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Selected Papers from 17th International Conference of Young Scientists on Energy and Natural Sciences Issues (CYSENI 2021)

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 37554

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Dr. Darius Milčius

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Center for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Lithuanian Energy Institute, 44403 Kaunas, Lithuania
Interests: Interaction of plasma/ion beams with solids; development of thin films using physical vapor deposition technologies; nanomaterials for solid-state hydrogen storage and SOFC; novel materials for energy applications.
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Dr. Rolandas Urbonas

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Lithuanian Energy Institute, LT-44403 Kaunas, Lithuania
Interests: smart cities; energy security; energy systems; energy efficiency
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Dr. Inga Konstantinaviciute

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Laboratory of Energy Systems Research, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos Str. 3, LT-44403 Kaunas, Lithuania
Interests: long-term nergy demand forecasting; energy sector planning; analysis of energy efficiency indicators; environmental issues of energy sector; analysis of renewable energy and energy efficiency policies; energy sufficiency; GHG emissions inventory and projections for energy sector
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue contains a selection of the papers presented at the 17th International Conference of Young Scientists on Energy and Natural Sciences Issues (CYSENI 2021), an annual event initiated by the Lithuanian Energy Institute and organized together with Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, and Center for Physical Sciences and Technology. This year, due to global COVID-19 pandemic, the conference is held online, from May 24 to 28, 2021. The conference is aimed at young researchers and professionals from Europe and worldwide working in Energy, Physical and Environmental sciences. CYSENI seeks to provide a free and well-established platform to undergraduate, MSc, PhD students, entrant engineers and early career scientists to present their latest research, develop their skills, make new contacts and forge long-lasting scientific relationships. Young scientists working in the field of related topics are welcome to submit their up to date research and participate in the conference. You will find more information about the conference in http://cyseni.com.

Dr. Darius Milčius
Dr. Rolandas Urbonas
Dr. Inga Konstantinaviciute
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 2695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developed Transfer Function Allows Hydro Generators to Enter the Full Range of Ancillary Services Market

by Paulius Cicėnas and Virginijus Radziukynas

Energies 2022, 15(2), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020397 - 6 Jan 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1890

Abstract

As the number of available renewable energy sources has increased annually, there has been a corresponding rise in the levels of pollution created by traditional electricity generation, ultimately contributing to breaking down the stability of the electrical system at large. Therefore, there is an increasing need to integrate the use of nonpolluting electricity sources, such as pumped storage hydropower plants (PSHP), to ensure the stability of the power system and to maintain the frequency of the system from year-to-year. This paper addresses the issue of PSHP being unsuitable for providing Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR) services and proposes real measurements of the aggregation approach to obtain different data arrays. Based on this, the proposed methodology is orientated toward obtaining transfer functions that were developed using the parametric identification models, and the efficiency of these functions was thoroughly investigated. The proposed transfer function in this paper, in combination with battery energy storage system (BESS) technologies, would allow PSHP technologies to occupy a space in the ancillary services market by providing FCR, Frequency Restoration Reserve (FRR), and Replacement Reserve (RR) services. The performance of the function activated in the BESS is positively validated using the Simulink modeling environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 17th International Conference of Young Scientists on Energy and Natural Sciences Issues (CYSENI 2021))

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16 pages, 4407 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Activities in Divertor Reflector and Linear Plates Using WCLL and HCPB Breeding Blanket Concepts

by Simona Breidokaite and Gediminas Stankunas

Energies 2021, 14(24), 8305; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248305 - 9 Dec 2021

Viewed by 2363

Abstract

In fusion devices, such as European Demonstration Fusion Power Reactor (EU DEMO), primary neutrons can cause material activation due to the interaction between the source particles and the targeting material. Subsequently, the reactor’s inner components become activated. For safety and safe performance purposes, it is necessary to evaluate neutron-induced activities. Activities results from divertor reflector and liner plates are presented in this work. The purpose of liner shielding plates is to protect the vacuum vessel and magnet coils from neutrons. As for reflector plates, the function is to shield the cooling components under plasma-facing components from alpha particles, thermal effects, and impurities. Plates are made of Eurofer with a 3 mm layer of tungsten, while the water is used for cooling purposes. The calculations were performed using two EU DEMO MCNP (Monte Carlo N-Particles) models with different breeding blanket configurations: helium-cooled pebble bed (HCPB) and water-cooled lithium lead (WCLL). The TENDL–2017 nuclear data library has been used for activation reactions cross-sections and nuclear reactions. Activation calculations were performed using the FISPACT-II code at the end of irradiation for cooling times of 0 s–1000 years. Radionuclide analysis of divertor liner and reflector plates is also presented in this paper. The main radionuclides, with at least 1% contribution to the total value of activation characteristics, were identified for the previously mentioned cooling times. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 17th International Conference of Young Scientists on Energy and Natural Sciences Issues (CYSENI 2021))

