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Control of Renewable Power Generation and Microgrids

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 8459

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Om P. Malik

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
Interests: digital protection; adaptive control; control of renewable power generation and microgrids; AI applications in power system control
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the worldwide interest in reducing the environmental effects of hot house gases, renewable power generation has gained a big impetus with the importance gained by renewable energy generation. The development of microgrids began a couple of decades ago, and they can operate as an independent source of energy capable of operating in grid connected or isolated mode, allowing critical facilities to operate in case of emergencies or grid outages and ensuring delivery of high-quality reliable electricity. Microgrid technology has come a long way towards maturity, even though new developments, particularly in the control of renewable power generation and microgrids, continue to take place in support of increasing needs of reliability and resilience.

We are pleased to announce the launch of a new Special Issue of the journal Energies, ISSN 1996-1073 (Online), (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies) on the topic of “Control of Renewable Power Generation and Microgrids”. This Special Issue is planned to cover the control of renewable power generation, AC, DC, and hybrid AC/DC microgrid under different situations for both islanded and grid-connected modes, and microgrid operation optimization to enhance reliability while maintaining power quality performance indicators. This Special Issue will include review articles, original papers, communication, perspectives, etc.

Prof. Dr. Om P. Malik
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • renewable power generation
  • microgrids
  • control
  • operation
  • reliability

