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Advanced Research on Internal Combustion Engines and Engine Fuels—2nd Edition
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Advanced Research on Internal Combustion Engines and Engine Fuels—2nd Edition

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "J: Thermal Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 March 2025 | Viewed by 7589

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Zongyu Yue

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Interests: advanced combustion technology; multiphase flow; heat transfer; computational fluid dynamics (CFD); internal combustion engine
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Haifeng Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
Interests: diesel engines; combustion; emission; renewable energy; laser diagnostics in flows and combustion
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Chao Jin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Interests: bio-based fuel preparation and fuel characterization; life cycle study of the whole process chain of bio-based fuel production, storage and transportation, combustion and emissions; ecological and environmental effects of combustion emission products of new bio-based alternative fuels

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Internal combustion (IC) engines serve as the main power devices that widely applied in the fields of transport, engineering machinery, stationary power generation, etc., and continue to evolve towards the goal of higher efficiency and lower environmental impacts. Numerous advanced engine combustion concepts, such as gasoline compression ignition (GCI), reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI), partially premixed combustion (PPC), spark-assisted compression ignition (SACI), and turbulent jet ignition (TJI), etc., have emerged and are promising to achieve efficient and clean combustion with current market fuels. On the other hand, advanced fuels with specific properties can offer even more potentials in engine combustion and emissions improvements. The desired fuel properties can be achieved by the addition of chemical additives, nano particles, biofuel blendstocks, etc., to the market fuels. In addition, zero- and low-carbon fuels, such as hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, and natural gas, also require a dedicated engine design to fulfill their potential in effective reduction in IC engine carbon emissions. Therefore, the next-generation IC engine will rely on the co-evolution of both engine and fuel technologies.

In this context, this Special Issue is dedicated to the frontiers in engine combustion and fuel research, with emphasis on the co-development of engines and their fuels. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

  1. Advanced engine combustion;
  2. Engine combustion improved by fuel additives or biofuel blends;
  3. Application of zero-/low-carbon fuels to IC engines;
  4. Interactions of engine combustion and fuel;
  5. Injection and spray process for advanced fuels;
  6. Combustion fundamentals and chemical kinetics for advanced fuels;
  7. Aftertreatment system for engines with advanced fuels.

Dr. Zongyu Yue
Prof. Dr. Haifeng Liu
Dr. Chao Jin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • advanced engine combustion
  • biofuel
  • zero-/low-carbon fuel
  • fuel additive
  • engine-fuel interaction
  • fuel injection and spray
  • exhaust aftertreatment

