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16 pages, 2067 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calculations of Performance Characteristics of Submerged Cargo Pumps with Hydraulic Drive and Constant Torque Controllers, Taking into Account the Energy Efficiency of the Drive Motor

by Andrzej Banaszek

Energies 2024, 17(22), 5592; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17225592 - 8 Nov 2024

Viewed by 399

Abstract

Submerged cargo pumps installed on board tankers are one of the most important components of their cargo system. As they are installed directly in the cargo tanks, they are usually equipped with a hydraulic drive whose power and capacity are controlled by constant-torque [...] Read more.

Submerged cargo pumps installed on board tankers are one of the most important components of their cargo system. As they are installed directly in the cargo tanks, they are usually equipped with a hydraulic drive whose power and capacity are controlled by constant-torque controllers. These have a significant impact on the technical and performance characteristics of the cargo pumps. This paper presents a methodology for calculating the performance characteristics of submerged cargo pumps, taking into account the energy efficiency of their hydraulic drive motors. Due to their number and power, the cargo pumps are powered from the ship’s hydraulic central loading system. This paper describes the main parts of the hydraulic power system structure and the functions of the constant torque controller of the STC type. A mathematical model has been developed to use the basic characteristics of submerged cargo pumps made for the base cargo (water) sent by the pump manufacturer for the case of handling liquid cargo with different parameters. The model considers the characteristics of the hydraulic drive, including a Bosch Rexroth A2FM type hydraulic drive motor and a constant torque controller. The results of simulation calculations of the performance characteristics of an example cargo pump are presented and compared with measurements of the characteristics of this pump on a product tanker. The mathematical model presented in this paper is of utilitarian value, enabling calculations to be carried out without the need for time-consuming CFD numerical methods, making it useful for port and fuel terminal logistics services, ship crews and services managing the operation of product tanker fleets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Topologies and Control Strategies in Electric Machines and Drives)

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17 pages, 2765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Neuroadaptive Position-Sensorless Robust Control for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive System with Uncertain Disturbance

by Omar Aguilar-Mejia, Antonio Valderrabano-Gonzalez, Norberto Hernández-Romero, Juan Carlos Seck-Tuoh-Mora, Julio Cesar Hernandez-Ochoa and Hertwin Minor-Popocatl

Energies 2024, 17(21), 5477; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17215477 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 534

Abstract

The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drive system is extensively utilized in high-precision positioning applications that demand superior dynamic performance across various operating conditions. Given the non-linear characteristics of the PMSM, a neuroadaptive sensorless controller based on B-spline neural networks is proposed to [...] Read more.

The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drive system is extensively utilized in high-precision positioning applications that demand superior dynamic performance across various operating conditions. Given the non-linear characteristics of the PMSM, a neuroadaptive sensorless controller based on B-spline neural networks is proposed to determine the control signals necessary for achieving the desired performance. The proposed control technique considers the system’s non-linearities and can be adapted to varying operating conditions, all while maintaining a low computational cost suitable for real-time operation. The introduced neuroadaptive controller is evaluated under conditions of uncertainty, and its performance is compared to that of a conventional PI controller optimized using the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). The results demonstrate the viability of the proposed approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Topologies and Control Strategies in Electric Machines and Drives)

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10 pages, 4839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variable Delayed Time Control for Dual Three-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Double Central Symmetry Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation

by Tao Tao and Sen Liu

Energies 2024, 17(17), 4347; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174347 - 30 Aug 2024

Viewed by 571

Abstract

To address the harmonic issues associated with the pulse width modulation (PWM) method, this article introduces variable delayed time (VDT) space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) with double central symmetry for dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous machines (DTP-PMSMs). Firstly, the switching sequence of [...] Read more.

