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18 pages, 4886 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Smart Power Sales Strategy Considering Load Forecasting and Optimal Allocation of Energy Storage System in China

by Hongli Liu, Luoqi Wang, Ji Li, Lei Shao and Delong Zhang

Energies 2023, 16(8), 3341; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083341 - 9 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1756

Abstract

With the deepening reform of the power system, power sales companies need to adopt new power sales strategies to provide customers with better economic marketing solutions. Customer-side configuration of an energy storage system (ESS) can participate in power-related policies to reduce the comprehensive [...] Read more.

With the deepening reform of the power system, power sales companies need to adopt new power sales strategies to provide customers with better economic marketing solutions. Customer-side configuration of an energy storage system (ESS) can participate in power-related policies to reduce the comprehensive cost of electricity for commercial and industrial customers and improve customer revenue. For power sales companies, this can also attract new customers, expand sales and quickly capture the market. However, most of the ESS evaluation models studied so far are based on historical data configuration of typical daily storage capacity and charging and discharging scheduling instructions. In addition, most models do not adequately consider the performance characteristics of the ESS and cannot accurately assess the economics of the energy storage model. This study proposes an intelligent power sales strategy based on load forecasting with the participation of optimal allocation of ESS. Based on long short-term memory (LSTM) artificial neural network for predictive analysis of customer load, we evaluate the economics of adding energy storage to customers. Based on the premise of the two-part tariff, the ESS evaluation model is constructed with the objective of minimizing the annual comprehensive cost to the user by considering the energy tariff and the savings benefits of the basic tariff, assessing the annualized cost of ESS over its entire life cycle, and the impact of battery capacity decay on economics. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is introduced to solve the model. By simulating the arithmetic example for real customers, their integrated electricity costs are significantly reduced. Moreover, this smart power sales strategy can provide different sales strategies according to the expected payback period of customers. This smart sales strategy can output more accurate declared maximum demand values than other traditional sales strategies, providing a more economical solution for customers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) Ⅱ)

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26 pages, 1240 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Control and Implementation of an Energy Management Strategy for a PV–Wind–Battery Microgrid Based on an Intelligent Prediction Algorithm of Energy Production

by Sameh Mahjoub, Larbi Chrifi-Alaoui, Saïd Drid and Nabil Derbel

Energies 2023, 16(4), 1883; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041883 - 14 Feb 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2667

Abstract

This paper describes an energy management strategy for a DC microgrid that utilizes a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) composed of a photovoltaic (PV) module, a wind turbine based on a permanent magnetic synchronous generator (PMSG), and a battery energy storage system (BESS). [...] Read more.

This paper describes an energy management strategy for a DC microgrid that utilizes a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) composed of a photovoltaic (PV) module, a wind turbine based on a permanent magnetic synchronous generator (PMSG), and a battery energy storage system (BESS). The strategy is designed to provide a flexible and reliable system architecture that ensures continuous power supply to loads under all conditions. The control scheme is based on the generation of reference source currents and the management of power flux. To optimize the supply–demand balance and ensure optimal power sharing, the strategy employs artificial intelligence algorithms that use previous data, constantly updated forecasts (such as weather forecasts and local production data), and other factors to control all system components in an optimal manner. A double-input single-output DC–DC converter is used to extract the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) from each source. This allows the converter to still transfer power from one source to another even if one of the sources is unable to generate power. In this HRES configuration, all the sources are connected in parallel through the common DC–DC converter. The strategy also includes a long short-term memory (LSTM) network-based forecasting approach to predict the available energy production and the battery state of charge (SOC). The system is tested using Matlab/Simulink and validated experimentally in a laboratory setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) Ⅱ)

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16 pages, 607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Operation Strategy of an EV Parking Lot with Vehicle-to-Grid and Renewable Energy Integration

by Jiwen Qi and Li Li

Energies 2023, 16(4), 1793; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041793 - 11 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1747

Abstract

The economic operation of an electric vehicle (EV) parking lot under different cases are explored in the paper. The parking lot is equipped with EV charging stations with a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) function, renewable energy sources (RESs), and energy storage system (ESS). An optimisation [...] Read more.

