

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Najmeh Karimian

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Guest Editor
Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca’ Foscari of Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre-Venezia, Italy
Interests: molecularly imprinted polymers; chemo/biosensors; electrochemical analysis; nanoelectrodes; electropolymerization; nanostructured materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Angela Maria Stortini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca’ Foscari of Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre-Venezia, Italy
Interests: nanostructured electrodes; bio and biomimetic sensors; environmental monitoring; water and air quality; sea surface microlayer
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A long-standing requirement in electrochemistry is the development of electrochemical sensing platforms for real sample characterization with long-term stability and high sensitivity. Recent years have witnessed the accelerated development of electrode materials with high levels of analytical performance, which extends their application in environmental, healthcare and food monitoring. Modified green and novel electrode materials, as well as platform design, have thus become a key area of focus regarding the enhancenment and generation of low-cost, automated, and portable electrochemical sensing devices with high sensitivity and selectivity for real-time monitoring. The aim of this Special Issue is to collect innovative contributions in the form of original research papers, reviews and letters on state-of-the-art advances in the design, fabrication, processing, modification, functionalization, engineering and patterning of chemical sensors and biosensors that exploit the utilization of novel electrode materials and hybrid materials, as well as their applications in various chemical analysis.

Topics may include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Novel strategies for the production and application of nanosized materials in chemical sensors and biosensors;
  • Development and exploitation of 2D and 3D materials for electrochemosensors;
  • Chemical sensing and biosensing platforms in various applications, including healthcare, environmental monitoring and food quality control;
  • Innovative and sustainable functional materials for the development of electroanalytical sensing platforms;
  • Chemical sensing and biosensing with molecularly imprinted polymers, nanozymes and aptamers.

Dr. Najmeh Karimian
Dr. Angela Maria Stortini
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Chemosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • advanced electrode materials
  • electrochemistry
  • chemo/biosensors
  • healthcare and environmental monitoring
  • nanosized materials
  • electroanalytical sensing platforms