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 2776 KiB  
Article
Empirical Modeling of Synthetic Fuel Combustion in a Small Turbofan
by Andrzej Kulczycki, Radoslaw Przysowa, Tomasz Białecki, Bartosz Gawron, Remigiusz Jasiński, Jerzy Merkisz and Ireneusz Pielecha
Energies 2024, 17(11), 2622; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112622 - 29 May 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 794
Abstract
Drop-in fuels for aviation gas-turbine engines have been introduced recently to mitigate global warming. Despite their similarity to the fossil fuel Jet A-1, their combustion in traditional combustors should be thoroughly analyzed to maintain engine health and low emissions. The paper introduces criteria [...] Read more.
Drop-in fuels for aviation gas-turbine engines have been introduced recently to mitigate global warming. Despite their similarity to the fossil fuel Jet A-1, their combustion in traditional combustors should be thoroughly analyzed to maintain engine health and low emissions. The paper introduces criteria for assessing the impact of the chemical composition of fuels on combustion in the DEGN 380 turbofan. Based on previous emission-test results, the power functions of carbon monoxide and its emission index were adopted as the model of combustion. Based on the general notation of chemical reactions leading to the production of CO in combustion, the regression coefficients were given a physical meaning by linking them with the parameters of the kinetic equations, i.e., the reaction rate constant of CO and CO2 formation expressed as exponential functions of combustor outlet temperature and the concentration of O2 in the exhaust gas, as well as stoichiometric combustion reactions. The obtained empirical functions show that, in the entire range of engine operating parameters, synthetic components affect the values of the rate constants of CO and CO2 formation. It can be explained by the change in activation energy determined for all chain-of-combustion reactions. The activation energy for the CO formation chain changes in the range between 8.5 kJ/mol for A0 and 24.7 kJ/mol for A30, while for the CO2 formation chain between 29.8 kJ/mol for A0 and 30.8 kJ/mol for A30. The reactivity coefficient lnαiCOACODCO changes between 2.29 for A0 and 6.44 for A30, while lnαiCO2ACO2DCO2 changes between 7.90 for A0 and 8.08 for A30. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Internal Combustion Engines and Engine Fuels—2nd Edition)
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30 pages, 10722 KiB  
Article
Effects Analysis of FAME on the Engine Characteristics of Different Polymerized Biofuels in Compression Ignition Engine
by Hongting Zhao, Zhiqing Zhang, Kai Lu, Yanshuai Ye and Sheng Gao
Energies 2024, 17(10), 2255; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17102255 - 8 May 2024
Viewed by 852
Abstract
Environmental pollution caused by marine engines fueled with fossil fuels is a matter of growing significance. The search for renewable and clean energy sources and improvements in the way fossil fuels are burnt aims to reduce the environmental impact of these engines. For [...] Read more.
Environmental pollution caused by marine engines fueled with fossil fuels is a matter of growing significance. The search for renewable and clean energy sources and improvements in the way fossil fuels are burnt aims to reduce the environmental impact of these engines. For this purpose, fatty acid methyl esters were produced from pure canola oil using KOH-assisted methanol-based transesterification with a maximum yield of 90.68 ± 1.6%. The marine engine’s model was created with CONVERGE software, followed by experimental verification. This paper examines the blended fuel characteristics of a diesel engine with biodiesel blends (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) at different loads of engines (50%, 75%, and 100%). It also explores the variation in these characteristics of B10 (10% biodiesel–diesel blends) at three different load conditions and four different EGR rates (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). The results indicate that the addition of biodiesel to diesel fuel reduces CO, HC, and soot emissions, while increasing NOx emissions. Additionally, the EGR rate decreases NOx emissions but results in higher levels of soot, CO, and HC emissions. Finally, response surface methodology was used to elicit the engine’s characteristics. It was determined that the optimum experimental operating conditions were 100% engine load, 6.9% biodiesel addition, and 7.7% EGR. The corresponding BTE, BSFC, NOx, and HC emissions were 38.15%, 282.62 g/(kW-h), 274.38 ppm, and 410.37 ppm, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Internal Combustion Engines and Engine Fuels—2nd Edition)
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31 pages, 14797 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Internal Combustion Engine Nozzle Needle Profile on Fuel Atomization Quality
by Oleh Klyus, Marcin Szczepanek, Grzegorz Kidacki, Paweł Krause, Sławomir Olszowski and Leszek Chybowski
Energies 2024, 17(1), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010266 - 4 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1306
Abstract
This article presents the results of research on the impact of changing the cross-section of an atomizer’s flow channel, which is caused by changing the flow geometry of the passive part of the needle on the drop diameter distribution of the fuel spray. [...] Read more.
This article presents the results of research on the impact of changing the cross-section of an atomizer’s flow channel, which is caused by changing the flow geometry of the passive part of the needle on the drop diameter distribution of the fuel spray. A three-hole type H1LMK, 148/1 atomizer with hole diameters, dN, equal to 0.34 mm, is analyzed. A nozzle with a standard (i.e., unmodified) needle and three nozzles using needles with a modified profile in the flow part of the needle, marked by the code signatures 1L, 2L, and 3L, are tested. An increasing level of fuel turbulence characterizes the needles during the flow along their flow part due to the use of one (1L), two (2L), and three (3L) de Laval toroidal nozzles, respectively, obtained by mechanically shaping the outer surface of the flow part of the spray needle. The spray produced is tested using the Malvern Spraytec STP 500 device cooperating with the dedicated Malvern version 4.0. During the tests, measurements and an analysis of the spray droplet size distribution over the entire injection duration, equal to 7 ± 2 ms, are made for each nozzle. The experiment makes it possible to determine the effect of the nozzle needles’ profiles on the time distribution of the actual droplet diameters; the time distribution of the Sauter mean droplet diameters, D[3,2]; the percentile shares of the droplet diameters Dv (10), Dv (50), and Dv (90); the distribution span during the development of the spray stream; and the time distribution of the shares of the droplets with diameters belonging to selected diameter classes D[x1−x2] in the spray. The results of the measurements of the drop diameter distribution indicate that using atomizers with a modification to the flow channel allows for an increase in the share of droplets with smaller diameters compared to the standard atomizer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Internal Combustion Engines and Engine Fuels—2nd Edition)
