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21 pages, 4041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis and Adequacy Methodology for Voltage Violations in Distribution Power Grid

by Wagner A. Vilela Junior, Antonio P. Coimbra, Gabriel A. Wainer, Joao Caetano Neto, Jose A. G. Cararo, Marcio R. C. Reis, Paulo V. Santos and Wesley P. Calixto

Energies 2021, 14(14), 4373; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144373 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2784

Abstract

This paper proposes a computational process development capable of filling the electric power sector shortage regarding voltage non-conformities identification in electric distribution power grid accounting for loads dynamic behavior at medium and low voltages. Actual distribution power grid data are used, with georeferencing [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a computational process development capable of filling the electric power sector shortage regarding voltage non-conformities identification in electric distribution power grid accounting for loads dynamic behavior at medium and low voltages. Actual distribution power grid data are used, with georeferencing to signal voltage transgressions locations, generate a report with voltage transgression indices and financial reimbursement values provided by legislation. The methodology compares regulatory requirements and makes available in software some possible actions in an attempt to adjust voltage levels, avoiding inconvenience and penalties for energy utilities providers. The method involves a data extractor construction for electricity provider company’s databases, computer simulations and comparison of obtained results with values established in electricity quality control standards. Thus, finding non-conformity locations and determining network adjustments to correct tension indexes in permanent regulation. The proposal features a reduction in electricity utilities operating costs, increasing efficiency in operation and energy quality available to consumers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Active Electrical Distribution Grids and Urban Energy Grids)

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32 pages, 10655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voltage Control Methodologies in Active Distribution Networks

by Valentin Ilea, Cristian Bovo, Davide Falabretti, Marco Merlo, Carlo Arrigoni, Roberto Bonera and Marco Rodolfi

Energies 2020, 13(12), 3293; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123293 - 26 Jun 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3769

Abstract

Renewable Energy Sources are becoming widely spread, as they are sustainable and low-carbon emission. They are mostly penetrating the MV Distribution Networks as Distributed Generators, which has determined the evolution of the networks’ control and supervision systems, from almost a complete lack to [...] Read more.

Renewable Energy Sources are becoming widely spread, as they are sustainable and low-carbon emission. They are mostly penetrating the MV Distribution Networks as Distributed Generators, which has determined the evolution of the networks’ control and supervision systems, from almost a complete lack to becoming fully centralized. This paper proposes innovative voltage control architectures for the distribution networks, tailored for different development levels of the control and supervision systems encountered in real life: a Coordinated Control for networks with basic development, and an optimization-based Centralized Control for networks with fully articulated systems. The Centralized Control fits the requirements of the network: the challenging harmonization of the generator’s capability curves with the regulatory framework, and modelling of the discrete control of the On-Load Tap Changer transformer. A realistic network is used for tests and comparisons with the Local Strategy currently specified by regulations. The proposed Coordinated Control gives much better results with respect to the Local Strategy, in terms of loss minimization and voltage violations mitigation, and can be used for networks with poorly developed supervision and control systems, while Centralized Control proves the best solution, but can be applied only in fully supervised and controlled networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Active Electrical Distribution Grids and Urban Energy Grids)

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18 pages, 3300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Allocation of Distributed Generation Considering Protection

by Hamza M. Bakr, Mostafa F. Shaaban, Ahmed H. Osman and Hatem F. Sindi

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2402; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092402 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2669

Abstract

The integration of distributed generation (DG) into the power grid has increased in recent years due to its techno-economic benefits for utilities and consumers. However, due to the fact that distribution systems were not originally designed to accommodate such DG units, many challenges [...] Read more.

The integration of distributed generation (DG) into the power grid has increased in recent years due to its techno-economic benefits for utilities and consumers. However, due to the fact that distribution systems were not originally designed to accommodate such DG units, many challenges are being faced by utilities to seamlessly integrate them into their systems. One of the critical challenges is their effect on protection system settings and coordination. The DG units will affect the pickup current settings of the protection relays, coordination between the primary and secondary relays, and even the direction of the fault current. Failing to consider DG’s effect on the protection system may lead to serious equipment damage or system failure, causing huge financial setbacks for utilities. To that end, this work proposes a new dynamic approach to optimally allocate different types of DG units over the planning horizon. The objective is to minimize the overall costs of the system while taking into consideration the intermittent nature of renewable DG and the impacts on the protection system. Simulation results have been developed on a typical distribution system to prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Active Electrical Distribution Grids and Urban Energy Grids)

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23 pages, 5098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voltage Estimation Method for Power Distribution Networks Using High-Precision Measurements

by Chan-Hyeok Oh, Seok-Il Go, Joon-Ho Choi, Seon-Ju Ahn and Sang-Yun Yun

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2385; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092385 - 10 May 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3035

Abstract

In this study, we propose a voltage estimation method for the radial distribution network with distributed generators (DGs) using high-precision measurements (HPMs). The proposed method uses the section loads center for voltage estimation because individual loads are not measured in the distribution system. [...] Read more.