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17 pages, 5320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Uncertainty Quantification of the PHEBUS FPT-1 Test Modelling Results

by Noura Elsalamouny and Tadas Kaliatka

Energies 2021, 14(21), 7320; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217320 - 4 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2191

Abstract

One of the biggest experimental programs helping to improve nuclear installation safety is PHEBUS, an international cooperative research program that provides data for validating computer codes dedicated to the analysis of severe accidents and their calculation results. In the European Union, HORIZON 2020 EURATOM project MUSA (Management and Uncertainties of Severe Accidents) is in progress. Modelling of the PHEBUS FPT-1 test within the frame of this project is provided by project partners using different severe accident codes. Uncertainty quantification of the received results is provided using different methods and statistical tools. The Lithuanian Energy Institute (LEI) is taking part in the MUSA project and this uncertainty exercise. LEI is using the RELAP/SCDAPSIM severe accident code together with GRS methodology and SUSA statistical tool to evaluate the uncertainties of modelling results of PHEBUS FPT-1 test. In this article, uncertainty quantification of the PHEBUS FPT-1 test modelling results provided by LEI in the frame of MUSA project are presented. Provided uncertainty analysis for total hydrogen generation showed that upper and lower uncertainty limits are bounding the experimental data. At the end of the calculation, the upper and lower uncertainty limits of calculations are within the band of experimental uncertainties. Uncertainty analysis for Cs/I release fraction showed that uncertainty limits are bounding experimental data until the middle of the heat-up phase, but at the end of the experiment, the calculated upper uncertainty limit is lower than the experimental data. Results of sensitivity analysis showed that the thermal conductivity of the ZrO₂ layer of the shroud has the dominant influence on hydrogen generation and Cs/I release fraction calculation results. Other important parameters are changing at the different experimental phases. In the future, it is planned to update the RELAP/SCDAPSIM model for the PHEBUS FPT-1 test using the results of the provided sensitivity analysis. This will allow a better agreement with experimental data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 17th International Conference of Young Scientists on Energy and Natural Sciences Issues (CYSENI 2021))

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16 pages, 2399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Transport Modeling in MESSAGE Energy Planning Model: Vehicle Age Distributions

by Eimantas Neniškis, Arvydas Galinis and Egidijus Norvaiša

Energies 2021, 14(21), 7279; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217279 - 3 Nov 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2206

Abstract

In the European Green Deal, EU Commission has set a goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector by 90% by 2050 compared to the 1990 level. Most likely, transport decarbonization will rely on a rapid expansion of electric and hydrogen vehicle fleet, which would seriously affect not just overall electricity demand, but also the shape of the electricity consumption curve. Consequently, our research focuses on integrated energy and transport modelling when analyzing its development pathways up to 2050 and beyond. This paper describes how already established transport modeling practices can be further improved by differentiating vehicles by age groups and setting vehicle age distributions to improve the representation of vehicle stock, fuel efficiencies and emissions, especially for countries that have non-declining vehicle age distributions. Modeling results using proposed and traditional approaches were compared for the Lithuanian case. It shows that the transport fuel shift using the proposed approach is more gradual than the traditional one. Diesel cars are phased out by 2050 versus 2040. Furthermore, the proposed approach provided more realistic CO₂ emissions, 7% lower emissions for 2018 than estimated based on statistical data, while traditional approach was 27% lower. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 17th International Conference of Young Scientists on Energy and Natural Sciences Issues (CYSENI 2021))