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 1507 KiB  
Article
Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Production from Different Biomass Sources in Italy
by Amalia Zucaro, Giuliana Ansanelli, Antonietta Cerbone, Antonio Picarelli, Caterina Rinaldi, Tiziana Beltrani, Silvia Sbaffoni and Gabriella Fiorentino
Energies 2024, 17(11), 2771; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112771 - 5 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1073
Abstract
The European Union is targeting climate neutrality by 2050, with a focus on enhancing energy efficiency, expanding renewable energy sources, and reducing emissions. Within Italy’s electricity mix, bioenergy sources, namely biogas, solid biomass, and bioliquids, play a crucial territorial role. A comparative analysis [...] Read more.
The European Union is targeting climate neutrality by 2050, with a focus on enhancing energy efficiency, expanding renewable energy sources, and reducing emissions. Within Italy’s electricity mix, bioenergy sources, namely biogas, solid biomass, and bioliquids, play a crucial territorial role. A comparative analysis was conducted through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), utilizing national data from the ARCADIA project, to assess the environmental sustainability of the investigated bioenergy chains and identify the most convenient ones. The study revealed that, among the bioenergy sources, solid biomass emerges as the most environmentally friendly option since it does not rely on dedicated crops. Conversely, biogas shows the highest environmental impact, demonstrating less favorable performance across nine out of the sixteen evaluated impact categories. The LCA underscores that the cultivation of dedicated energy crops significantly contributes to environmental burdens associated with electricity generation, affecting both biogas and bioliquids performance. The cultivation process needs water and chemical fertilizers, leading to adverse environmental effects. These findings highlight the importance of prioritizing residual biomass for energy generation over dedicated crops. Utilizing forestry and agro-industrial residues, municipal solid waste, and used cooking oils presents numerous advantages, including environmental preservation, resource conservation and recovery, as well as waste reduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Renewable Power Generation and Microgrids)
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20 pages, 4162 KiB  
Article
A Framework to Assess and Analyze Enhancement Options for Microgrid Resiliency against Extreme Wind
by Rajesh Karki and Binamra Adhikari
Energies 2024, 17(11), 2573; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112573 - 26 May 2024
Viewed by 704
Abstract
The objective of a power system is to provide electricity to its customers as economically as possible with an acceptable level of reliability while safeguarding the environment. Power system reliability assessments are routinely performed to ensure adequate system resources and reliable operation using [...] Read more.
The objective of a power system is to provide electricity to its customers as economically as possible with an acceptable level of reliability while safeguarding the environment. Power system reliability assessments are routinely performed to ensure adequate system resources and reliable operation using well-established methods, quantitative metrics, regulatory standards and compliance incentives in the jurisdictions of responsibilities. The alarming increase in the occurrence of extreme events, which are not included in routine reliability evaluation, has raised growing concerns due to the catastrophic impacts of these events on distribution systems. The potential economic losses due to prolonged and large-scale outages have motivated utility planners, operators and policy makers to acknowledge the importance of system resiliency against such events. Power system resiliency, however, lacks widely accepted modeling frameworks, standards, assessment methods and metrics. This paper presents a resilience assessment framework, along with quantifiable metrics to assess the resiliency of a distribution system against extreme winds, which are among the most common form of natural disasters affecting the North American region. The paper assesses the effectiveness of infrastructural and operational resilience enhancement strategies. The effectiveness of preventive and corrective strategies is also analyzed on a test distribution system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Renewable Power Generation and Microgrids)
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16 pages, 1472 KiB  
Article
Optimal Unit Commitment and Generation Scheduling of Integrated Power System with Plug-In Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Sources
by Vikram Kumar Kamboj and Om Parkash Malik
Energies 2024, 17(1), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010123 - 25 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1199
Abstract
The integration of wind energy sources and plug-in electric vehicles is essential for the efficient planning, reliability, and operation of modern electric power systems. Minimizing the overall operational cost of integrated power systems while dealing with wind energy sources and plug-in electric vehicles [...] Read more.
The integration of wind energy sources and plug-in electric vehicles is essential for the efficient planning, reliability, and operation of modern electric power systems. Minimizing the overall operational cost of integrated power systems while dealing with wind energy sources and plug-in electric vehicles in integrated power systems using a chaotic zebra optimization algorithm (CZOA) is described. The proposed system deals with a probabilistic forecasting system for wind power generation and a realistic plug-in electric vehicle charging profile based on travel patterns and infrastructure characteristics. The objective is to identify the optimal scheduling and committed status of the generating unit for thermal and wind power generation while considering the system power demand, charging, and discharging of electric vehicles, as well as power available from wind energy sources. The proposed CZOA adeptly tackles the intricacies of the unit commitment problem by seamlessly integrating scheduling and the unit’s committed status, thereby enabling highly effective optimization. The proposed algorithm is tested for 10-, 20-, and 40-generating unit systems. The empirical findings pertaining to the 10-unit system indicate that the amalgamation of a thermal generating unit system with plug-in electric vehicles yields a 0.84% reduction in total generation cost. Furthermore, integrating the same system with a wind energy source results in a substantial 12.71% cost saving. Notably, the integration of the thermal generating system with both plug-in electric vehicles and a wind energy source leads to an even more pronounced overall cost reduction of 13.05%. The outcome of this study reveals competitive test results for 20- and 40-generating unit systems and contributes to the advancement of sustainable and reliable power systems, fostering the transition towards a greener energy future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Renewable Power Generation and Microgrids)