In this study, we propose a voltage estimation method for the radial distribution network with distributed generators (DGs) using high-precision measurements (HPMs). The proposed method uses the section loads center for voltage estimation because individual loads are not measured in the distribution system. The bus voltage was estimated through correction of the section load center by using an HPM at the end of the main feeder. The correction parameter of the section load center was calculated by comparing the initial voltage estimates and the measurements of the HPMs. After that, the voltage of the main feeder was re-estimated. Finally, the bus voltage in the lateral feeder was estimated based on the voltage estimates in the main feeder and the current measurements in the lateral feeder. The accuracy of the proposed algorithm was verified through case studies by using test systems implemented in MATLAB, Simulink, and Python environments. In order to verify the utilization of the proposed method to the practical system, a test with injection of approximately 5% of normally distributed random noise was performed. Through the results of the case studies, when an HPM is installed at the end of the main feeder, it demonstrated that the voltage estimation accuracy can be greatly improved by the proposed method. Compared with the existing methods, the proposed method was less affected by PV and showed robustness to measurement noise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Active Electrical Distribution Grids and Urban Energy Grids)

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20 pages, 1249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Coordinated Voltage Control for Overvoltage Mitigation in LV Distribution Grids

by Edoardo De Din, Marco Pau, Ferdinanda Ponci and Antonello Monti

Energies 2020, 13(8), 2007; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13082007 - 17 Apr 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3290

Abstract

The design of intelligent strategies for grid management is a cost-effective solution to increase the hosting capacity of distribution grids without investing in the reinforcement of the grid assets. This paper presents a distributed voltage control algorithm to coordinate Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) [...] Read more.

The design of intelligent strategies for grid management is a cost-effective solution to increase the hosting capacity of distribution grids without investing in the reinforcement of the grid assets. This paper presents a distributed voltage control algorithm to coordinate Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) and Distributed Generation (DG) in a scenario of high renewable penetration. The proposed control algorithm relies on a dual decomposition approach and aims at mitigating possible voltage rise events occurring in the Low Voltage (LV) grid by solving an optimization problem of power minimization. Instead of using local control strategies, in the proposed solution, the voltage control burden is distributed among all the available resources in the grid, which cooperate to resolve the existing voltage violations. The performance of the developed voltage control has been tested under realistic distribution grid scenarios, using stochastic load profiles together with photovoltaic generation profiles obtained in the presence of both clear sky and cloudy sky conditions. The algorithm is also compared to a strategy that considers only DG management, highlighting the benefits associated to the proposed coordination of DG and Energy Storage Systems (ESSs). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Active Electrical Distribution Grids and Urban Energy Grids)

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15 pages, 471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Procedure to Determine the Droop Constants of Voltage Controllers Coping with Multiple DG Interactions in Active Distribution Systems

by Giuseppe Fusco and Mario Russo

Energies 2020, 13(8), 1935; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081935 - 15 Apr 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1839

Abstract

In modern distribution systems, the presence of an increasing amount of Distributed Generation (DG) systems causes over-/under-voltage problems, due to the reverse power flows. To face these problems, the voltage-reactive power droop controllers of DG systems are commonly used for their simplicity and [...] Read more.

In modern distribution systems, the presence of an increasing amount of Distributed Generation (DG) systems causes over-/under-voltage problems, due to the reverse power flows. To face these problems, the voltage-reactive power droop controllers of DG systems are commonly used for their simplicity and are required by international standards. On the other hand, the interaction among voltage droop controllers of different DG systems may introduce instability. The paper presents an effective procedure to determine the droop constants of voltage-reactive power controllers for multiple DG systems. Firstly, a multi-input multi-output model of the distribution system is introduced. Then, using the concept of the interaction measure under decentralized control, a simple constraint is added to the single-input single-output design of each droop controller. Such a constraint guarantees stability with respect to the interaction among the voltage droop controllers of all the DG systems. Eventually, the proposed procedure is applied to an LV test system with 24 nodes and six photovoltaic systems; the results of numerical simulations are presented, giving evidence of the effectiveness of the proposed procedure in various operating conditions of the distribution system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Active Electrical Distribution Grids and Urban Energy Grids)

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25 pages, 1580 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of a Smart Grid Interoperability Testing Methodology in a Real-Time Hardware-In-The-Loop Testing Environment

by Mirko Ginocchi, Amir Ahmadifar, Ferdinanda Ponci and Antonello Monti

Energies 2020, 13(7), 1648; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13071648 - 2 Apr 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3248

Abstract

Interoperability testing is widely recognized as a key to achieve seamless interoperability of smart grid applications, given the complex nature of modern power systems. In this work, the interoperability testing methodology proposed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre is applied to a [...] Read more.