The economic operation of an electric vehicle (EV) parking lot under different cases are explored in the paper. The parking lot is equipped with EV charging stations with a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) function, renewable energy sources (RESs), and energy storage system (ESS). An optimisation problem is formulated to maximise the profit of the parking lot from EV charging and feed-in energy to the grid under various charging modes while considering the uncertain factors, ESS degradation, and diverse EV parking conditions. The electricity market price, solar radiation and wind speed are considered as uncertain factors, and the scenred toolbox of MATLAB is used to generate scenarios. Based on the parking time of different EVs, the model classifies the EVs entering the charging station and dynamically determines the charging price according to their charging demand through a linear price-demand relationship. The efficacy of the proposed model is verified by the comparison with two other models under three different cases. It is shown that the proposed model gains the most profit based on the proposed V2G services and dynamic charging price. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) Ⅱ)

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12 pages, 548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Promising Energy Storage System Based on High-Capacity Metal Hydrides

by Nikolay E. Galushkin, Nataliya N. Yazvinskaya and Dmitriy N. Galushkin

Energies 2022, 15(21), 7871; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217871 - 24 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1324

Abstract

In this paper, based on the study of hydrogen accumulation in the electrodes of nickel–cadmium batteries, a high-capacity hydrogen storage system (HSS) is proposed. It has been experimentally proven that hydrogen accumulates in the electrodes of nickel–cadmium batteries in large quantities over the [...] Read more.

In this paper, based on the study of hydrogen accumulation in the electrodes of nickel–cadmium batteries, a high-capacity hydrogen storage system (HSS) is proposed. It has been experimentally proven that hydrogen accumulates in the electrodes of nickel–cadmium batteries in large quantities over the course of their operation. It has been shown that hydrogen accumulates in metal–ceramic matrices of sintered oxide–nickel electrodes in the form of metal hydrides. The gravimetric capacity of the nickel matrix is 20.3 wt% and the volumetric capacity is 406 kg m⁻³. The obtained gravimetric capacities for metal–ceramic matrices exceed almost four times the criteria for onboard hydrogen storage systems established by the US Department of Energy (DOE), as well as previously obtained results for any reversible hydrogen accumulation materials. In addition, in our previous papers, it was proved that if we use thermal runaway for the desorption of hydrogen from metal hydrides then the kinetic and thermodynamic criteria established by the US DOE may be significantly exceeded. Thus, within the framework of the proposed HSS, using the electrochemical method of hydrogen accumulation and the thermal runaway process, one can not only achieve all of the criteria established by the US DOE for HSS but also significantly exceed them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) Ⅱ)

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24 pages, 4313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Different Approaches for a Goal: The Electrical Bus-EMT Madrid as a Successful Case Study

by Iván López, Pedro Luis Calvo, Gonzalo Fernández-Sánchez, Carlos Sierra, Roberto Corchero, Cesar Omar Chacón, Carlos de Juan, Daniel Rosas and Francisco Burgos

Energies 2022, 15(17), 6107; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176107 - 23 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2886

Abstract

A deep review of the state of the electromobility in urban public transport by bus was conducted from all different charging strategies, types of chargers, and e-buses with a general overview and SWOT analysis. A review of five case studies worldwide was also [...] Read more.

A deep review of the state of the electromobility in urban public transport by bus was conducted from all different charging strategies, types of chargers, and e-buses with a general overview and SWOT analysis. A review of five case studies worldwide was also conducted and a real case study with real data was shown in depth: EMT Madrid, where all chargers and charging systems were developed in a single operation center. Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) from the literature and from the case study for e-buses were shown as compared with different bus technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) Ⅱ)

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11 pages, 2293 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Transition to Renewable Energy for Communities: Energy Storage Requirements and Dissipation

by Efstathios E. Michaelides

Energies 2022, 15(16), 5896; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15165896 - 14 Aug 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2357

Abstract

The transition of residential communities to renewable energy sources is one of the first steps for the decarbonization of the energy sector, the reduction of CO₂ emissions, and the mitigation of global climate change. This study provides information for the development of [...] Read more.