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 3807 KiB  
Article
Dummy Template Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Electrochemical Detection of Cardiac Troponin I: A Combined Computational and Experimental Approach
by Mohammad Sadegh Sadeghi Googheri, Davide Campagnol, Paolo Ugo, Samira Hozhabr Araghi and Najmeh Karimian
Chemosensors 2025, 13(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13010026 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 718
Abstract
Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a crucial biomarker for the early detection of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), playing a significant role in cardiac health assessment. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are valued for their stability, ease of fabrication, reusability, and selectivity. However, using the [...] Read more.
Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a crucial biomarker for the early detection of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), playing a significant role in cardiac health assessment. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are valued for their stability, ease of fabrication, reusability, and selectivity. However, using the analyte as a template can be costly, especially if the analyte is expensive. In such cases, a dummy template (DT) with similar chemico-physical properties can be useful. This study aimed to design a DT-MIP for cTnI detection using cytochrome c (Cyt c) as the template, combining computational and experimental approaches. Molecular docking identified binding sites on Cyt c and cTnI for poly(o-phenylenediamine) (5PoPD) pentamers. Interactions and binding energies were examined using all-atom molecular dynamics (MDs) simulations and structural interaction fingerprint (SIFt) calculations. A DT-MIP-modified electrode for cTnI detection was prepared by electropolymerizing o-PD in the presence of Cyt c as a dummy template. Electrochemical techniques monitored the electropolymerization, template removal, and binding of the target analyte. The experimental results showed that the DT-MIPs exhibited a high binding affinity for cTnI, consistent with the binding energies observed in MD simulations. The satisfactory correlation between experimental and computational results validated our model-based approach for the rational design of dummy template molecularly imprinted polymers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Sensing)
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10 pages, 7589 KiB  
Communication
A Theoretical Examination of Various Complexes of a Proposed Novel Chemosensor Material—Graphene/SiC
by Dobromir A. Kalchevski, Stefan Kolev, Dimitar Dimov, Dimitar Trifonov, Ivalina Avramova, Pavlina Ivanova and Teodor Milenov
Chemosensors 2024, 12(11), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12110239 - 17 Nov 2024
Viewed by 900
Abstract
The potential of semiconducting, corrugated graphene, grown on silicon carbide, as an active element in chemosensors is studied in the present work. For this purpose, the adsorption of benzene, diazepam and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the material’s surface was modeled. According to [...] Read more.
The potential of semiconducting, corrugated graphene, grown on silicon carbide, as an active element in chemosensors is studied in the present work. For this purpose, the adsorption of benzene, diazepam and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the material’s surface was modeled. According to the graphene sheet bending and adsorbate–adsorbent distances, the heterostructure favors the ligands in the order of diazepam < benzene < TCDD. The apparent ambiguity in the results for diazepam is easy to explain. The abundance of lone pairs and π-electrons compensates for the low-symmetry, non-planar, far from optimal (adsorption-wise) geometry. The maximum band gap change in the heterostructure, caused by adsorption, is 0.02 eV. Intermolecular binding does not alter the HOMO–LUMO difference in benzene and TCDD by more than 0.01 eV. The completely planar molecules are not expected to undergo significant geometrical changes; hence, the alteration in their frontier orbitals is also minimal. The adsorption of diazepam, however, causes significant changes in the projected density of states of both structures in the complex. In conclusion, corrugated graphene is applicable as an active material in selective chemosensors for non-planar aromatic molecules. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Sensing)
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14 pages, 4702 KiB  
Article
Shungite Paste Electrodes: Basic Characterization and Initial Examples of Applicability in Electroanalysis
by Michaela Bártová, Martin Bartoš, Ivan Švancara and Milan Sýs
Chemosensors 2024, 12(7), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12070118 - 28 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 929
Abstract
This article introduces a new type of carbon paste electrode prepared from black raw shungite. In powdered form, this carbonaceous material was mixed with several nonpolar binders. The resulting shungite pastes were microscopically and electrochemically characterized. Mixtures of several pasting liquids with different [...] Read more.
This article introduces a new type of carbon paste electrode prepared from black raw shungite. In powdered form, this carbonaceous material was mixed with several nonpolar binders. The resulting shungite pastes were microscopically and electrochemically characterized. Mixtures of several pasting liquids with different contents of shungite powder were tested to select the optimal composition and compared with other types of carbon paste-based electrodes made of graphite and glassy carbon powder. In terms of physical and mechanical properties, shungite paste electrodes (ShPEs) formed a composite mass being like dense pastes from glassy carbon microspheres, having harder consistency than that of traditional graphitic carbon pastes. The respective electrochemical measurements with ShPEs were based on cyclic voltammetry of ferri-/ferro-cyanide redox pairs, allowing us to evaluate some typical parameters such as electrochemically active surface area, double-layer capacitance, potential range in the working media given, heterogeneous rate constant, charge-transfer coefficient, exchange current density, and open-circuit potential. The whole study with ShPEs was then completed with three different examples of possible electroanalytical applications, confirming that the carbon paste-like configuration with powdered shungite represents an environmentally friendly (green) and low-cost electrode material with good stability in mixed aqueous-organic mixtures, and hence with interesting prospects in electroanalysis of biologically active organic compounds. It seems that similar analytical parameters of the already established variants of carbon paste electrodes can also be expected for their shungite analogues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Sensing)
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16 pages, 10792 KiB  
Article
A Portable Nanoporous Gold Modified Screen-Printed Sensor for Reliable and Simultaneous Multi-Vitamins Analysis
by Xinyu Gao, Siyu Chen, Xiaolei Wang, Honglei Liu and Xia Wang
Chemosensors 2023, 11(9), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090502 - 15 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1520
Abstract
Despite being present in minimal amounts, vitamin B2 (VB2), vitamin C (VC), and vitamin B6 (VB6) each play indispensable roles in human metabolisms. Given that VB2, VC, and VB6 cannot be synthesized by the human body, detections of these three vitamins both in [...] Read more.