Interoperability testing is widely recognized as a key to achieve seamless interoperability of smart grid applications, given the complex nature of modern power systems. In this work, the interoperability testing methodology proposed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre is applied to a specific use case in the context of smart grids. The selected use case examines a flexibility activation mechanism in a power grid system and includes DSO SCADA, Remote Terminal Unit and flexibility source, interacting to support a voltage regulation service. The adopted test bed consists of a real-time power grid simulator, a communication network emulator and use case actors’ models in a hardware-in-the-loop setup. The breakdown of the interoperability testing problem is accomplished by mapping the use case to the SGAM layers, specifying the Basic Application Profiles together with the Basic Application Interoperability Profiles (BAIOPs) and defining the design of experiments to carry out during the laboratory testing. Furthermore, the concepts of inter- and intra-BAIOP testing are formalized to reflect complementary interests of smart grid stakeholders. Experimental results prove the applicability of the methodology for testing the interoperability of large-scale and complex smart grid systems and reveal interesting features and possible pitfalls which should be considered when investigating the parameters responsible for the disruption of a system interoperability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Active Electrical Distribution Grids and Urban Energy Grids)

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23 pages, 7232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fault Location Method Using Phasor Measurement Units and Short Circuit Analysis for Power Distribution Networks

by Ji-Song Hong, Gi-Do Sim, Joon-Ho Choi, Seon-Ju Ahn and Sang-Yun Yun

Energies 2020, 13(5), 1294; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051294 - 10 Mar 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4344

Abstract

This paper proposes a fault location method for power distribution networks using phasor measurement units (PMU) and short circuit analysis. In order to improve the problems of the existing studies, we focused on several approaches as follows. First, in order to minimize the [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a fault location method for power distribution networks using phasor measurement units (PMU) and short circuit analysis. In order to improve the problems of the existing studies, we focused on several approaches as follows. First, in order to minimize the number of PMU installations, a fault location estimation of lateral feeders through short circuit analysis was presented. Second, unbalanced faults and impacts of photovoltaic (PV) were considered. The proposed method consists of two stages. In Stage 1, the fault location was estimated for the main feeder using PMU installed at the start and end points of the main feeder. Symmetrical components of voltage and current variation were calculated by considering the impact of PVs interconnected to the lateral feeders. If the result of Stage 1 indicated a connection section of lateral feeder on the main feeder, Stage 2 would be performed. In Stage 2, the fault location was estimated for the lateral feeder by comparing the results of the short circuit analysis and measurements of PMUs. The short circuit analysis was based on an unbalanced power flow that considered dynamic characteristics of the PV inverter. The proposed method was verified through various fault situations in a test system. For the applicability of the proposed algorithm to the actual system, a noise test was also performed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Active Electrical Distribution Grids and Urban Energy Grids)

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19 pages, 453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Power System Nonlinear Modal Analysis Using Computationally Reduced Normal Form Method

by Nnaemeka Sunday Ugwuanyi, Xavier Kestelyn, Bogdan Marinescu and Olivier Thomas

Energies 2020, 13(5), 1249; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051249 - 7 Mar 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3182

Abstract

Increasing nonlinearity in today’s grid challenges the conventional small-signal (modal) analysis (SSA) tools. For instance, the interactions among modes, which are not captured by SSA, may play significant roles in a stressed power system. Consequently, alternative nonlinear modal analysis tools, notably Normal Form [...] Read more.