The transition of residential communities to renewable energy sources is one of the first steps for the decarbonization of the energy sector, the reduction of CO₂ emissions, and the mitigation of global climate change. This study provides information for the development of a microgrid, supplied by wind and solar energy, which meets the hourly energy demand of a community of 10,000 houses in the North Texas region; hydrogen is used as the energy storage medium. The results are presented for two cases: (a) when the renewable energy sources supply only the electricity demand of the community, and (b) when these sources provide the electricity as well as the heating needs (for space heating and hot water) of the community. The results show that such a community can be decarbonized with combinations of wind and solar installations. The energy storage requirements are between 2.7 m³ per household and 2.2 m³ per household. There is significant dissipation in the storage–regeneration processes—close to 30% of the current annual electricity demand. The entire decarbonization (electricity and heat) of this community will result in approximately 87,500 tons of CO₂ emissions avoidance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) Ⅱ)

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20 pages, 4379 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Practical Evaluation of Loss Reduction in Isolated Series Resonant Converter with Fixed Frequency Modulation

by Danish Khan, Pengfei Hu, Muhammad Waseem, Muhammad Yasir Ali Khan, Mustafa Tahir and Andres Annuk

Energies 2022, 15(16), 5802; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15165802 - 10 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2005

Abstract

Nowadays, power converters with reduced cost, compact size and high efficiency are evolving to overcome the emergent challenges of renewable energy integrations. In this context, there is an increased demand for well-designed power converters in renewable energy applications to reduce energy utilization and [...] Read more.

Nowadays, power converters with reduced cost, compact size and high efficiency are evolving to overcome the emergent challenges of renewable energy integrations. In this context, there is an increased demand for well-designed power converters in renewable energy applications to reduce energy utilization and handle a variety of loads. This paper proposes a center-tapped bridge cascaded series-resonant LC dual active bridge (DAB) converter for DC-DC conversion. The low part count of the proposed converter enables a high-power density design with reduced cost. The proposed converter offers reduced conduction losses as the reverse current is eliminated by adopting current blocking characteristics. Reverse current blocking also enables zero voltage switching (ZVS) and zero current switching (ZCS) over a wide operating range. Therefore, using a simple fixed frequency modulation (FFM) scheme offers a wide operating range compared to a conventional DAB converter. A thorough comparison of the proposed converter and a conventional DAB converter is provided based on conduction losses and switching losses to illustrate the performance improvement. Lastly, the effectiveness of the proposed converter is validated through simulation and experimental results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) Ⅱ)

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18 pages, 5006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accelerating Efficient Installation and Optimization of Battery Energy Storage System Operations Onboard Vessels

by Wei He, Olve Mo, Alfred Remøy, Lars O. Valøen, Helge Såtendal, Aaron Howie and Preben J. S. Vie

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4908; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134908 - 5 Jul 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2728

Abstract

Emerging large battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are key enablers in the electrification of the shipping sector. With huge government investments in BESSs, there are large gaps between the government supported BESS initiatives and actual BESS integration results on vessels. This study aims [...] Read more.

Emerging large battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are key enablers in the electrification of the shipping sector. With huge government investments in BESSs, there are large gaps between the government supported BESS initiatives and actual BESS integration results on vessels. This study aims to close these gaps, allowing BESSs to become the preferred solution for ship owners without needing government support. Firstly, this industry-driven study reviews both the industrial approaches to achieve CO₂ emission reductions and the fuel savings and emission reductions from 500 BESS installations on various vessels. Secondly, a 630 kWh BESS retrofitted onto a hybrid-electric vessel is used to quantitively identify the improvement requirements for installations and operations. The installations required many custom designs that were expensive and have high failure risks. The standardization of interfaces’ between BESSs and vessels is thus urgently required. The BESS was intended for spinning reserve capacity and peak shaving but in practice was under-used in terms of energy throughput (shallow cycles and low equivalent full cycles of 80 versus the design specification of 480 yearly). Thirdly, this study develops new, integrated BESS operational models by learning from large operational data, balancing BESS degradation against fuel saving and utilizing onshore/offshore green power supply/charging. The R&D of BESS is required to deal with the increasing safety requirements and further CO₂ emission reductions. Finally, four BESS acceleration scenarios were established to facilitate the technical and operational transferability through utilizing digitalization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) Ⅱ)

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14 pages, 2706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Capacity Sizing of Embedded Control Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System

by Noah Lee, Chen Hon Nee, Seong Shan Yap, Kwong Keong Tham, Ah Heng You, Seong Ling Yap and Abdul Kariem Bin Mohd Arof

Energies 2022, 15(10), 3783; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103783 - 20 May 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2333

Abstract

A battery–supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system is investigated as a solution to reduce the high-power delivery stress on the battery. An optimally-sized system can further enhance the storage and cost efficiency. This paper discusses several possible problems in the sizing of a battery–supercapacitor [...] Read more.