To address the harmonic issues associated with the pulse width modulation (PWM) method, this article introduces variable delayed time (VDT) space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) with double central symmetry for dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous machines (DTP-PMSMs). Firstly, the switching sequence of four traditional vectors undergoes double central symmetry, resulting in the doubling of the frequency of the phase voltage. This alteration eliminates harmonics occurring at odd multiples of carrier frequency. Additionally, the adopting of a single null vector minimizes the additional switching times introduced by the double central symmetry. Subsequently, VDT-SVPWM is employed to further suppress the harmonics at the even multiples of carrier frequency. The implementation of the proposed double central symmetry method involves directly utilizing the calculated duty cycle of the traditional four vectors. Moreover, integrating VDT-SVPWM with the double central symmetry method is straightforward. Simulation and experimental results validate the efficacy of the proposed method in suppressing harmonics and mitigating vibrations in the DTP-PMSM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Topologies and Control Strategies in Electric Machines and Drives)

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24 pages, 7299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Anti-Disturbance Extended State Observer-Based Control of a PMa-SynRM for Fast Dynamic Response

by Dongyang Li, Shuo Wang, Chunyang Gu, Yuli Bao, Xiaochen Zhang, Chris Gerada and He Zhang

Energies 2024, 17(17), 4260; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174260 - 26 Aug 2024

Viewed by 569

Abstract

The control system of PMa-SynRMs (Permanent Magnet-assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machines) exhibit susceptibility to external disturbances, thereby emphasizing the utmost significance of employing an observer to effectively observe and suppress system disturbances. Meanwhile, disturbances in load are sensitive to control system noise, which may [...] Read more.

The control system of PMa-SynRMs (Permanent Magnet-assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machines) exhibit susceptibility to external disturbances, thereby emphasizing the utmost significance of employing an observer to effectively observe and suppress system disturbances. Meanwhile, disturbances in load are sensitive to control system noise, which may be introduced from current sensors, hardware circuit board systems, sensor-less control, and analog position sensors. To tackle these problems, this paper proposes an A-DESO (anti-disturbance extended state observer) to improve the dynamic performance, noise suppression, and robustness of PMa-SynRMs in both the constant torque and FW (flux weakening) regions. With the proposed A-DESO, lumped disturbance in torque could be detected, and speed could be extracted in position with unmeasurable noise. Thanks to the merits of the small observation error in the low-frequency region and the excellent anti-disturbance performance in the high-frequency region of the proposed A-DESO, the control of the PMa-SynRM features the advantages of a fast response and good noise immunity ability within the same observation error range. The proposed A-DESO presents a shorter convergence time and a better noise suppression ability, which leads to a better dynamic response of the PMa-SynRM when encountering an unknown load disturbance compared to the traditional ESO-based control, according to simulations and experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Topologies and Control Strategies in Electric Machines and Drives)

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14 pages, 6238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Selection of Electric Motor/Engine on the Performance of Hybrid Vehicles

by Olivian Chiver, Ioan Radu Sugar and Liviu Neamt

Energies 2024, 17(14), 3529; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143529 - 18 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 850

Abstract

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are perceived as a first step toward the future of sustainable transport. Of course, battery electric vehicles (EVs) are currently ideal for what is wanted in the future of transport. However, the lack of infrastructure for these vehicles makes [...] Read more.

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are perceived as a first step toward the future of sustainable transport. Of course, battery electric vehicles (EVs) are currently ideal for what is wanted in the future of transport. However, the lack of infrastructure for these vehicles makes many potential users choose hybrid vehicles. This paper presents an analysis of the influence of hybrid vehicle engines and electric motors on their performance. Three engines with slightly different power levels and similar characteristics were considered for the configured models. Additionally, two electric motors with very different power levels, but a very close maximum continuous torque were used in our models. One was an induction motor and the other was a permanent magnet synchronous motor. The ADVISOR software was used for vehicle configuration and simulation. Series and parallel hybrid vehicles were considered. The main dynamic performances and the fuel consumption rates of the two driving cycles were compared for the configured models. Three conventional models with the same engines used in HEVs were also simulated for reference. The results highlight that, in the case of HEVs, the choice of a combination engine/electric motor is crucial for obtaining the best compromise between a dynamic performance and a low fuel consumption and, implicitly, a low negative impact on the environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Topologies and Control Strategies in Electric Machines and Drives)

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16 pages, 10612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sinusoidal Rotor Core Shape for Low Torque Ripple in Hollow-Cup Machines

by Liu Zhang, Zhanpeng Cui, Pengfei Song, Liming Wang and Xikai Liu

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3168; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133168 - 27 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 623

Abstract

Due to the configuration of coreless stators and two synchronously rotated rotors, hollow-cup machines (HCMs) enjoy the merits of negligible cogging torque and core loss. Consequently, HCMs have been successfully employed as high-speed electric machines in the aerospace field, which requires high precision [...] Read more.