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13 pages, 2191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Dynamics Study on Water Flow Behaviour inside Planar Nanochannel Using Different Temperature Control Strategies

by Gediminas Skarbalius, Algis Džiugys, Edgaras Misiulis, Robertas Navakas, Paulius Vilkinis, Justas Šereika and Nerijus Pedišius

Energies 2021, 14(20), 6843; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206843 - 19 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2409

Abstract

In the present paper, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the influence of two temperature control strategies on water flow behaviour inside planar nanochannel. In the simulations, the flow was induced by the force acting on each water molecule in the channel. Two temperature control strategies were considered: (a) frozen wall simulations, in which the dynamics of confining wall atoms was not solved and the thermostat was applied to the water, and (b) dynamic wall simulations, in which the dynamics of confining wall atoms was solved, and the thermostat was applied to walls while water was simulated in the microcanonical ensemble. The simulation results show that the considered temperature control strategies has no effect on the shape of the water flow profile, and flow behaviour in the channel is well described by the Navier–Stokes equation solution with added slip velocity. Meanwhile, the slip velocity occurring at the boundaries of the channel is linearly dependent on the magnitude of the flow inducing force in both frozen wall and dynamic wall simulations. However, the slip velocity is considerably greater in simulations when the wall dynamics are solved in contrast to the frozen wall simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 17th International Conference of Young Scientists on Energy and Natural Sciences Issues (CYSENI 2021))

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15 pages, 5467 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of Frost Formation Influence on an Air Source Heat Pump Evaporator

by Tomas Kropas, Giedrė Streckienė and Juozas Bielskus

Energies 2021, 14(18), 5737; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185737 - 12 Sep 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2460

Abstract

The application of heat pumps in the heating systems of buildings in the cold or transitional season is becoming an increasingly common practice not only in Lithuania but in other countries as well. Due to the growing popularity of air-to-air or air-to-water heat pumps in the building sector, the problem of the evaporator heat exchanger freezing is also becoming more and more relevant. As the outdoor temperature drops, so does the heat pump’s coefficient of performance (COP) for heating. The freezing of the evaporator surface increases the energy consumption of the system, has a negative effect on heat exchange, distorts the normal operating cycle of the heat pump and the energy is wasted for defrosting processes. This article describes the experimental investigation of an air-to-water heat pump, presents the results obtained during the experiments and their interfaces. The experiments were carried out during the transitional/cold season. It was found that frost formation on the evaporator started when the outdoor temperature was <3.5 °C and the relative humidity reached 88%. The defrosting cycle took an average of 5 min. The impact of the evaporator freezing on the operation and COP of the heat pump was assessed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 17th International Conference of Young Scientists on Energy and Natural Sciences Issues (CYSENI 2021))

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15 pages, 7834 KiB

Open AccessArticle

RANS- and TFC-Based Simulation of Turbulent Combustion in a Small-Scale Venting Chamber

by Justina Jaseliūnaitė, Mantas Povilaitis and Ieva Stučinskaitė

Energies 2021, 14(18), 5710; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185710 - 10 Sep 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2699

Abstract

A laboratory-scale chamber is convenient for combustion scenarios in the practical analysis of industrial explosions and devices such as internal combustion engines. The safety risks in hazardous areas can be assessed and managed during accidents. Increased hydrogen usage in renewable energy production requires increased attention to the safety issues since hydrogen produces higher explosion overpressures and flame speed and can cause more damage than methane or propane. This paper reports numerical simulation of turbulent hydrogen combustion and flame propagation in the University of Sydney's small-scale combustion chamber. It is used for the investigation of turbulent premixed propagating flame interaction with several solid obstacles. Obstructions in the direction of flow cause a complex flame front interaction with the turbulence generated ahead of it. For numerical analysis, OpenFOAM CFD software was chosen, and a custom-built turbulent combustion solver based on the progress variable model—flameFoam—was used. Numerical results for validation purposes show that the pressure behaviour and flame propagation obtained using RANS and TFC models were well reproduced. The interaction between larger-scale flow features and flame dynamics was obtained corresponding to the experimental or mode detailed LES modelling results from the literature. The analysis revealed that as the propagating flame reached and interacted with obstacles and the recirculation wake was created behind solid obstacles, leaving traces of an unburned mixture. The expansion of flames due to narrow vents generates turbulent eddies, which cause wrinkling of the flame front. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 17th International Conference of Young Scientists on Energy and Natural Sciences Issues (CYSENI 2021))