A battery–supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system is investigated as a solution to reduce the high-power delivery stress on the battery. An optimally-sized system can further enhance the storage and cost efficiency. This paper discusses several possible problems in the sizing of a battery–supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for practical applications. A sizing method that utilises data collected from a fully active embedded control hybrid energy system is proposed. The feasibility of the method is then tested on three load profiles that represent the load demand of inter- and intra-applications with a battery–supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system. The result is compared to a battery-only single energy storage system. The results verified that the number of batteries required in the hybrid energy storage system is reduced by at least 50% compared to the battery-only single energy storage system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) Ⅱ)

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27 pages, 7345 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Dynamic Simulation and Performance Enhancement Analysis of a Renewable Driven Trigeneration System

by Renos Rotas, Petros Iliadis, Nikos Nikolopoulos, Ananias Tomboulides and Elias Kosmatopoulos

Energies 2022, 15(10), 3688; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103688 - 18 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3046

Abstract

Research activity in the field of combined cooling heating power (or trigeneration) systems with high renewable energy source (RES) contributions has increased rapidly over the last few years, in line with the European Union legislation about energy communities. However, technical challenges arise regarding [...] Read more.

Research activity in the field of combined cooling heating power (or trigeneration) systems with high renewable energy source (RES) contributions has increased rapidly over the last few years, in line with the European Union legislation about energy communities. However, technical challenges arise regarding the synergetic, sustainable and optimal integration of RES in local energy systems. In the present study, the operation of a trigeneration system located in the student residences of Democritus University of Thrace in Greece is examined. The system involves a combination of highly promising renewable and storage technologies, including solar thermal energy and biomass for heat generation, hot water tanks for thermal energy storage, absorption refrigeration for cooling, along with Organic Rankine Cycle and photovoltaic systems for electricity generation. System modeling and simulation have been implemented in Dymola environment with the use of Modelica equation-based modeling language. The accuracy of the model response has been validated against available measurements. Specific design and control measures have been proposed, simulated in a transient fashion and evaluated in terms of (i) RES generation, (ii) solar fraction and (iii) temporal flexibility. The measures examined, including the placement of a Li-ion battery, resulted in an increase of 24.6% in the heating demand solar contribution and of 7.9% in the renewable energy generated for the electricity demand, over the examined periods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) Ⅱ)

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13 pages, 5221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Full Current-Type Control-Based Hybrid Energy Storage System

by Jiahui Ren, Wenli Lin, Xinbo Liu, Shuiyuan He, Zhonghao Dongye and Lijun Diao

Energies 2022, 15(8), 2910; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15082910 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2434

Abstract

With greater power density, a hybrid power source that combines supercapacitors and batteries has a wide range of applications in pulse-operated power systems. In this paper, a supercapacitor/battery semi-active hybrid energy storage system (HESS) with a full current-type control strategy is presented. The [...] Read more.

With greater power density, a hybrid power source that combines supercapacitors and batteries has a wide range of applications in pulse-operated power systems. In this paper, a supercapacitor/battery semi-active hybrid energy storage system (HESS) with a full current-type control strategy is presented. The studied HESS is composed of batteries, supercapacitors, and a bidirectional buck–boost converter. The converter is controlled such that supercapacitors supply load power pulses, and batteries provide the power in steady state. To realize the fast compensation of the supercapacitors to the load power pulses, a power distribution module based on hysteresis control theory is designed in the control system. Moreover, the control strategy does not require the model parameters of the converter and supercapacitors, so the control system is simplified. A complete configuration scheme and cost analysis of the proposed HESS are also presented. Obtained results show that the proposed supercapacitor/battery semi-active HESS has good performance in terms of dynamic response, weight, and energy utilization coefficient (EUC). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) Ⅱ)

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32 pages, 10044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Significance of SMES Devices for Power System Frequency Regulation Scheme considering Distributed Energy Resources in a Deregulated Environment

by Dillip Kumar Mishra, Daria Złotecka and Li Li

Energies 2022, 15(5), 1766; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051766 - 27 Feb 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2566

Abstract

Nowadays, the restructuring of power systems is extremely urgent due to the depletion of fossil fuels on the one hand and the environmental impact on the other. In the restructured environment, the incorporation of renewable energy sources and storage devices is key as [...] Read more.

