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Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Photovoltaic Inverters
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Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Photovoltaic Inverters

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F3: Power Electronics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 27 January 2025 | Viewed by 5784

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yongheng Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Interests: photovoltaic power generation technology; grid-forming technologies for renewable energy integration; control and reliability of power electronics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Xingshuo Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Automatic Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
Interests: power electronics; photovoltaic power systems; DC microgrids; DC distribution systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Solar photovoltaic technology is the key to achieving carbon neutrality. This requires further innovations in modules, power converters, and control technologies. Nonetheless, over time, PV modules can experience degradation and aging, leading to reduced energy production. Therefore, it is essential to study the effects of aging on PV modules and inverters, as well as the operational conditions of the entire system, through experimental and numerical analysis in order to ensure their long-term performance and reliability, which can help to develop more robust and efficient inverters. This will also help in monitoring the status of the entire system to enable secure and reliable power supply from PV modules. Furthermore, the performance of modules, inverters, and other connected systems is co-related. A top-down view of the entire system may benefit system-level optimization and control.

In this context, this Special Issue on the experimental and numerical analysis of photovoltaic inverters will collect the latest research on PV technologies, in particular power converters. The topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

  • The modeling of solar PV modules (e.g., c-Si and other emerging technologies);
  • The modeling and control of PV inverters;
  • Advanced PV cell technologies;
  • Novel power converters design for PV applications;
  • Data acquisition and analysis in PV systems;
  • The condition monitoring of PV modules and inverters;
  • Experimental verifications with big data;
  • Artificial intelligence in PV systems;
  • The control and testing of PV systems (standalone and grid-connected).

Dr. Yongheng Yang
Dr. Xingshuo Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • modeling and control
  • solar PV cell
  • PV power converters
  • data acquisition and analysis
  • condition monitoring
  • experimental verifications
  • artificial intelligence

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 6760 KiB  
Article
Efficiency Ranking of Photovoltaic Microinverters and Energy Yield Estimations for Photovoltaic Balcony Power Plants
by Stefan Krauter and Jörg Bendfeld
Energies 2024, 17(22), 5551; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17225551 - 6 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1808
Abstract
The market for microinverters is growing, especially in Europe. Driven by rising electricity prices and an easing in legislation since 2024, the number of mini-photovoltaic energy systems (mini-PVs) being installed is increasing substantially. Indoor and outdoor studies of microinverters have been carried out [...] Read more.
The market for microinverters is growing, especially in Europe. Driven by rising electricity prices and an easing in legislation since 2024, the number of mini-photovoltaic energy systems (mini-PVs) being installed is increasing substantially. Indoor and outdoor studies of microinverters have been carried out at Paderborn University since 2014. In the indoor lab, conversion efficiencies as a function of load have been measured with high accuracy and ranked according to Euro and CEC weightings; the latest rankings from 2024 are included in this paper. In the outdoor lab, energy yields have been measured using identical and calibrated crystalline silicon PV modules; until 2020, measurements were carried out using 215 Wp modules. Because of increasing PV module power ratings, 360 Wp modules were used from 2020 until 2024. In 2024, the test modules were upgraded to 410 Wp modules, taking into account the increase from 600 W to 800 W of inverter power limits, which is suitable for simplified operation permission (“plug-in”) in many European countries within a homogenised legislation area for such mini-photovoltaic energy systems or “balcony power plants”. This legislation for simplified operation also covers overpowered mini-plants, although the maximum AC output remains limited to 800 W. Presently, yield assessments are being carried out in the outdoor lab, which will take at least a year to be valid and comparable. Kits consisting of PV modules, inverters, and mounting systems are also being evaluated. Yield rankings sometimes differ from efficiency rankings due to the use of different MPPT algorithms with different MPP approach speeds and accuracies. To accelerate yield assessment, we developed a novel, simple formula to determine energy yield for any module and inverter configuration, including overpowered systems. This is a linear approach, determined by just two coefficients, a and b, which are given for several inverters. To reduce costs, inverters will be integrated into the module frame or the module terminal box in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Photovoltaic Inverters)
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19 pages, 3929 KiB  
Article
Design and Analysis of a Triple-Input Three-Level PV Inverter with Minimized Number of MPPT Controllers
by Bikash Gyawali, Rukhsar, Aidha Muhammad Ajmal and Yongheng Yang
Energies 2024, 17(21), 5380; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17215380 - 29 Oct 2024
Viewed by 593
Abstract
Photovoltaic (PV) energy has been a preferable choice with the rise in global energy demand, as it is a sustainable, efficient, and cost-effective source of energy. Optimizing the power generation is necessary to fully utilize the PV system. Harvesting more power uses cascading [...] Read more.
Photovoltaic (PV) energy has been a preferable choice with the rise in global energy demand, as it is a sustainable, efficient, and cost-effective source of energy. Optimizing the power generation is necessary to fully utilize the PV system. Harvesting more power uses cascading of impedance source converters taking input from low-voltage PV arrays which requires multiple maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers. To solve this problem, a three-level inverter topology with a proposed PV arrangement, offering higher voltage boosting and a smaller size with a lower cost suitable for low-voltage panels, is designed in this article. The design criteria for parameters are discussed with the help of the small signal analysis. In this paper, three PV arrays are used to harvest maximum energy, which require only one MPPT controller and employ an extended perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm, being faster, highly efficient, and reducing the computational burden of the controller. Moreover, a three maximum power points tracker algorithm, which perturbs one parameter and observes six variables, is designed for the selected converter topology. Finally, the designed 1.1 kVA grid-connected PV system was simulated in MATLAB (R2023a) which shows that the MPPT algorithm offers better dynamics and is highly efficient with a conversion efficiency of 99.2% during uniform irradiance and 97% efficiency during variable irradiance conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Photovoltaic Inverters)
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24 pages, 2188 KiB  
Article
Investigation into PV Inverter Topologies from the Standards Compliance Viewpoint
by Muhammad Asif Hasan, Naresh Kumar Vemula, Ramesh Devarapalli and Łukasz Knypiński
Energies 2024, 17(16), 3879; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17163879 - 6 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 998
Abstract
Numerous reviews are available in the literature on PV inverter topologies. These reviews have intensively investigated the available PV inverter topologies from their modulation techniques, control strategies, cost, and performance aspects. However, their compliance with industrial standards has not been investigated in detail [...] Read more.
Numerous reviews are available in the literature on PV inverter topologies. These reviews have intensively investigated the available PV inverter topologies from their modulation techniques, control strategies, cost, and performance aspects. However, their compliance with industrial standards has not been investigated in detail so far in the literature. There are various standards such as North American standards (UL1741, IEEE1547, and CSA 22.2) and Australian and European safety standards and grid codes, which include IEC 62109 and VDE. These standards provide detailed guidelines and expectations to be fulfilled by a PV inverter topology. Adherence to these standards is essential and crucial for the successful operation of PV inverters, be it a standalone or grid-tied mode of operation. This paper investigates different PV inverter topologies from the aspect of their adherence to different standards. Both standalone and grid-tied mode of operation-linked conditions have been checked for different topologies. This investigation will help power engineers in selecting suitable PV inverter topology for their specific applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Photovoltaic Inverters)
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Review