Increasing nonlinearity in today’s grid challenges the conventional small-signal (modal) analysis (SSA) tools. For instance, the interactions among modes, which are not captured by SSA, may play significant roles in a stressed power system. Consequently, alternative nonlinear modal analysis tools, notably Normal Form (NF) and Modal Series (MS) methods are being explored. However, they are computation-intensive due to numerous polynomial coefficients required. This paper proposes a fast NF technique for power system modal interaction investigation, which uses characteristics of system modes to carefully select relevant terms to be considered in the analysis. The Coefficients related to these terms are selectively computed and the resulting approximate model is computationally reduced compared to the one in which all the coefficients are computed. This leads to a very rapid nonlinear modal analysis of the power systems. The reduced model is used to study interactions of modes in a two-area power system where the tested scenarios give same results as the full model, with about 70% reduction in computation time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Active Electrical Distribution Grids and Urban Energy Grids)

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21 pages, 2492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis and Design of Damping Circuit Parameters for LCC Valves Based on Broadband Model

by Yingjie Tang, Zheren Zhang and Zheng Xu

Energies 2020, 13(5), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051059 - 28 Feb 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2953

Abstract

Damping circuits are installed inside the converter valve to limit commutation overshoots. They have significant effects on the valve’s turn-off performances, which should be carefully considered in parameter design. First, the calculation models for the turn-off process are discussed, including the conventional low [...] Read more.

Damping circuits are installed inside the converter valve to limit commutation overshoots. They have significant effects on the valve’s turn-off performances, which should be carefully considered in parameter design. First, the calculation models for the turn-off process are discussed, including the conventional low frequency model and the broadband model. Then, it is found that high-frequency equipment parameters have significant effects on the transient valve voltage, which means that the conventional analytical methods based on low-frequency models is not suitable for damping circuit parameter design. The relationships between the turn-off performances and damping circuit parameters have also been analyzed in detail with the broadband model. To achieve better economic efficiency, this paper proposes a novel method for damping circuit parameter optimization, which combines the electromagnetic transient (EMT) calculation and the numerical optimization. Last, the case study is carried out based on a practical ±1100 kV ultra-high-voltage direct-current (UHVDC) transmission project, which proves the reliability and flexibility of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Active Electrical Distribution Grids and Urban Energy Grids)

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18 pages, 756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Cyber-Physical Residential Energy Management System via Virtualized Packets

by Mauricio de Castro Tomé, Pedro H. J. Nardelli, Hafiz Majid Hussain, Sohail Wahid and Arun Narayanan

Energies 2020, 13(3), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030699 - 6 Feb 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3400

Abstract

This paper proposes a cyber-physical system to manage flexible residential loads based on virtualized energy packets. Before being used, flexible loads need to request packets to an energy server, which may be granted or not. If granted, the energy server guarantees that the [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a cyber-physical system to manage flexible residential loads based on virtualized energy packets. Before being used, flexible loads need to request packets to an energy server, which may be granted or not. If granted, the energy server guarantees that the request will be fulfilled. Each different load has a specific consumption profile and user requirement. In the proposed case study, the residential consumers share a pool of energy resources that need to be allocated by the energy server whose aim is to minimize the imports related to such a group. The proposed solution shows qualitative advantages compared to the existing approaches in relation to computational complexity, fairness of the resource allocation outcomes and effectiveness in peak reduction. We demonstrate our solution based on three different representative flexible loads; namely, electric vehicles, saunas and dishwashers. The numerical results show the efficacy of the proposed solution for three different representative examples, demonstrating the advantages and drawbacks of different allocation rules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Active Electrical Distribution Grids and Urban Energy Grids)

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31 pages, 1011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Allocation of Renewable Energy Hybrid Distributed Generations for Small-Signal Stability Enhancement

by Olusayo A. Ajeigbe, Josiah L. Munda and Yskandar Hamam

Energies 2019, 12(24), 4777; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12244777 - 14 Dec 2019

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3277

Abstract

This paper solves the allocation planning problem of integrating large scale renewable energy hybrid distributed generations and capacitor banks into the distribution systems. Extraordinarily, the integration of renewable energy hybrid distributed generations such as solar photovoltaic, wind, and biomass takes into consideration the [...] Read more.

This paper solves the allocation planning problem of integrating large scale renewable energy hybrid distributed generations and capacitor banks into the distribution systems. Extraordinarily, the integration of renewable energy hybrid distributed generations such as solar photovoltaic, wind, and biomass takes into consideration the impact assessment of variable generations from PV and wind on the distribution networks’ long term dynamic voltage and small-signal stabilities. Unlike other renewable distributed generations, the variability of power from solar PV and wind generations causes small-signal instabilities if they are sub-optimally allocated in the distribution network. Hence, the variables related to small-signal stability are included and constrained in the model, unlike what is obtainable in the current works on the planning of optimal allocation of renewable distributed generations. Thus, the model is motivated to maximize the penetration of renewable powers by minimizing the net present value of total cost, which includes investment, maintenance, energy, and emission costs. Consequently, the optimization problem is formulated as a stochastic mixed integer linear program, which ensures limited convergence to optimality. Numerical results of the proposed model demonstrate a significant reduction in electricity and emission costs, enhancement of system dynamic voltage and small-signal stabilities, as well as improvement in welfare costs and environmental goodness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Active Electrical Distribution Grids and Urban Energy Grids)