Nowadays, the restructuring of power systems is extremely urgent due to the depletion of fossil fuels on the one hand and the environmental impact on the other. In the restructured environment, the incorporation of renewable energy sources and storage devices is key as they have helped achieve a milestone in the form of microgrid technology. As the restructuring of the power system increases, there are several types of generation sources, and distribution companies express their interest in trading in a deregulated environment to operate economically. When considering the power system deregulation, the contract value deviates in some situations, resulting in an imbalance between the generation and the energy consumption, which can bring the system into a power outage condition. In particular, load frequency control has been a great challenge over the past few decades to ensure the stable operation of power systems. This study considers two generation sources: mini-hydro in GENCO-1 and 3 and microgrid (combination of wind, fuel cell, battery storage, and diesel engine) in GENCO-2 and 4. It is two equal-area networks; in area-1, GENCO-1 and 2, and in area-2, GENCO-3 and 4 are considered, respectively. In addition, a FOPID controller and two ancillary devices, such as a unified power flow controller and a superconducting magnetic energy storage system, have been incorporated. Three different test networks have been formed according to the contract value, such as unilateral, bilateral, and agreement violations. The simulation results show that ancillary devices and controller participation significantly enhance the system response by reducing the frequency and tie-line power fluctuation. To validate the efficacy of the proposed method, respective performance indices and percentages of improvement have been obtained. Finally, this study demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed restructured power system in a deregulated environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) Ⅱ)

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27 pages, 12573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electric Two-Wheeler Vehicle Integration into Rural Off-Grid Photovoltaic System in Kenya

by Aminu Bugaje, Mathias Ehrenwirth, Christoph Trinkl and Wilfried Zörner

Energies 2021, 14(23), 7956; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237956 - 29 Nov 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3264

Abstract

In both rural and urban areas, two-wheeler vehicles are the most common means of transportation, contributing to local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Transitioning to electric two-wheeler vehicles can help reduce GHG emissions while also increasing the socioeconomic status of people [...] Read more.

In both rural and urban areas, two-wheeler vehicles are the most common means of transportation, contributing to local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Transitioning to electric two-wheeler vehicles can help reduce GHG emissions while also increasing the socioeconomic status of people in rural Kenya. Renewable energy systems can play a significant role in charging electric two-wheeled vehicles, resulting in lower carbon emissions and increased renewable energy penetration in rural Kenya. As a result, using the Conventional and Renewable Energy Optimization (CARNOT) Toolbox in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, this paper focuses on integrating and modeling electric two-wheeled vehicles (e-bikes) into an off-grid photovoltaic Water-Energy Hub located in the Lake Victoria Region of Western Kenya. Electricity demand data obtained from the Water-Energy Hub was investigated and analyzed. Potential solar energy surplus was identified and the surplus was used to incorporate the electric two-wheeler vehicles. The energy consumption of the electric two-wheeler vehicles was also measured in the field based on the rider’s driving behavior. The modeling results revealed an annual power consumption of 27,267 kWh, a photovoltaic (PV) electricity production of 37,785 kWh, and an electricity deficit of 370 kWh. The annual results show that PV generation exceeds power consumption, implying that there should be no electricity deficit. The results, however, do not represent the results in hourly resolution, ignoring the impact of weather fluctuation on PV production. As a result, in order to comprehend the electricity deficit, hourly resolution results are shown. A load optimization method was designed to efficiently integrate the electric 2-wheeler vehicle into the Water-Energy Hub in order to alleviate the electricity deficit. The yearly electricity deficit was decreased to 1 kWh and the annual electricity consumption was raised by 11% (i.e., 30,767 kWh), which is enough to charge four more electric two-wheeler batteries daily using the load optimization technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) Ⅱ)

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19 pages, 3855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Battery Energy Storage Dispatch Strategy for Small-Scale Isolated Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Different Load Profile Patterns

by Fauzan Hanif Jufri, Dwi Riana Aryani, Iwa Garniwa and Budi Sudiarto

Energies 2021, 14(11), 3139; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113139 - 27 May 2021

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4957

Abstract

Most inhabited islands in Indonesia are powered by expensively known diesel generators and isolated from the primary grid due to either geographical or economic reasons. Meanwhile, the diesel generator can be combined with a photovoltaic (PV) system and Battery Energy Storage (BES) system [...] Read more.

