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Non-synchronous Generation and Storage in Transmission and Distribution Systems: Protection, Control and Smart Grid Applications

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2021) | Viewed by 9993

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Boštjan Polajžer

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Power Engineering Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
Interests: electric machines and drives; electrical power quality; electrical power system protection and control
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Gorazd Štumberger

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dean of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
Interests: design; optimization; modeling and control of electric devices; machines, drives, and power system elements; electric power generation, transmission, and distribution; renewable energy sources and distributed generation; smart grids and microgrids; energy management systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The penetration of non-synchronous generation and storage is one of the topics that cannot be avoided when dealing with the transmission and distribution systems today. Shares of solar power generation, variable speed generation, and battery storage are continuously increasing compared to synchronous generation. Consequently, non-synchronous generation and storage, not only affect normal system operation but also change the long- and short-term stability of the entire system. However, non-synchronous generation and storage units are all connected to the network through power electronic converters. Consequently, different control strategies and smart solutions can be applied to enhance system stability.

This Special Issue focuses on, but is not limited to, the following topics:

  • Methods for stability analysis of transmission and distribution systems with a large share of non‐synchronous generation and storage;
  • Unit commitment and reserve scheduling in transmission systems with a large share of non-synchronous generation and storage;
  • Models of non-synchronous generation and storage units;
  • Power electronic converters for non-synchronous generation and storage applications;
  • Applications of non-synchronous generation and storage units, their combinations, or combinations with conventional synchronous generation units;
  • Control strategies for non-synchronous generation and storage units to enhance voltage and frequency stability;
  • Methods for the determination of fault current contribution from non-synchronous generation and storage units;
  • Protection design in transmission and distribution systems with non-synchronous generation and storage;
  • Protection principles for non-synchronous generation and storage units;
  • Smart solutions for transmission and distribution systems with non-synchronous generation and storage.

Prof. Dr. Boštjan Polajžer
Prof. Dr. Gorazd Štumberger
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • non‐synchronous generation
  • solar power generation
  • wind power generation
  • battery storage units
  • electric vehicles
  • stability
  • control
  • protection
  • smart grid
  • unit commitment
  • reserve scheduling
  • synthetic inertia
  • voltage control
  • fault current contribution
  • low-voltage ride through

