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Climate Changes and the Impacts on Power and Energy Systems

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B: Energy and Environment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 October 2024) | Viewed by 17572

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Dr. Younes Mohammadi

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Department of Applied Physics and Electronic, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
Interests: power system analysis; electrical power quality; electrical power system protection; machine learning; climate change
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Dr. Aleksey Paltsev

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Ecology and Environment sciences, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
Interests: global environment and climate changes, biogeochemistry, ecology

Dr. Boštjan Polajžer

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Power Engineering Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
Interests: electric machines and drives; electrical power quality; electrical power system protection and control
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Davood Khodadad

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Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå Universitet, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
Interests: signal and image analysis; imaging systems; digital holography; speckle metrology; optical metrology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Climate changes is one of the issues that we deal with these days. Considering the impact and influence of such an issue on the electrical power and energy systems (both grids and buildings) is a very important and critical challenge. To address these issues requires an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary collaboration between power and energy engineers and the ecology and environments scientists.

Supporting the sustainable development goals, SDG 7 and SDG 13 (clean energy and climate action), this Special Issue aims to investigate: 1) The impacts of global warming, increasing CO₂, Gulf-stream, etc., on climate changes, temperature changes, power and energy consumption, peak electrical loads, power grid planning, buildings energy planning, etc. 2) Developments, technologies and strategies to achieve electrical power and energy systems that are climate-proof and are effective against of climate changes and shocks.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to:

Analysis of impacts of global warmings, increasing CO₂, Gulf-stream, etc., on climate changes, temperature changes, winter storms, power and energy consumption, peak electrical loads, power grid planning, buildings energy planning, and passenger car vehicles.
Investigating the affection mechanisms of renewable energy resources including wind, solar, hydrogen, bioenergy, biomass, geothermal, and hydropower due to climate changes.
Technologies and solutions for electrical power and energy systems for both power grid and buildings against climate changes.
Electrical power and energy system answers for decarbonization of transportation (road, rail, air, and pipeline), industrial, and buildings.
Applications of technologies such as quantum computing, blockchain, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning in climate resilience building and decarbonization of electrical power and energy systems.
Review papers covering the state of the art of literature on climate change and impacts on power and energy systems.

Dr. Younes Mohammadi
Dr. Aleksey Paltsev
Prof. Dr. Boštjan Polajžer
Dr. Davood Khodadad
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

gulf-stream
global warming
climate change
winter temperatures
extreme weather events
electrical power
energy systems
budling energy efficiency
machine learning
renewable energy resources

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Related Special Issue

Climate Change in Power and Energy Systems: Challenges, Innovations, and Solutions in Energies

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

2 pages, 151 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Climate Change and the Impacts on Power and Energy Systems

by Younes Mohammadi, Boštjan Polajžer, Aleksey Palstev and Davood Khodadad

Energies 2024, 17(21), 5403; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17215403 - 30 Oct 2024

Viewed by 366

Abstract

This collection, extracted from the Special Issue “Climate Change and the Impacts on Power and Energy Systems”, features ten papers that address key topics related to the resilience and adaptation of electrical power and energy systems in response to climate change [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Changes and the Impacts on Power and Energy Systems)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

30 pages, 2603 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Assessing the Impact of Climate Changes, Building Characteristics, and HVAC Control on Energy Requirements under a Mediterranean Climate

by António M. Raimundo and A. Virgílio M. Oliveira

Energies 2024, 17(10), 2362; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17102362 - 14 May 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1488

Abstract

Despite efforts to mitigate climate change, annual greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, which may lead to the global warming of our planet. Buildings’ thermal energy needs are inherently linked to climate conditions. Consequently, it is crucial to evaluate how climate change affects these energy demands. Despite extensive analysis, a comprehensive assessment involving a diverse range of building types has not been consistently conducted. The primary objective of this research is to perform a coherent evaluation of the influence of climate changes, construction element properties, and the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system type of control on the energy requirements of six buildings (residential, services, and commercial). The buildings are considered to be located in a temperate Mediterranean climate. Our focus is on the year 2070, considering three distinct climatic scenarios: (i) maintaining the current climate without further changes, (ii) moderate climate changes, and (iii) extreme climate changes. The buildings are distributed across three different locations, each characterized by unique climatic conditions. Buildings’ envelope features a traditional External Thermal Insulation Composite System (ETICS) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) serves as thermal insulation material. Two critical design factors are explored: EPS thickness ranging from 0 (no insulation) to 12 cm; and horizontal external fixed shading elements varying lengths from 0 (absence) to 150 cm. Six alternative setpoint ranges are assessed for the HVAC system control: three based on the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and three based on indoor air temperature (T_air). Results were obtained with a validated in-home software tool. They show that, even under extreme climate conditions, the application of thermal insulation remains energetically favorable; however, its relative importance diminishes as climate severity increases. Then, proper insulation design remains important for energy efficiency. The use of external shading elements for glazing (e.g., overhangs, louvers) proves beneficial in specific cases. As climate changes intensify, the significance of shading elements grows. Thus, strategic placement and design are necessary for good results. The HVAC system’s energy consumption depends on the level of thermal comfort requirements, on the climate characteristics, and on the building’s type of use. As climate change severity intensifies, energy demands for cooling increase, whereas energy needs for heating decrease. However, it is essential to recognize that the impact of climate changes on HVAC system energy consumption significantly depends on the type of building. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Changes and the Impacts on Power and Energy Systems)