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18 pages, 17292 KiB  
Article
Grid-Connected Phase-Locked Loop Technology Based on a Cascade Second-Order IIR Filter
by Shanwen Ke and Yuren Li
Energies 2023, 16(9), 3967; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093967 - 8 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1510
Abstract
The moving average filter-based phase-locked loop (MAF-PLL) can obtain grid synchronization signals accurately under adverse grid conditions with a large amount of harmonics due to the high filtering capability of the MAF. However, MAF-PLL cannot achieve a fast dynamic response in the case [...] Read more.
The moving average filter-based phase-locked loop (MAF-PLL) can obtain grid synchronization signals accurately under adverse grid conditions with a large amount of harmonics due to the high filtering capability of the MAF. However, MAF-PLL cannot achieve a fast dynamic response in the case of frequency drift, phase angle steps, and unbalanced voltage sag. MAF is essentially an FIR filter, and its filtering performance is hard to be adjusted. To address this issue, this paper proposes an alternative to MAF consisting of a set of cascading second-order IIR filters (CIIRF). Based on MAF, CIIRF introduces multiple zeros and poles from the zero–pole replacement perspective, and by changing the position of the poles, the filter performance can be adjusted. To improve the anti-interference ability of PLL based on CIIRF (CIIRF-PLL) in the presence of grid frequency drift, a frequency-adaptive scheme is also proposed. Simulation and experimental results show that CIIRF-PLL can accurately track the grid voltage phase in the case of frequency steps, phase angle jumps, harmonics injection, and unbalanced voltage sag and has good steady-state and dynamic performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Renewable Power Generation and Microgrids)
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15 pages, 4319 KiB  
Article
Flexible and Low-Cost Emulation of Control Behaviors for Testing and Teaching of AC Microgrid
by Jiashi Wang, Tingting Liu and Ke Ma
Energies 2023, 16(4), 1905; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041905 - 14 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1486
Abstract
The fast development of distributed generations enables the microgrid a popular solution for the construction of the modern power grid, where the control behaviors of power electronics converters play a crucial role. Under this scenario, the emulation of microgrid control behaviors is becoming [...] Read more.
The fast development of distributed generations enables the microgrid a popular solution for the construction of the modern power grid, where the control behaviors of power electronics converters play a crucial role. Under this scenario, the emulation of microgrid control behaviors is becoming an emerging need for the testing and teaching of the AC microgrid. However, conventional approaches, such as the dynamic simulation test and the Power-Hardware-In-Loop, are still costly or bulky to flexibly recreate the correct characteristics of microgrid including different layers of controls and the interactions among multiple converters. The dynamic simulation test is bulky and costly to emulate various types of control behaviors since all physical components in the test system may need to be adjusted. The high cost of Power-Hardware-In-Loop is mainly caused by the high-performance real-time simulator and power amplifier. In this paper, a novel emulation system is proposed for the testing of the AC microgrid. A low-cost circuit configuration, which includes two face-to-face connected DC–AC converters and some passive loads, is introduced with the possibility of flexibly emulating most of the typical control schemes in an AC microgrid. In addition, a user interface for the real-time operation and measurement of the hardware platform is introduced on a host computer to further facilitate the testing process. Finally, various control schemes in microgrids, including the voltage control, current control, droop control, and secondary control, are validated in the experiment setup based on the proposed emulation approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Renewable Power Generation and Microgrids)
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17 pages, 3128 KiB  
Article
A Hierarchical Cooperative Frequency Regulation Control Strategy of Wind-Storage-Load in a Microgrid Based on Model Prediction
by Yicong Wang, Chang Liu, Zhiwei Liu, Tingtao Wang, Fangchao Ke, Dongjun Yang, Dongyin Zhang and Shihong Miao
Energies 2023, 16(4), 1886; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041886 - 14 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1425
Abstract
In order to give full play to the frequency regulation ability of multiple types of resources such as wind power, energy storage, and controllable load in a microgrid, this paper proposes a hierarchical cooperative frequency regulation control strategy of wind-storage-load in a microgrid [...] Read more.
In order to give full play to the frequency regulation ability of multiple types of resources such as wind power, energy storage, and controllable load in a microgrid, this paper proposes a hierarchical cooperative frequency regulation control strategy of wind-storage-load in a microgrid based on model prediction. Firstly, according to the operation characteristics of each resource in the microgrid, a hierarchical cooperative frequency regulation architecture of wind-storage-load is constructed. On this basis, the frequency regulation control models of wind power, energy storage, and controllable load are established, respectively, and the calculation method of the characteristic index of the system frequency response is proposed. Then, taking the maximum frequency deviation as the stratification index, a hierarchical cooperative frequency regulation control strategy of wind-storage-load based on model prediction is proposed, and a power compensation strategy for connecting the wind turbine frequency support is proposed for the wind turbine speed recovery stage. Finally, a microgrid model including wind power, energy storage, and controllable load is built on Matlab/Simulink for simulation analysis. The simulation results show that the proposed control strategy can control wind power, energy storage, and controllable load to participate in frequency modulation in advance, and improve the frequency stability of the system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Renewable Power Generation and Microgrids)
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