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16 pages, 1994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioenergy Production through Mono and Co-Digestion of Tomato Residues

by Patrícia V. Almeida, Rafaela P. Rodrigues, Leonor M. Teixeira, Andreia F. Santos, Rui C. Martins and Margarida J. Quina

Energies 2021, 14(17), 5563; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175563 - 6 Sep 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2335

Abstract

The agro-industry of tomato generates three types of residues: ripe rotten tomato (unfit for consumption) (RT), green (unripe) tomato (GT), and tomato branches including leaves and stems (TB). These materials are commonly wasted or used as feed for livestock. Energy production through anaerobic digestion is an alternative way to manage and simultaneously valorise these materials. Initially, the operating conditions of mono anaerobic digestion were investigated using RT. Thus, a design of experiments based on a two-level fractional factorial design with resolution V was performed to determine the factors that affect biochemical methane potential (BMP). The substrate to inoculum ratio (SIR), total volatile solids concentration (VS_t), working volume (WV), presence of nutrients (Nu), and the pre-incubation of the inoculum (Inc) were investigated. The results showed that SIR is the most important factor. The maximum BMP for RT was 297 NmL_CH4/g_VS with SIR = 0.5; tVS = 20 g/L; WV = 20%; no pre-incubation and the presence of nutrients. Using these optimum operating conditions, co-digestion was investigated through a mixture design approach. The substrates RT and GT presented similar BMP values, whereas TB led to a significantly lower BMP. Indeed, when high concentrations of TB were used, a significant decrease in methane production was observed. Nonetheless, the highest BMP was achieved with a mixture of 63% RT + 20% GT + 17% TB, with a production of 324 NmL_CH4/g_VS, corresponding to a synergetic co-digestion performance index of about 1.20. In general, although the substrate RT generates the highest BMP, the mixture with GT did not impair the methane yield. Overall, the co-digestion of tomato residues must be conducted with SIR close to 0.5 and the content of tomato branches in the reaction mixture should be kept low (up to 20%). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 17th International Conference of Young Scientists on Energy and Natural Sciences Issues (CYSENI 2021))

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13 pages, 4703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation of Hydrogen-Air-Diluents Mixture Combustion in an Acceleration Tube with FlameFoam Solver

by Mantas Povilaitis and Justina Jaseliūnaitė

Energies 2021, 14(17), 5504; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175504 - 3 Sep 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2587

Abstract

During a severe accident in a nuclear power plant, hydrogen can be generated, leading to risks of possible deflagration and containment integrity failure. To manage severe accidents, great experimental, analytical, and benchmarking efforts are being made to understand combustible gas distribution, deflagration, and detonation processes. In one of the benchmarks—SARNET H2—flame acceleration due to obstacle-induced turbulence was investigated in the ENACCEF facility. The turbulent combustion problem is overly complex because it involves coupling between fluid dynamics, mass/heat transfer, and chemistry. There are still unknowns in understanding the mechanisms of turbulent flame propagation, therefore many methods in interpreting combustion and turbulent speed are present. Based on SARNET H2 benchmark results, a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulation of turbulent hydrogen flame propagation in the ENACCEF facility was performed. Four combustible mixtures with different diluents concentrations were considered—13% H₂ and 0%/10%/20%/30% of diluents in air. The aim of this numerical simulation was to validate the custom-built turbulent combustion OpenFOAM solver based on the progress variable model—flameFoam. Furthermore, another objective was to perform parametric analysis in relation to turbulent speed correlations and turbulence models and interpret the k-ω SST model blending function F1 behavior during the combustion process. The obtained results show that in the simulated case all three turbulent speed correlations behave similarly and can be used to reproduce observable flame speed; also, the k-ε model provides more accurate results than the k-ω SST turbulence model. It is shown in the paper that the k-ω SST model misinterprets the sudden parameter gradients resulting from turbulent combustion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 17th International Conference of Young Scientists on Energy and Natural Sciences Issues (CYSENI 2021))

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13 pages, 3973 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Projected Near-Surface Wind Speed Trends in Lithuania

by Justė Jankevičienė and Arvydas Kanapickas

Energies 2021, 14(17), 5425; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175425 - 31 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1944