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33 pages, 8053 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review on Space Vector Based-PWM Techniques for Common Mode Voltage Mitigation in Photovoltaic Multi-Level Inverters
by Zouhaira Ben Mahmoud and Adel Khedher
Energies 2024, 17(4), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17040916 - 15 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1434
Abstract
Nowadays, transformer-less photovoltaic (PV) multi-level inverters (MLIs) are commonly employed in both industrial and residential settings. This structure has attracted increased attention due to its unique advantages, such as higher efficiency, lower cost and size, better waveform quality, and inherent fault tolerance. However, [...] Read more.
Nowadays, transformer-less photovoltaic (PV) multi-level inverters (MLIs) are commonly employed in both industrial and residential settings. This structure has attracted increased attention due to its unique advantages, such as higher efficiency, lower cost and size, better waveform quality, and inherent fault tolerance. However, due to the removal of the transformer, the common mode voltage (CMV) becomes one of the crucial issues in transformer-less PV MLIs. The high-frequency variation in CMV results in a leakage current that deteriorates the line current quality, increases the PV power system losses, leads to severe electromagnetic emissions (EMI), reduces the PV array lifespan, and causes personal safety problems. In this regard, this paper presents a review of the existing and recent research on modulation techniques based on space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWMs) that overcome this issue in transformer-less three-level NPC-MLIs (3L-NPC-MLIs). The reduced CMV-SVPWM (RCMV-SVPWM) can be mainly categorized as an RCMV-SVPWM based on the vector type, based on virtual vectors, and based on the two-level SVPWM (2L-SVPWM). Their features and their limitations in terms of several main criteria are discussed. In the final section of this paper, some challenges and future trends for this research area are projected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Photovoltaic Inverters)
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Title: Progress of SAM-based HTL for inverted perovskite solar cells
Authors: Yuchen Yuan, Haiqiang Luo, Xiaoli Li, Houlin Li, Xia Hao
Affiliation: Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China

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