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15 pages, 2920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning and Weather Model Combination for PV Production Forecasting

by Amedeo Buonanno, Giampaolo Caputo, Irena Balog, Salvatore Fabozzi, Giovanna Adinolfi, Francesco Pascarella, Gianni Leanza, Giorgio Graditi and Maria Valenti

Energies 2024, 17(9), 2203; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092203 - 3 May 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1932

Abstract

Accurate predictions of photovoltaic generation are essential for effectively managing power system resources, particularly in the face of high variability in solar radiation. This is especially crucial in microgrids and grids, where the proper operation of generation, load, and storage resources is necessary to avoid grid imbalance conditions. Therefore, the availability of reliable prediction models is of utmost importance. Authors address this issue investigating the potential benefits of a machine learning approach in combination with photovoltaic power forecasts generated using weather models. Several machine learning methods have been tested for the combined approach (linear model, Long Short-Term Memory, eXtreme Gradient Boosting, and the Light Gradient Boosting Machine). Among them, the linear models were demonstrated to be the most effective with at least an RMSE improvement of 3.7% in photovoltaic production forecasting, with respect to two numerical weather prediction based baseline methods. The conducted analysis shows how machine learning models can be used to refine the prediction of an already established PV generation forecast model and highlights the efficacy of linear models, even in a low-data regime as in the case of recently established plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Changes and the Impacts on Power and Energy Systems)

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23 pages, 10175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stochastic Flow Analysis for Optimization of the Operationality in Run-of-River Hydroelectric Plants in Mountain Areas

by Raquel Gómez-Beas, Eva Contreras, María José Polo and Cristina Aguilar

Energies 2024, 17(7), 1705; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071705 - 2 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 927

Abstract

The highly temporal variability of the hydrological response in Mediterranean areas affects the operation of hydropower systems, especially in run-of-river (RoR) plants located in mountainous areas. Here, the water flow regime strongly determines failure, defined as no operating days due to inflows below the minimum operating flow. A Bayesian dynamics stochastic model was developed with statistical modeling of both rainfall as the forcing agent and water inflows to the plants as the dependent variable using two approaches—parametric adjustments and non-parametric methods. Failure frequency analysis and its related operationality, along with their uncertainty associated with different time scales, were performed through 250 Monte Carlo stochastic replications of a 20-year period of daily rainfall. Finally, a scenario analysis was performed, including the effects of 3 and 30 days of water storage in a plant loading chamber to minimize the plant’s dependence on the river’s flow. The approach was applied to a mini-hydropower RoR plant in Poqueira (Southern Spain), located in a semi-arid Mediterranean alpine area. The results reveal that the influence of snow had greater operationality in the spring months when snowmelt was outstanding, with a 25% probability of having fewer than 2 days of failure in May and April, as opposed to 12 days in the winter months. Moreover, the effect of water storage was greater between June and November, when rainfall events are scarce, and snowmelt has almost finished with operationality levels of 0.04–0.74 for 15 days of failure without storage, which increased to 0.1–0.87 with 3 days of storage. The methodology proposed constitutes a simple and useful tool to assess uncertainty in the operationality of RoR plants in Mediterranean mountainous areas where rainfall constitutes the main source of uncertainty in river flows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Changes and the Impacts on Power and Energy Systems)

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17 pages, 2560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Technological Configurations of Residential Energy Systems Considering Bidirectional Power Supply by Vehicles in Japan

by Jun Osawa

Energies 2024, 17(7), 1574; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071574 - 26 Mar 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 875