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20 pages, 683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Dispatch of BESS and Renewable Generators in DC Microgrids Using Voltage-Dependent Load Models

by Oscar Danilo Montoya, Walter Gil-González, Luis Grisales-Noreña, César Orozco-Henao and Federico Serra

Energies 2019, 12(23), 4494; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12234494 - 26 Nov 2019

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 5248

Abstract

This paper addresses the optimal dispatch problem for battery energy storage systems (BESSs) in direct current (DC) mode for an operational period of 24 h. The problem is represented by a nonlinear programming (NLP) model that was formulated using an exponential voltage-dependent load [...] Read more.

This paper addresses the optimal dispatch problem for battery energy storage systems (BESSs) in direct current (DC) mode for an operational period of 24 h. The problem is represented by a nonlinear programming (NLP) model that was formulated using an exponential voltage-dependent load model, which is the main contribution of this paper. An artificial neural network was employed for the short-term prediction of available renewable energy from wind and photovoltaic sources. The NLP model was solved by using the general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) to implement a 30-node test feeder composed of four renewable generators and three batteries. Simulation results demonstrate that the cost reduction for a daily operation is drastically affected by the operating conditions of the BESS, as well as the type of load model used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Active Electrical Distribution Grids and Urban Energy Grids)

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23 pages, 3229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voltage Control Method for Active Distribution Networks Based on Regional Power Coordination

by Jin-Xin Ou-Yang, Xiao-Xuan Long, Xue Du, Yan-Bo Diao and Meng-Yang Li

Energies 2019, 12(22), 4364; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12224364 - 15 Nov 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2395

Abstract

As loads connected to active distribution network (ADN) grow, ADN’s voltage safety issues are becoming more serious. At present, the solution is mainly to build more distributed generation (DG) or to adjust the reactive power in the whole network, but the former needs [...] Read more.

As loads connected to active distribution network (ADN) grow, ADN’s voltage safety issues are becoming more serious. At present, the solution is mainly to build more distributed generation (DG) or to adjust the reactive power in the whole network, but the former needs a lot of investment while the latter requires a large amount of communication equipment and it takes a long time to calculate the adjustment amount of reactive power and to coordinate reactive power compensation equipment. When the loads are heavy, there will still be drawbacks of insufficient reactive power. Therefore, this paper analyzes the relationship between the active power, reactive power, and the voltage in the ADN. Through the autonomous region (AR) division, a voltage control method based on the active power variation and adjustable power in the AR is proposed. According to the relationship between the amount of active power and the adjustable amount active power, the active power control, the reactive power control, and the coordinated control of active power reactive power control are adopted to adjust the DGs’ output to stabilize the bus voltage. The simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the voltage control capability of ADN and can enable it to operate normally under greater power changes. Through the control method in this paper, the communication requirements are greatly reduced and the calculation time is effectively shortened and is more adaptable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Active Electrical Distribution Grids and Urban Energy Grids)

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Review

Jump to: Research

31 pages, 356 KiB

Open AccessReview

Transmission-Scale Battery Energy Storage Systems: A Systematic Literature Review

by Kevin Marnell, Manasseh Obi and Robert Bass

Energies 2019, 12(23), 4603; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12234603 - 3 Dec 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5537

Abstract

When the transmission capacity of an electrical system is insufficient to adequately serve customer demand, the transmission system is said to be experiencing congestion. More transmission lines can be built to increase capacity. However, transmission congestion typically only occurs during periods of peak [...] Read more.

When the transmission capacity of an electrical system is insufficient to adequately serve customer demand, the transmission system is said to be experiencing congestion. More transmission lines can be built to increase capacity. However, transmission congestion typically only occurs during periods of peak demand, which occur just a few times per year; capitol-intensive investments in new transmission capacity address problems that occur infrequently. Alternative solutions to alleviated transmission congestion have been devised, including generation curtailment, demand response programs, and various remedial action schema. Though not currently a common solution, battery energy storage systems can also provide transmission congestion relief. Technological and market trends indicate the growing production capacity of battery energy storage systems and decreasing prices, which indicate the technology may soon become a viable option for providing congestion relief. Batteries can provide multiple ancillary services, and so can concurrently provide value through multiple revenue streams. In this manuscript, the authors present a systematic review of literature, technology, regulations, and projects related to the use of battery energy storage systems to provide transmission congestion relief. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Active Electrical Distribution Grids and Urban Energy Grids)

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