Abstract

Developing wind energy in Lithuania is one of the most important ways to achieve green energy goals. Observational data show that the decline in wind speeds in the region may pose challenges for wind energy development. This study analyzed the long-term variation of the observed 2006–2020 and projected 2006–2100 near-surface wind speed at the height of 10 m over Lithuanian territory using data of three models included in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5). A slight decrease in wind speeds was found in the whole territory of Lithuania for the projected wind speed data of three global circulation models for the scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5. It was found that the most favorable scenario for wind energy production is RCP2.6, and the most unfavorable is the RCP4.5 scenario under which the decrease in wind speed may reach 12%. At the Baltic Sea coastal region, the decline was smaller than in the country’s inner regions by the end of the century. The highest reduction in speed is characteristic of the most severe RCP8.5 scenario. Although the analysis of wind speeds projected by global circulation models (GCM) confirms the downward trends in wind speeds found in the observational data, the projected changes in wind speeds are too small to significantly impact the development of wind farms in Lithuania. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 17th International Conference of Young Scientists on Energy and Natural Sciences Issues (CYSENI 2021))

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Review

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26 pages, 1654 KiB

Open AccessReview

Analysis of Voltage and Reactive Power Algorithms in Low Voltage Networks

by Daiva Stanelytė and Virginijus Radziukynas

Energies 2022, 15(5), 1843; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051843 - 2 Mar 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4291

Abstract

The rapid development of renewable energy sources and electricity storage technologies is further driving the change and evolution of traditional energy systems. The aim is to interconnect the different electricity systems between and within countries to ensure greater reliability and flexibility. However, challenges are faced in reaching it, such as the power grid complexity, the system control, voltage fluctuations due to the reverse power flow, equipment overloads, resonance, incorrect island setting, and the diversity of user needs. The electricity grid digitalization in the market also requires the installation of smart devices to enable real-time information exchange between the generator and the user. Inverter-based distributed generation (DG) may be used to control the grid voltage. Smart PV inverters have the capability to supply both inductive and capacitive reactive power to control the voltage at the point of interconnection with the grid, and only technical parameters of smart PV inverters limit this capability. Reactive power control is related to ensuring the quality of voltage in the electricity distribution network and compensating reactive power flows, which is a technical–economic aspect. The goal of this research is to present an analysis of controllers that supply reactive power to the electrical grid via PV systems. This research analyzes recent research on local, centralized, distributed, and decentralized voltage control models in distribution networks. The article compares various approaches and highlights their advantages and disadvantages. The voltage control strategies and methodologies mentioned in the article can serve as a theoretical foundation and provide practical benefits for PV system development in distribution networks. The results of the research show that the local voltage control approach, as well as linear and intelligent controllers, has great potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 17th International Conference of Young Scientists on Energy and Natural Sciences Issues (CYSENI 2021))

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31 pages, 2742 KiB

Open AccessReview

Overview of Demand-Response Services: A Review

by Daiva Stanelyte, Neringa Radziukyniene and Virginijus Radziukynas

Energies 2022, 15(5), 1659; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051659 - 23 Feb 2022

Cited by 61 | Viewed by 8478

Abstract

It is essential for the electricity sector to analyze and determine the distribution capacity throughput and apply new methods aimed at increasing the capacity of the transmission system. Consequently, the transition to modern electricity networks is two-sided, i.e., involving technological and social modifications. The demand response (DR) redistributes consumption away from peak times when grid load and costs are the highest. It incentivizes customers to use electricity when supply is high and inexpensive due to various market mechanisms. The present DR policy proposals stress the importance of fostering behavioral change through competitive pricing and customer participation in reducing carbon emissions and implementing smart energy solutions (including monitoring tools, such as smart meters and applications). The internet of things (IoT) has been applied to ensure adaptive monitoring of energy consumption and cost-effective and adequate demand-side management (DSM). The article is based on the research of the most recent sources of DR implementation methods applied at the power distribution level. It explains the main concepts, classifications, and entities implementing DSM programs, and suggests new visions and prospects for DSM and DR. Moreover, it discusses the application of blockchain technology potential for the internet of energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 17th International Conference of Young Scientists on Energy and Natural Sciences Issues (CYSENI 2021))

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