Abstract

To reduce CO₂ emissions in the residential and transportation sectors, distributed energy technologies, such as photovoltaic power generation (PV), stationary storage batteries (SBs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), and vehicle-to-home (V2H) systems, are expected to be introduced. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of the installed capacity of PV and SB, the type of vehicle, and their combination on the economic and environmental performance of the total energy consumption of residences and vehicles. Thus, this study developed a model to optimize the technological configuration of residential energy systems, including various vehicle types and driving patterns. The simulation results showed that it is more economically and environmentally efficient to install a BEV and a V2H system in households with longer parking times at the residence and to install an SB in addition to these technologies in households with shorter parking times at the residence. Furthermore, comparing a gasoline vehicle and an SB, the most economical combination, with a BEV and a V2H system and with a BEV, a V2H system, and an SB, estimated the carbon tax rate necessary for cost equivalence. The result indicated that the carbon tax rate needs to be increased from its current level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Changes and the Impacts on Power and Energy Systems)

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30 pages, 6063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Empowering Active Users: A Case Study with Economic Analysis of the Electric Energy Cost Calculation Post-Net-Metering Abolition in Slovenia

by Eva Tratnik and Miloš Beković

Energies 2024, 17(6), 1501; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17061501 - 21 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 992

Abstract

This paper addresses the issue of the abolition of annual net metering in Slovenia and compares the electric energy costs for the studied active user after the abolition. The article also provides an exploration of the role played by an aggregator, which serves as a central entity that enables individuals to participate in the electric energy market. An analysis of the case study of an active user was made, where an analysis was made of the measurements of household consumption and photovoltaic plant production for the year 2022. This article presents an economic analysis with and without net metering and an analysis of the aggregator involvement strategies. In addition, a battery energy storage system was also considered in the analysis. An important part of the article is the identification of the flexibility potential for shiftable loads, which enable an aggregator to acquire insight into the energy consumption profile and energy production profile of active users. The following indicators were used to compare the strategies: annual electric energy cost and the indicators including self-sufficiency, self-consumption, and grid dependency. The findings indicate that, even in the absence of annual net metering, the active user can lower their costs for electric energy with the help of an aggregator. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Changes and the Impacts on Power and Energy Systems)

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26 pages, 32142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How to Decarbonize Greece by Comparing Wind and PV Energy: A Land Eligibility Analysis

by Qilin Wang, Evangelia Gontikaki, Peter Stenzel, Vasilis Louca, Frithjof C. Küpper and Martin Spiller

Energies 2024, 17(3), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17030567 - 24 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1317

Abstract

To achieve sustainable development, the energy transition from lignite burning to renewable energy resources for electric power generation is essential for Greece. Wind and solar energy have emerged as significant sources in this transition. Surprisingly, numerous studies have examined the potential for onshore wind based on land eligibility, while few studies on open-field photovoltaic (PV) installations have been conducted. Therefore, based on the Specific Framework for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development for Renewable Energy Sources (SFSPSD-RES), along with insights from previous relevant studies, this work conducts a land eligibility analysis of onshore wind and open-field PV installations in Greece using the software Geospatial Land Availability for Energy Systems (GLAES 1.2.1) and ArcGIS 10.2. Additionally, through an in-depth exploration of wind and solar PV energy potential in decommissioned lignite mines integrated with wind power density (WPD) and global horizontal irradiation (GHI) maps, this study compares the suitability of wind versus solar as energy sources for the decarbonization of Greece. Overall, despite the greater spatial eligibility for onshore wind turbines compared to open-field PV power plants, the relatively lower wind energy potential and operational limitations of wind turbines lead to the study’s conclusion that solar energy (PV) is more suitable for the decarbonization of Greece. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Changes and the Impacts on Power and Energy Systems)

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34 pages, 9128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Winter Temperatures in Sweden and Norway: Potential Relationships with Climatic Indices and Effects on Electrical Power and Energy Systems

by Younes Mohammadi, Aleksey Palstev, Boštjan Polajžer, Seyed Mahdi Miraftabzadeh and Davood Khodadad

Energies 2023, 16(14), 5575; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145575 - 24 Jul 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2268

