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Frequency Regulation in Low Inertia Renewable Energy Dominated Grid 2021
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Frequency Regulation in Low Inertia Renewable Energy Dominated Grid 2021

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 21793
Submit your paper and select the Journal “Energies” and the Special Issue “Frequency Regulation in Low Inertia Renewable Energy Dominated Grid 2021” via: https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=energies. Please contact the guest editor or the journal editor ([email protected]) for any queries.

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Wajiha Shireen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering Technology & Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-4021, USA
Interests: power quality issues; design and development of active power filters; DSP-based control for utility interactive inverters and AC motor drives; converters for distributed energy sources; fuel cells, solar/wind energy systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Guest Editor is inviting submissions to a Special Issue of Energies on the subject area of “Frequency Regulation in Low Inertia Renewable Energy Dominated Grid”. The inertia of the future power grid is expected to be much lower than that of the present system due to a higher share of renewable energy sources. With less mechanical inertia, disturbances caused by power mismatch between generation and demand will result in faster and larger frequency deviations.

This Special Issue invites papers with novel and efficient methods for fast regulation of frequency in the event of a transient. Related to the above subject area, topics of interest for publication include but are not limited to:

  • Control method of power electronics;
  • Optimal operation of renewable energy;
  • Energy storage systems;
  • Virtual synchronous generator;
  • Energy management;
  • Power system frequency stability.

Prof. Dr. Wajiha Shireen
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • Control method of power electronics
  • Optimal operation of renewable energy
  • Energy storage systems
  • Virtual synchronous generator
  • Energy management
  • Power system frequency stability

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 3943 KiB  
Article
Grid-Following Mode Operation of Small-Scale Distributed Battery Energy Storages for Fast Frequency Regulation in a Mixed-Source Microgrid
by Amir Hussain and Wajiha Shireen
Energies 2021, 14(22), 7710; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227710 - 17 Nov 2021
Viewed by 2136
Abstract
As the share of power converter-based renewable energy sources (RESs) is high, a microgrid, in islanded mode, is more vulnerable to frequency instability due to (1) sudden power imbalance and (2) low inertia. One of the most common approaches to address this issue [...] Read more.
As the share of power converter-based renewable energy sources (RESs) is high, a microgrid, in islanded mode, is more vulnerable to frequency instability due to (1) sudden power imbalance and (2) low inertia. One of the most common approaches to address this issue is to provide virtual inertia to the system by appropriately controlling the grid-side converter of the RESs. However, the primary frequency controller (PFC) presented in this paper focuses on the fast compensation of power imbalance without adding inertia to the system. The proposed method is based on estimating the real-time power imbalance caused by a disturbance and compensating it using multiple small-scale distributed battery energy storage systems (BESSs). The power imbalance is estimated by observing the initial rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) following a disturbance. Based on the estimated power imbalance and the rating of the BESSs, the reference power for the BESSs is determined. The BESSs are controlled in grid-following mode to compensate for the power imbalance. The performance of the proposed PFC is verified using a Typhoon real-time simulator for various scenarios and is compared with the conventional virtual synchronous generator (VSG) controller. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frequency Regulation in Low Inertia Renewable Energy Dominated Grid 2021)
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25 pages, 6774 KiB  
Article
Frequency Coordinated Control Strategy for an HVDC Sending-End System with Wind Power Integration Based on Fuzzy Logic Control
by Yuhong Wang, Jie Zhu, Qi Zeng, Zongsheng Zheng, Guangyuan Yu and Aihui Yin
Energies 2021, 14(19), 6095; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196095 - 24 Sep 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1579
Abstract
Under the background of high wind power permeability, the frequency regulation capability of high voltage direct current (HVDC) sending-end system tends to deteriorate. For this reason, this paper regards the wind farm (WF) and HVDC as a combined frequency regulation system, and a [...] Read more.
Under the background of high wind power permeability, the frequency regulation capability of high voltage direct current (HVDC) sending-end system tends to deteriorate. For this reason, this paper regards the wind farm (WF) and HVDC as a combined frequency regulation system, and a fuzzy-based coordinated control strategy is proposed for the cooperation of HVDC and WF to participate in frequency regulation. First of all, at a system level, in order to realize the dynamic cooperation of the WF and the HVDC to participate in frequency regulation, two fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) are designed to determine the total power support of the combined system and the participation coefficient of the WF in the frequency regulation according to the frequency characteristics of the sending-end system and the operation state of the WF, respectively. Secondly, at the WF level, considering the rotating kinetic energy and capacity of the wind turbines (WTs), a power allocation strategy is proposed to maximize the utilization of the frequency regulation capacity of the grid-connected WTs in WF. Finally, based on the fast power regulation of HVDC, an active secondary frequency drop (SFD) suppression strategy is proposed to avoid the possible SFD caused by the rotor speed recovery of WTs. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy can make full use of the frequency regulation ability of the WF and HVDC, and can effectively improve the frequency characteristics of the HVDC sending-end system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frequency Regulation in Low Inertia Renewable Energy Dominated Grid 2021)
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15 pages, 4782 KiB  
Article
A Bayesian Model to Forecast the Time Series Kinetic Energy Data for a Power System
by Ashish Shrestha, Bishal Ghimire and Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt
Energies 2021, 14(11), 3299; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113299 - 4 Jun 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3274
Abstract
Withthe massive penetration of electronic power converter (EPC)-based technologies, numerous issues are being noticed in the modern power system that may directly affect system dynamics and operational security. The estimation of system performance parameters is especially important for transmission system operators (TSOs) in [...] Read more.
Withthe massive penetration of electronic power converter (EPC)-based technologies, numerous issues are being noticed in the modern power system that may directly affect system dynamics and operational security. The estimation of system performance parameters is especially important for transmission system operators (TSOs) in order to operate a power system securely. This paper presents a Bayesian model to forecast short-term kinetic energy time series data for a power system, which can thus help TSOs to operate a respective power system securely. A Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method used as a No-U-Turn sampler and Stan’s limited-memory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (LM-BFGS) algorithm is used as the optimization method here. The concept of decomposable time series modeling is adopted to analyze the seasonal characteristics of datasets, and numerous performance measurement matrices are used for model validation. Besides, an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model is used to compare the results of the presented model. At last, the optimal size of the training dataset is identified, which is required to forecast the 30-min values of the kinetic energy with a low error. In this study, one-year univariate data (1-min resolution) for the integrated Nordic power system (INPS) are used to forecast the kinetic energy for sequences of 30 min (i.e., short-term sequences). Performance evaluation metrics such as the root-mean-square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and mean absolute scaled error (MASE) of the proposed model are calculated here to be 4.67, 3.865, 0.048, and 8.15, respectively. In addition, the performance matrices can be improved by up to 3.28, 2.67, 0.034, and 5.62, respectively, by increasing MCMC sampling. Similarly, 180.5 h of historic data is sufficient to forecast short-term results for the case study here with an accuracy of 1.54504 for the RMSE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frequency Regulation in Low Inertia Renewable Energy Dominated Grid 2021)
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14 pages, 2578 KiB  
Article
Coordinated Control of Virtual Power Plants to Improve Power System Short-Term Dynamics
by Weilin Zhong, Junru Chen, Muyang Liu, Mohammed Ahsan Adib Murad and Federico Milano
Energies 2021, 14(4), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041182 - 23 Feb 2021
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3669
Abstract
The paper proposes a coordinated frequency control strategy for Virtual Power Plant (VPPs), with the inclusion of Distributed Energy Resource (DERs), e.g., Solar Photo-Voltaic Generation (SPVG), Wind Generator (WG) as well as Energy Storage System (ESS). The objective is to improve the short-term [...] Read more.
The paper proposes a coordinated frequency control strategy for Virtual Power Plant (VPPs), with the inclusion of Distributed Energy Resource (DERs), e.g., Solar Photo-Voltaic Generation (SPVG), Wind Generator (WG) as well as Energy Storage System (ESS). The objective is to improve the short-term dynamic response of the overall power system. The robustness of the proposed control is evaluated through a Monte Carlo analysis and a detailed modeling of stochastic disturbances of loads, wind speed, and solar irradiance. The impact of communication delays of a variety of realistic communication networks with different bandwidths is also discussed and evaluated. The case study is based on a modified version of the WSCC 9-bus test system with inclusion of a VPP. This is modeled as a distribution network with inclusion of a variety of DERs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frequency Regulation in Low Inertia Renewable Energy Dominated Grid 2021)
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Review