Due to the configuration of coreless stators and two synchronously rotated rotors, hollow-cup machines (HCMs) enjoy the merits of negligible cogging torque and core loss. Consequently, HCMs have been successfully employed as high-speed electric machines in the aerospace field, which requires high precision and low thermal dissipation. However, the permanent magnet (PM) thickness and air-gap length of conventional HCM are uniform, resulting in various harmonics in the air-gap flux density as well as back-EMF. These harmonics inevitably produce an electromagnetic torque ripple, which has not met the increasing demand for ultraprecision in recent years. Since the inner rotor of HCMs only consists of an iron core, this paper proposes a novel sinusoidal-shaped inner rotor, which can change the harmonics of air-gap permeance, to adjust the harmonics of air-gap flux density and back-EMF. HCMs with the proposed inner rotors have a significant 87% reduction in torque ripple compared to conventional HCMs. Meanwhile, compared to conventional methods, HCMs with the proposed inner rotor exhibit comparable torque ripple and higher average torque. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Topologies and Control Strategies in Electric Machines and Drives)

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17 pages, 5315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Thermal Modeling of Electric Vehicle Motors Using a Multihead Attention Mechanism

by Feifan Ji, Chenglong Huang, Tong Wang, Yanjun Li and Shuwen Pan

Energies 2024, 17(12), 2976; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122976 - 17 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 748

Abstract

The rapid advancement of electric vehicles (EVs) accentuates the criticality of efficient thermal management systems for electric motors, which are pivotal for performance, reliability, and longevity. Traditional thermal modeling techniques often struggle with the dynamic and complex nature of EV operations, leading to [...] Read more.

The rapid advancement of electric vehicles (EVs) accentuates the criticality of efficient thermal management systems for electric motors, which are pivotal for performance, reliability, and longevity. Traditional thermal modeling techniques often struggle with the dynamic and complex nature of EV operations, leading to inaccuracies in temperature prediction and management. This study introduces a novel thermal modeling approach that utilizes a multihead attention mechanism, aiming to significantly enhance the prediction accuracy of motor temperature under varying operational conditions. Through meticulous feature engineering and the deployment of advanced data handling techniques, we developed a model that adeptly navigates the intricacies of temperature fluctuations, thereby contributing to the optimization of EV performance and reliability. Our evaluation using a comprehensive dataset encompassing temperature data from 100 electric vehicles illustrates our model’s superior predictive performance, notably improving temperature prediction accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Topologies and Control Strategies in Electric Machines and Drives)

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16 pages, 8651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fault-Tolerant Direct Torque Control of Five-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor under Single Open-Phase Fault Based on Virtual Vectors

by Changpan Zhou, Rundong Zhong, Guodong Sun, Dongdong Zhao, Xiaopeng Zhao and Guoxiu Jing

Energies 2024, 17(11), 2660; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112660 - 30 May 2024

Viewed by 1094

Abstract

In the existing literature, direct torque control (DTC) by synthesizing virtual vectors can effectively suppress low-order harmonic currents under the single open-phase fault (OPF) of the five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), but the sectors and the look-up tables need to be redesigned, [...] Read more.

In the existing literature, direct torque control (DTC) by synthesizing virtual vectors can effectively suppress low-order harmonic currents under the single open-phase fault (OPF) of the five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), but the sectors and the look-up tables need to be redesigned, which makes the control process more complicated. In order to solve this problem, an indirect correction method of virtual vectors is proposed, and the amplitudes of the virtual vectors are maximized. The fault-tolerant DTC strategy under the OPF ensures that there is no need to re-divide the sectors under the fault. And the selection rules of the look-up tables are consistent with the healthy operation. The difference is that the amplitudes of ten virtual vectors in the faulty operation are reduced, which simplifies the control process and is easy to implement. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy were verified by experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Topologies and Control Strategies in Electric Machines and Drives)

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16 pages, 4909 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Sliding Mode Variable Structure Model Reference Adaptive System Speed Identification of Bearingless Induction Motor

by Wenshao Bu, Wenqing Tao and Youpeng Chen

Energies 2024, 17(11), 2615; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112615 - 29 May 2024

Viewed by 571

Abstract

To improve the speed observation accuracy of the bearingless induction motor (BL-IM) and achieve its high-performance speed sensorless control, an improved sliding mode variable structure model reference adaptive system speed identification method based on sigmoid function (sigmoid-VS-MRAS) is proposed. Firstly, to overcome the [...] Read more.