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive study of winter temperatures in Norway and northern Sweden, covering a period of 50 to 70 years. The analysis utilizes Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) to investigate temperature trends at six selected locations. The results demonstrate an overall long-term rise in temperatures, which can be attributed to global warming. However, when investigating variations in highest, lowest, and average temperatures for December, January, and February, 50% of the cases exhibit a significant decrease in recent years, indicating colder winters, especially in December. The study also explores the variations in Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) variations as a crucial climate factor over the last 15 years, estimating a possible 20% decrease/slowdown within the first half of the 21st century. Subsequently, the study investigates potential similarities between winter AMOC and winter temperatures in the mid to high latitudes over the chosen locations. Additionally, the study examines another important climatic index, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and explores possible similarities between the winter NAO index and winter temperatures. The findings reveal a moderate observed lagged correlation for AMOC-smoothed temperatures, particularly in December, along the coastal areas of Norway. Conversely, a stronger lagged correlation is observed between the winter NAO index and temperatures in northwest Sweden and coastal areas of Norway. Thus, NAO may influence both AMOC and winter temperatures (NAO drives both AMOC and temperatures). Furthermore, the paper investigates the impact of colder winters, whether caused by AMOC, NAO, or other factors like winds or sea ice changes, on electrical power and energy systems, highlighting potential challenges such as reduced electricity generation, increased electricity consumption, and the vulnerability of power grids to winter storms. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of enhancing the knowledge of electrical engineering researchers regarding important climate indices, AMOC and NAO, the possible associations between them and winter temperatures, and addressing the challenges posed by the likelihood of colder winters in power systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Changes and the Impacts on Power and Energy Systems)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

15 pages, 437 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Anomaly Detection in Power System State Estimation: Review and New Directions

by Austin Cooper, Arturo Bretas and Sean Meyn

Energies 2023, 16(18), 6678; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186678 - 18 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2424

Abstract

Foundational and state-of-the-art anomaly-detection methods through power system state estimation are reviewed. Traditional components for bad data detection, such as chi-square testing, residual-based methods, and hypothesis testing, are discussed to explain the motivations for recent anomaly-detection methods given the increasing complexity of power grids, energy management systems, and cyber-threats. In particular, state estimation anomaly detection based on data-driven quickest-change detection and artificial intelligence are discussed, and directions for research are suggested with particular emphasis on considerations of the future smart grid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Changes and the Impacts on Power and Energy Systems)

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19 pages, 3515 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of the Energy Use in Buildings in Front of Climate Change: Reviewing a System’s Challenging Future

by George Ekonomou and Angeliki N. Menegaki

Energies 2023, 16(17), 6308; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176308 - 30 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1634

Abstract

Energy keeps the global economy alive, while also being extensively exposed to various climate change impacts. In this context, severe business competition (e.g., the building sector) and the unwise use of natural resources and ecosystem services (e.g., fossil fuel energy sources) seem to sharpen the relevant effects of climate change. Indicatively, contemporary issues at the interface of building energy performance and environmental quality levels include consequences from global warming, the increasing release of carbon dioxide to peak electrical loads, power grids, and building planning, and energy demand and supply issues. In light of such concerns, the present review paper attempts to disclose the multifaceted and multidisciplinary character of building energy use at the interface of the economy, the environment, and society against climate change. This review highlights energy efficiency concepts, production, distribution, consumption patterns, and relevant technological improvements. Interestingly, the reviewed contributions in the relevant literature reveal the need and necessity to alter the energy mix and relevant energy use issues. These include developments in climate-proof and effective systems regarding climate change impacts and shocks. Practical implications indicate that the sustainable development goals for clean energy and climate action should be followed if we wish to bring a sustainable future closer and faster to our reality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Changes and the Impacts on Power and Energy Systems)

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16 pages, 843 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review: The Energy Implications of Averting Climate Change Catastrophe

by Patrick Moriarty and Damon Honnery

Energies 2023, 16(17), 6178; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176178 - 25 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1728

Abstract

Conventional methods of climate change (CC) mitigation have not ‘bent the curve’ of steadily rising annual anthropic CO₂ emissions or atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. This study reviews the present position and likely future of such methods, using the recently published literature with a global context. It particularly looks at how fast they could be implemented, given the limited time available for avoiding catastrophic CC (CCC). This study then critically examines solar geoengineering, an approach often viewed as complementary to conventional mitigation. Next, this review introduces equity considerations and shows how these even further shorten the available time for effective action for CC mitigation. The main findings are as follows. Conventional mitigation approaches would be implemented too slowly to be of much help in avoiding CCC, partly because some suggested technologies are infeasible, while others are either of limited technical potential or, like wind and solar energy, cannot be introduced fast enough. Due to these problems, solar geoengineering is increasingly advocated for as a quick-acting and effective solution. However, it could have serious side effects, and, given that there would be winners and losers at the international level as well as at the more regional level, political opposition may make it very difficult to implement. The conclusion is that global energy consumption itself must be rapidly reduced to avoid catastrophic climate change, which requires strong policy support. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Changes and the Impacts on Power and Energy Systems)

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