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23 pages, 10250 KiB  
Article
Parametric Analysis and Optimization for Thermal Efficiency Improvement in a Turbocharged Diesel Engine with Peak Cylinder Pressure Constraints
by Linpeng Li, Bin Mao, Zongyu Yue and Zunqing Zheng
Energies 2023, 16(18), 6478; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186478 - 7 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1890
Abstract
While the original equipment manufacturers are developing engines that can withstand higher PCP, the methodology to maximize the thermal efficiency gain with different PCP limits is still not well-known or documented in the literature. This study aims to provide guidance on how to [...] Read more.
While the original equipment manufacturers are developing engines that can withstand higher PCP, the methodology to maximize the thermal efficiency gain with different PCP limits is still not well-known or documented in the literature. This study aims to provide guidance on how to co-optimize air system parameters, compression ratio, and intake valve closing (IVC) timing of heavy-duty turbocharged diesel engines to enhance thermal efficiency with peak cylinder pressure (PCP) constraints. In this study, a one-dimensional turbocharged engine model is established and validated by experimental data. The effects of turbocharger efficiency, boost pressure, high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation (HP EGR) ratio, compression ratio (CR), and IVC timing on diesel engine efficiency are assessed under PCP constraints through parametric analysis. The results indicate that for enhancing engine thermal efficiency under limited PCP, an increment in boost pressure and CR, and late IVC timing compared to baseline is required. By multiple parameter optimization, the best parameter combination under different PCP constraints is proposed. At a PCP limit of 20 MPa, the combination of a compression ratio of 18.57, boost pressure of 298 kPa, and IVC timing of −95.2 °CA ATDC yields a 1.56% (absolute value) improvement in ITEn over the baseline condition. Raising the PCP limits from 20 MPa to 25 MPa requires increasing the compression ratio to 21.92, boost pressure to 308 kPa, and delaying the intake valve closing timing to −88.7 °CA ATDC, which results in an absolute improvement of 0.86% in ITEn. Baseline engine configuration is updated accordingly to validate the thermal efficiency improvement strategy at a 25 MPa PCP limitation. Experimental results demonstrate a 2.2% (absolute value) improvement in brake thermal efficiency and 1.98% (absolute value) improvement in overall energy efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Internal Combustion Engines and Engine Fuels—2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 9622 KiB  
Article
Effects of Anhydrous and Hydrous Fusel Oil on Combustion and Emissions on a Heavy-Duty Compression-Ignition Engine
by Dongzhi Gao, Mubasher Ikram, Chao Geng, Yangyi Wu, Xiaodan Li, Chao Jin, Zunqing Zheng, Mengliang Li and Haifeng Liu
Energies 2023, 16(17), 6251; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176251 - 28 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 994
Abstract
The efficient application of oxygen-containing clean fuels in engines has always been a research focus. With the increase in ethanol production, the output of fusel as a co-product is also increasing. The application of fusel is also an effective way to lessen the [...] Read more.
The efficient application of oxygen-containing clean fuels in engines has always been a research focus. With the increase in ethanol production, the output of fusel as a co-product is also increasing. The application of fusel is also an effective way to lessen the consumption of fossil fuels. Therefore, the influences of fusel on performance and emissions were investigated in the current study on a six-cylinder heavy-duty compression-ignition engine and revolved around the WHSC test cycle. The three test fuels were diesel, F20NW (the volume proportion of anhydrous fusel is 20%, and the rest is pure diesel), and F20WW (the volume proportion of hydrous fusel is 20%). The addition of fusel improved BTE, reduced NOx and soot emissions, and thermal efficiency and emissions were further improved in combination with EGR optimization. In terms of WHSC, the improvement effect of hydrous fusel was the best. The equivalent fuel consumption, NOx, soot, and CO2 emissions of F20WW were reduced by 1.77%, 37.49%, 17.38%, and 1.32%, respectively, with the optimization of EGR compared with pure diesel. The addition of 20% hydrous fusel combined with the introduction of EGR can be directly applied to existing diesel engines and achieve a simultaneous reduction in fuel consumption and emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Internal Combustion Engines and Engine Fuels—2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 4267 KiB  
Article
Impact of Biofuel Blending on Hydrocarbon Speciation and Particulate Matter from a Medium-Duty Multimode Combustion Strategy
by Yensil Park, Melanie Moses-DeBusk, Scott S. Sluder and Shean P. Huff
Energies 2023, 16(15), 5735; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155735 - 1 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 967
Abstract
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Co-Optima initiative simultaneous focused on diversifying fuel sources, improving efficiency, and reducing emissions through using novel combustion strategies and sustainable fuel blends. For medium-duty/heavy-duty diesel engines, research in this area has led to the development of a multimode [...] Read more.
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Co-Optima initiative simultaneous focused on diversifying fuel sources, improving efficiency, and reducing emissions through using novel combustion strategies and sustainable fuel blends. For medium-duty/heavy-duty diesel engines, research in this area has led to the development of a multimode strategy that uses premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) at low loads and conventional diesel combustion (CDC) at mid–high loads. The aim of this study was to understand how emissions were impacted when using PCCI instead of CDC at low loads and switching to an oxygenated biofuel blend. It provides a detailed speciation of the hydrocarbon (HC) and particulate matter (PM) emissions from a multimode medium-duty engine operating at low loads in PCCI and CDC modes and high loads in CDC. The effect of the oxygenated biofuel blend on emissions was studied at all three mode–load conditions using #2 ULSD and a bio-derived fuel (25% hexyl hexanoate (HHN)) blended in #2 ULSD. The PCCI mode effectively decreased NOx, total HC, and PM/PN emissions, with a substantial decrease in larger particles (≥50 nm). A PM/PN reduction was observed at high loads with the 25% HHN fuel. While the total HC emissions were not impacted by fuel type, the detailed HC analysis exposed changes in the HC’s composition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Internal Combustion Engines and Engine Fuels—2nd Edition)
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