Most inhabited islands in Indonesia are powered by expensively known diesel generators and isolated from the primary grid due to either geographical or economic reasons. Meanwhile, the diesel generator can be combined with a photovoltaic (PV) system and Battery Energy Storage (BES) system to form a hybrid power generation system to reduce the energy cost and increase renewable energy penetration. For this, proper sizing of each power generation component is required, one of which is influenced by the applied control strategy. This paper proposes an optimal BES dispatch (OBD) control strategy that optimizes the power generation components’ sizing. The method examines the shortcomings of the other popular control strategies, such as load following, cycle charging, or combination. The optimization objectives are to minimize the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and maximize the renewable energy (RE) penetration, which can be achieved by prioritizing the BES to supply the load over other available generations and charge the BES every time the generator operates. The proposed method is implemented at two different systems with different load profiles. As a result, the proposed control strategy provides lower LCOE while maintaining higher RE penetration than the other control strategies in both locations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) Ⅱ)

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Review

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20 pages, 2194 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Assessment of Fundamental Overcurrent Relay Operation Optimization Function and Its Constraints

by Michele Rojnić, Rene Prenc, Hrvoje Bulat and Dubravko Franković

Energies 2022, 15(4), 1271; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041271 - 9 Feb 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4684

Abstract

The optimization of overcurrent relays’ operation is a topic associated with protection coordination of distribution networks. Usually, this refers to medium-voltage networks, since they are protected by numerical relay devices, as opposed to low-voltage networks, where utility operators allocate fuses. Correct setting of [...] Read more.

The optimization of overcurrent relays’ operation is a topic associated with protection coordination of distribution networks. Usually, this refers to medium-voltage networks, since they are protected by numerical relay devices, as opposed to low-voltage networks, where utility operators allocate fuses. Correct setting of relays and optimal coordination is becoming a serious challenge to Distribution Network Operators around the world, since their networks’ passive operation has been greatly altered in the past two decades. Distributed generation units, a growing liberalized electricity market and more stringent legislation for distribution network planning and operation by state regulatory bodies have all indirectly affected the evolving of protection philosophy for distribution networks. In this paper the traditional optimization problem of overcurrent relay operation will be addressed and critically examined from both a theoretical and practical point of view. Optimization function, constraints and relay parameters will all be observed and compared with solutions used in distribution networks, and their modifications and improvements will be proposed and elaborated in detail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) Ⅱ)

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28 pages, 1346 KiB

Open AccessReview

Active Participation of Buildings in the Energy Networks: Dynamic/Operational Models and Control Challenges

by Saman Nikkhah, Adib Allahham, Janusz W. Bialek, Sara L. Walker, Damian Giaouris and Simira Papadopoulou

Energies 2021, 14(21), 7220; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217220 - 2 Nov 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3322

Abstract

New advances in small-scale generation and consumption technologies have shifted conventional buildings’ functionality towards energy-efficient active buildings (ABs). Such developments drew the attention of researchers all around the world, resulting in a variety of publications, including several review papers. This study conducts a [...] Read more.

New advances in small-scale generation and consumption technologies have shifted conventional buildings’ functionality towards energy-efficient active buildings (ABs). Such developments drew the attention of researchers all around the world, resulting in a variety of publications, including several review papers. This study conducts a systematic literature review so as to analyse the concepts/factors enabling active participation of buildings in the energy networks. To do so, a relatively large number of publications devoted to the subject are identified, introducing the taxonomy of control and optimisation methods for the ABs. Then, a study selection methodology is proposed to nominate potential literature that has investigated the role of ABs in the energy networks. The modelling approaches in enabling flexible ABs are identified, while the potential challenges have been highlighted. Furthermore, the citation network of included papers is illustrated by Gephi software and analysed using “ForceAtlas2” and “Yifan Hu Proportional” algorithms so as to analyse the insights and possibilities for future developments. The survey results provide a clear answer to the research question around the potential flexibility that can be offered by ABs to the energy grids, and highlights possible prospective research plans, serving as a guide to research and industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) Ⅱ)

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