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 1262 KiB  
Article
Utilization of Active Distribution Network Elements for Optimization of a Distribution Network Operation
by Nevena Srećković, Miran Rošer and Gorazd Štumberger
Energies 2021, 14(12), 3494; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123494 - 12 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1932
Abstract
Electricity Distributions Networks (DNs) are changing from a once passive to an active electric power system element. This change, driven by several European Commission Directives and Regulations in the energy sector prompts the proliferated integration of new network elements, which can actively participate [...] Read more.
Electricity Distributions Networks (DNs) are changing from a once passive to an active electric power system element. This change, driven by several European Commission Directives and Regulations in the energy sector prompts the proliferated integration of new network elements, which can actively participate in network operations if adequately utilized. This paper addresses the possibility of using these active DN elements for optimization of a time-discrete network operation in terms of minimization of power losses while ensuring other operational constraints (i.e., voltage profiles and line currents). The active elements considered within the proposed optimization procedure are distributed generation units, capable of reactive power provision; remotely controlled switches for changing the network configuration; and an on-load tap changer-equipped substation, supplying the network. The proposed procedure was tested on a model of an actual medium voltage DN. The results showed that simultaneous consideration of these active elements could reduce power losses at a considered point of operation while keeping the voltage profiles within the permitted interval. Furthermore, by performing a series of consecutive optimization procedures at a given time interval, an optimization of network operations for extended periods (e.g., days, months, or years) could also be achieved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-synchronous Generation and Storage in Transmission and Distribution Systems: Protection, Control and Smart Grid Applications)
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13 pages, 1641 KiB  
Article
WAMS-Supported Power Mismatch Optimization for Secure Intentional Islanding
by Jovancho Grozdanovski, Rafael Mihalic and Urban Rudez
Energies 2021, 14(10), 2790; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102790 - 12 May 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1784
Abstract
It is expected that a coordinated operation of several system integrity protection schemes will become a necessity in the future. This research represents an innovative strategy for coordinating under-frequency load shedding and intentional controlled islanding schemes for improving electric power system stability and [...] Read more.
It is expected that a coordinated operation of several system integrity protection schemes will become a necessity in the future. This research represents an innovative strategy for coordinating under-frequency load shedding and intentional controlled islanding schemes for improving electric power system stability and resilience. In the great majority of real-world cases, both approaches follow conventional tactics, i.e., disconnecting a fixed number of feeders at predefined frequency thresholds and isolating a predefined area of a power system regardless of the actual conditions. Under the newly arisen network conditions in which weather-dependent distributed energy sources introduce a significant level of intermittency, conventional approaches need to be upgraded in order to retain a high level of power system operation security. In this paper, a mixed-integer linear programming approach is used to adjust the island size, including/excluding additional substations according to the available amount of generation in the region. The fine-tuning of the power rebalancing is achieved by potentially blocking selected load shedding stages. This minimizes the power imbalance of the newly formed islands, which helps to reduce the number of partial or even total blackouts and also accelerates the power system’s restoration process. The optimization approach was tested on a generic IEEE 39-bus network and shows promising results along with the capability of coping with real-world applications using wide-area monitoring systems as a source of real-time measurements. The results also indicated the importance of appropriate load modelling since both voltage and frequency dependence are recognized to have a significant effect on intentional controlled islanding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-synchronous Generation and Storage in Transmission and Distribution Systems: Protection, Control and Smart Grid Applications)
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15 pages, 3431 KiB  
Article
Proportional-Integral Controllers Performance of a Grid-Connected Solar PV System with Particle Swarm Optimization and Ziegler–Nichols Tuning Method
by Klemen Deželak, Peter Bracinik, Klemen Sredenšek and Sebastijan Seme
Energies 2021, 14(9), 2516; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092516 - 27 Apr 2021
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 2707
Abstract
This paper deals with photovoltaic (PV) power plant modeling and its integration into the medium-voltage distribution network. Apart from solar cells, a simulation model includes a boost converter, voltage-oriented controller and LCL filter. The main emphasis is given to the comparison of two [...] Read more.
This paper deals with photovoltaic (PV) power plant modeling and its integration into the medium-voltage distribution network. Apart from solar cells, a simulation model includes a boost converter, voltage-oriented controller and LCL filter. The main emphasis is given to the comparison of two optimization methods—particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the Ziegler–Nichols (ZN) tuning method, approaches that are used for the parameters of Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers determination. A PI controller is commonly used because of its performance, but it is limited in its effectiveness if there is a change in the parameters of the system. In our case, the aforementioned change is caused by switching the feeders of the distribution network from an open-loop to a closed-loop arrangement. The simulation results have claimed the superiority of the PSO algorithm, while the classical ZN tuning method is acceptable in a limited area of operation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-synchronous Generation and Storage in Transmission and Distribution Systems: Protection, Control and Smart Grid Applications)
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16 pages, 2269 KiB  
Article
Synchronous Condenser’s Loss of Excitation and Its Impact on the Performance of UHVDC
by Zhilin Guo, Liangliang Hao, Junyong Wu, Xingguo Wang, Hong Cao and Guang Wang
Energies 2020, 13(18), 4926; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184926 - 19 Sep 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2472
Abstract
The synchronous condenser (SC) has a broad application prospect in ultra-high-voltage direct current (UHVDC) systems. The SC’s loss of excitation (LOE) is an important grid-related fault that may cause damage to the UHVDC. However, as the premise of the scientific protection configuration, knowledge [...] Read more.
The synchronous condenser (SC) has a broad application prospect in ultra-high-voltage direct current (UHVDC) systems. The SC’s loss of excitation (LOE) is an important grid-related fault that may cause damage to the UHVDC. However, as the premise of the scientific protection configuration, knowledge of the SC’s LOE feature and its impact on UHVDC is still missing. This article first analyzes the SC’s LOE feature, offering a basic cognition of this fault. Secondly, the LOE SC’s reactive power response to system voltage variation is studied in the single-machine infinite-bus system. This lends a foundation for transient UHVDC research. Finally, the LOE SC’s impacts on steady and transient UHVDC are evaluated, respectively, considering different AC strengths and system faults through PSCAD/EMTDC (V4.6, Manitoba HVDC Research Center, Winnipeg, MB, Canada) simulations. The results show that: (1) LOE the SC absorbs reactive power while maintaining synchronous operation, its excitation current declines monotonically; (2) the LOE SC has an insignificant effect on steady-state UHVDC; (3) the LOE SC can restrain the overvoltage and benefit the rectifier’s transient stability; and (4) to reduce the inverter’s commutation failure, keeping LOE SC is more effective than separating it beforehand, while separating the LOE SC after the system voltage drop performs best. These conclusions could provide insights for the protection’s criterion and operation mode selections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-synchronous Generation and Storage in Transmission and Distribution Systems: Protection, Control and Smart Grid Applications)
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