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24 pages, 7951 KiB  
Review
Model-Free Predictive Control and Its Applications
by Muhammad Nauman, Wajiha Shireen and Amir Hussain
Energies 2022, 15(14), 5131; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145131 - 14 Jul 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4783
Abstract
Predictive control offers many advantages such as simple design and a systematic way to handle constraints. Model predictive control (MPC) belongs to predictive control, which uses a model of the system for predictions used in predictive control. A major drawback of MPC is [...] Read more.
Predictive control offers many advantages such as simple design and a systematic way to handle constraints. Model predictive control (MPC) belongs to predictive control, which uses a model of the system for predictions used in predictive control. A major drawback of MPC is the dependence of its performance on the model of the system. Any discrepancy between the system model and actual plant behavior will greatly affect the performance of the MPC. Recently, model-free approaches have been gaining attention because they are not dependent on the system model parameters. To obtain the advantages of both a model-free approach and predictive control, model-free predictive control (MFPC) is being explored and reported in the literature for different applications such as power electronics and electric drives. This paper presents an overview of model-free predictive control. A comprehensive review of the application of MFPC in power converters, electric drives, power systems, and microgrids is presented in this paper. Moreover, challenges, opportunities, and emerging trends in MFPC are also discussed in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frequency Regulation in Low Inertia Renewable Energy Dominated Grid 2021)
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28 pages, 5731 KiB  
Review
Frequency Stability Issues and Research Opportunities in Converter Dominated Power System
by Ashish Shrestha and Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt
Energies 2021, 14(14), 4184; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144184 - 11 Jul 2021
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 5254
Abstract
Stable power supply has become a crucial thing in the current era of technology and automation. Although the power system has multiple stability issues and causes, frequency fluctuation plays a vital role in normal operation, whereby a system with significant frequency deviation can [...] Read more.
Stable power supply has become a crucial thing in the current era of technology and automation. Although the power system has multiple stability issues and causes, frequency fluctuation plays a vital role in normal operation, whereby a system with significant frequency deviation can lead to the needless blackouts of the whole power system. With the rapid growth in power electronic converter (PEC)-based technologies and the huge penetration of nonsynchronous generators, the modern power system is becoming more complex by the day. This paper provides a comprehensive study on the stability issues that occur in modern power systems, mainly due to PEC-based technology integration. The in-depth reasons and the impacts of unstable power systems, along with their controlling techniques, are discussed to generate a clear understanding. Furthermore, the importance of frequency stability in a power system is discussed with respect to some important events that occurred in the past. This paper also discusses some potential techniques that could be performed to overcome the existing and/or upcoming challenges in the upgrading power system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frequency Regulation in Low Inertia Renewable Energy Dominated Grid 2021)
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