To improve the speed observation accuracy of the bearingless induction motor (BL-IM) and achieve its high-performance speed sensorless control, an improved sliding mode variable structure model reference adaptive system speed identification method based on sigmoid function (sigmoid-VS-MRAS) is proposed. Firstly, to overcome the problem of initial values and cumulative errors in the pure integration link of the reference flux-linkage voltage model, the rotor flux-linkage reference voltage model has been improved by using an equivalent integrator instead of the pure integration link. Then, in order to improve the rapidity and robustness of speed identification, the sliding mode variable structure adaptive law is adopted instead of the PI adaptive law. In addition, in order to optimize the sliding mode variable structure adaptive law and overcome the sliding mode chattering problem, a sigmoid function with smooth continuity characteristics is used instead of the sign function. Finally, on the basis of the inverse system decoupling control of a BL-IM, simulation experiments were conducted to verify the sigmoid-VS-MRAS speed identification method. The research results indicate that when the proposed speed identification method is adopted, not only higher identification accuracy and rapidity can be achieved than traditional PI-MRAS methods, but it can also eliminate the problem of high-frequency vibration (with an amplitude of about 3.0 r/min) when using the sign-VS-MRAS method; meanwhile, the steady-state tracking speed with zero deviation can still be maintained after loading. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Topologies and Control Strategies in Electric Machines and Drives)

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25 pages, 1989 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Identification of a Coupled-Circuit Model for the Digital Twin of a Wound-Rotor Induction Machine

by Fatma Zohra Aboubi, Abdrahamane Maïga, Jérôme Cros and Innocent Kamwa

Energies 2024, 17(8), 1948; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17081948 - 19 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 893

Abstract

The development of monitoring and diagnostic methods for electrical machines requires the use of transient models capable of operating in real time and producing signal signatures with high precision. In this context, coupled-circuit models offer numerous advantages due to their speed of execution [...] Read more.

The development of monitoring and diagnostic methods for electrical machines requires the use of transient models capable of operating in real time and producing signal signatures with high precision. In this context, coupled-circuit models offer numerous advantages due to their speed of execution and accuracy. They have been successfully employed to create real-time digital twins of electrical machines. The main challenge of this modeling method lies in the preparation of the model, which involves numerous preliminary calculations and takes time to identify all its parameters. This is particularly due to the variation in inductances based on the rotor position. To determine these inductance values with great precision, the classical approach involves using finite-element field calculation software. However, the computation time quickly becomes an issue due to the large number of values to calculate and simulations to perform. This article introduces an innovative experimental approach to identify a coupled-circuit model and develop a digital twin of a wound-rotor induction machine. This method relies solely on simple electrical measurements and tests conducted at extremely low rotation speeds (1 rpm) to obtain inductance variations as a function of the rotor position. By employing this technique, the need for analytical models or finite-element field calculation simulations, which typically require precise knowledge of the machine’s geometry and materials, is circumvented. The measurement processing employs optimization methods to extract the inductances as a function of the rotor position, which are then used as input data for the coupled-circuit model. The final parameters are specific to each machine and replicate all its manufacturing imperfections such as eccentricity and geometric or winding defects. This experimental identification method significantly enhances the model’s accuracy and reduces the usually required preliminary calculation time in a finite-element-based identification process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Topologies and Control Strategies in Electric Machines and Drives)

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17 pages, 17265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design, Analysis and Experimental Verification of a Coreless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

by Wojciech Szelag, Cezary Jedryczka, Mariusz Baranski and Milena Kurzawa

Energies 2024, 17(7), 1664; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071664 - 30 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1312

Abstract

The paper presents a new cost-effective magnetic circuit structure of a coreless permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with 16 poles and 12 coils for a mass production fan drive unit. 2D and 3D numerical models of the coreless PMSM were developed. Optimisation calculations [...] Read more.