Despite being present in minimal amounts, vitamin B2 (VB2), vitamin C (VC), and vitamin B6 (VB6) each play indispensable roles in human metabolisms. Given that VB2, VC, and VB6 cannot be synthesized by the human body, detections of these three vitamins both in fermentation liquid where vitamins are industrially manufactured and in human serum where vitamin concentrations could be clinically controlled are of significant importance. Here, a nanoporous gold (NPAu) modified screen-printed electrode (NPAu/SPE) was fabricated to detect VB2, VC, and VB6 based on NPAu’s electro-oxidation towards vitamins. Owing to the wide separation of peak potentials among VB2, VC, and VB6, the simultaneous detection of these three vitamins was achieved by the NPAu/SPE within a potential range from −0.8 V to 0.8 V. The achieved limits of detection (LOD) for VB2, VC, and VB6 were 0.46, 6.44, and 1.92 μM, with sensitivities of 68.58, 4.77, and 15.94 μA/μM, respectively. Subsequent reliability experiments suggested that the NPAu/SPE exhibited solid anti-interference capability and repeatability. Additionally, the real-sample detection of the NPAu/SPE towards VB2, VC, and VB6 was achieved both in human serum and in fermentation liquid with comparable accuracy (the recovery rates were from 89.8% to 111.7%) as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, the portable NPAu/SPE showed comparable performance in terms of the LOD and linear dynamic range when compared to glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) limited to laboratory detection. The proposed NPAu/SPE possesses various advantageous properties including portability, easy fabrication, high sensitivity, and cost-efficiency, making it a potential candidate for clinical and industrial multi-vitamins analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Sensing)
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16 pages, 4666 KiB  
Article
Analytical Tool for Quality Control of Irrigation Waters via a Potentiometric Electronic Tongue
by Marina Miras, María Cuartero, María Soledad García, Alberto Ruiz and Joaquín Ángel Ortuño
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070407 - 20 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1701
Abstract
A potentiometric electronic tongue (ET) for the analysis of well and ditch irrigation water samples is herein proposed. The sensors’ array is composed of six ion-selective electrodes based on plasticized polymeric membranes with low selectivity profiles, i.e., the membranes do not contain any [...] Read more.
A potentiometric electronic tongue (ET) for the analysis of well and ditch irrigation water samples is herein proposed. The sensors’ array is composed of six ion-selective electrodes based on plasticized polymeric membranes with low selectivity profiles, i.e., the membranes do not contain any selective receptor. The sensors differ between them in the type of ion-exchanger (sensors for cations or anions) and the plasticizer used in the membrane composition, while the polymeric matrix and the preparation protocol were maintained. The potentiometric response of each sensor towards the main cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3−) expected in irrigation water samples was characterized, revealing a fast response time (<50 s). A total of 19 samples were analyzed with the sensor array at optimized experimental conditions, but, also, a series of complementary analytical techniques were applied to obtain the exact ion composition and conductivity to develop a trustable ET. The principal component analysis of the final potential values of the dynamic response observed with each sensor in the array allows for the differentiation between most of the samples in terms of quality. Furthermore, the ET was treated with a linear multivariate regression method for the quantitative determination of the mentioned ions in the irrigation water samples, revealing rather good prediction of Mg2+, Na+, and Cl− concentrations and acceptable results for the rest of ions. Overall, the ET is a promising analytical tool for irrigation water quality, exceeding traditional characterization approaches (conductivity, salinity, pH, cations, anions, etc.) in terms of overhead costs, versatility, simplicity, and total time for data provision. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Sensing)
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14 pages, 3917 KiB  
Article
In-Situ Formation of NiFe-MOF on Nickel Foam as a Self-Supporting Electrode for Flexible Electrochemical Sensing and Energy Conversion
by Shuting Weng, Qi An, Yanchao Xu, Yang Jiao and Jianrong Chen
Chemosensors 2023, 11(4), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11040242 - 13 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3479
Abstract
Ni- and Fe-based metal-organic frameworks (NiFe-MOFs) have abundant valence states and have the potential to be used as bifunctional electrode materials. However, unannealed NiFe-MOFs are still not widely used in electrode materials, including electrochemical sensing, supercapacitors, and overall water splitting. In addition, the [...] Read more.
Ni- and Fe-based metal-organic frameworks (NiFe-MOFs) have abundant valence states and have the potential to be used as bifunctional electrode materials. However, unannealed NiFe-MOFs are still not widely used in electrode materials, including electrochemical sensing, supercapacitors, and overall water splitting. In addition, the direct growth of active material on a conductive carrier has been developed as a binder-free strategy for electrode preparation. This strategy avoids the use of insulating binders and additional electrode treatments, simplifies the preparation process of the NiFe-MOFs, and improves the conductivity and mechanical stability of the electrode. Therefore, in this study, we employed a simple solvothermal method combined with an in situ growth technique to directly grow NiFe-MOF-X (X = 4, 8, 12) nanomaterials of different sizes and morphologies on nickel foam at low reaction temperatures and different reaction times. The NiFe-MOF-8 electrode exhibited high capacitive properties, with an area-specific capacitance of 5964 mF cm−2 at 2 mA cm−2 and excellent durability. On the other hand, NiFe-MOF-12 exhibited strong catalytic activity in electrocatalytic tests performed in a 1 M KOH aqueous solution, demonstrating hydrogen evolution reaction (η10 = 150 mV) and oxygen evolution reaction (η50 = 362 mV) activities. The electrochemical sensing tests demonstrated a good response to BPA. Overall, our results suggest that the direct growth of NiFe-MOFs on nickel foam using a simple solvothermal method combined with an in situ growth technique is a promising strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Sensing)
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Review

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41 pages, 7651 KiB  
Review
Conducting Polymers in Amperometric Sensors: A State of the Art over the Last 15 Years with a Focus on Polypyrrole-, Polythiophene-, and Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Based Materials
by Maria I. Pilo, Gavino Sanna and Nadia Spano
Chemosensors 2024, 12(5), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12050081 - 11 May 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1886
Abstract
Conducting polymers are used in a wide range of applications, especially in the design and development of electrochemical sensors. Their main advantage, in this context, is their ability to efficiently modify an electrode surface using the direct polymerization of a suitable monomer in [...] Read more.
Conducting polymers are used in a wide range of applications, especially in the design and development of electrochemical sensors. Their main advantage, in this context, is their ability to efficiently modify an electrode surface using the direct polymerization of a suitable monomer in an electrochemical cell, or by physical coating. Additionally, the conducting polymers can be mixed with further materials (metal nanoparticles, carbonaceous materials) to enhance conductivity and analytical features (linear range, limit of detection, sensitivity, and selectivity). Due to their characteristics, conducting polymer-based amperometric sensors are applied to the determination of different organic and inorganic analytes. A view of recent advances in this field focusing on pyrrole, thiophene, and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene as starting materials is reported. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Sensing)
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