The paper presents a new cost-effective magnetic circuit structure of a coreless permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with 16 poles and 12 coils for a mass production fan drive unit. 2D and 3D numerical models of the coreless PMSM were developed. Optimisation calculations were carried out using the field model of the machine. Multistage calculations were performed using the professional FEM package, ANSYS Maxwell and the author’s proprietary finite element method (FEM) code. On the basis of the conducted tests and analysis of the obtained results, the “optimal” magnetic circuit structure of the PMSM motor was selected. The prototype motor was subjected to measurement to verify the developed models and the proposed design approach that takes advantage of finite element analysis (FEA). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Topologies and Control Strategies in Electric Machines and Drives)

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18 pages, 11942 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Investigating the Effect of Gear Ratio in the Case of Joint Multi-Objective Optimization of Electric Motor and Gearbox

by György Istenes and József Polák

Energies 2024, 17(5), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051203 - 3 Mar 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1574

Abstract

In this paper, a software framework is presented through an application that is able to jointly optimize an electric motor and a gearbox for the design of a drive system for electric vehicles. The framework employs a global optimization method and uses both [...] Read more.

In this paper, a software framework is presented through an application that is able to jointly optimize an electric motor and a gearbox for the design of a drive system for electric vehicles. The framework employs a global optimization method and uses both analytical and finite element method (FEM) models to evaluate the objective functions. The optimization process is supported by a statistical surrogate model, which allows a large reduction of runtime. An earlier version of this framework was only suitable for electric motor optimization. In the application presented in a previous paper, the motor of a belt-driven electric drive system was optimized. In this paper, the optimization of the same drive system is shown, but now with a combined optimization of a gear drive and motor. The objective functions of optimization are minimizing the total loss energy and the weight of the drive system. The optimization results are compared with previous results to demonstrate the further potential of joint optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Topologies and Control Strategies in Electric Machines and Drives)

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Review

Jump to: Research

18 pages, 2458 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Key Technologies of the High-Speed Permanent Magnet Motor Drive

by Quntao An, Yuzhuo Lu and Mengji Zhao

Energies 2024, 17(21), 5252; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17215252 - 22 Oct 2024

Viewed by 647

Abstract

The high-speed permanent magnet motor has been widely used in the industrial field because of its high-power density, fast dynamic response, and wide speed range. High efficiency and stable operation are the premises for the high-speed permanent magnet motor to exert its advantages. [...] Read more.

The high-speed permanent magnet motor has been widely used in the industrial field because of its high-power density, fast dynamic response, and wide speed range. High efficiency and stable operation are the premises for the high-speed permanent magnet motor to exert its advantages. Firstly, this article analyzes the problems existing in the drive technology of high-speed permanent magnet motors from three aspects: current harmonics, rotor position detection, and low carrier ratios. Aiming to address the above problems, the status of the latest research is summarized from the aspects of harmonic suppression, position sensorless, and control strategies. In addition, future research trends for high-speed permanent magnet motors are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Topologies and Control Strategies in Electric Machines and Drives)

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24 pages, 4249 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Fault Diagnosis Methods for Induction Machines in Railway Traction Applications

by Razan Issa, Guy Clerc, Malorie Hologne-Carpentier, Ryan Michaud, Eric Lorca, Christophe Magnette and Anes Messadi

Energies 2024, 17(11), 2728; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112728 - 4 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1835

Abstract

Induction motors make up approximately 80% of the electric motors in the railway sector due to their robustness, high efficiency, and low maintenance cost. Nevertheless, these motors are subject to failures which can lead to costly downtime and service interruptions. In recent years, [...] Read more.

Induction motors make up approximately 80% of the electric motors in the railway sector due to their robustness, high efficiency, and low maintenance cost. Nevertheless, these motors are subject to failures which can lead to costly downtime and service interruptions. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in developing fault diagnosis systems for railway traction motors using advanced non-invasive detection and data analysis techniques. Implementing these methods in railway applications can prove challenging due to variable speed and low-load operating conditions, as well as the use of inverter-fed motor drives. This comprehensive review paper summarizes general methods of fault diagnosis for induction machines. It details the faults seen in induction motors, the most relevant signals measured for fault detection, the signal processing techniques for fault extraction as well as some classification algorithms for diagnosis purposes. By giving the advantages and drawbacks of each technique, it helps select the appropriate method that could address the challenges of railway applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Topologies and Control Strategies in Electric Machines and Drives)

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