Energies

Research

Jump to: Review, Other

12 pages, 1883 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimum Synthesis of a BOA Optimized Novel Dual-Stage PI − (1 + ID) Controller for Frequency Response of a Microgrid

by Abdul Latif, S. M. Suhail Hussain, Dulal Chandra Das and Taha Selim Ustun

Energies 2020, 13(13), 3446; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133446 - 3 Jul 2020

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 2722

Abstract

A renewable and distributed generation (DG)-enabled modern electrified power network with/without energy storage (ES) helps the progress of microgrid development. Frequency regulation is a significant scheme to improve the dynamic response quality of the microgrid under unknown disturbances. This paper established a maiden [...] Read more.

A renewable and distributed generation (DG)-enabled modern electrified power network with/without energy storage (ES) helps the progress of microgrid development. Frequency regulation is a significant scheme to improve the dynamic response quality of the microgrid under unknown disturbances. This paper established a maiden load frequency regulation of a wind-driven generator (WG), solar tower (ST), bio-diesel power generator (BDPG) and thermostatically controllable load (heat pump and refrigerator)-based, isolated, single-area microgrid system. Hence, intelligent control strategies are important for this issue. A newly developed butterfly algorithmic technique (BOA) is leveraged to tune the controllers’ parameters. However, to attain a proper balance between net power generation and load power, a dual stage proportional-integral- one plus integral-derivative PI − (1 + ID) controller is developed. Comparative system responses (in MATLAB/SIMULINK software) for different scenarios under several controllers, such as a proportional-integral (PI), proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and PI − (1 + ID) controller tuned by particle swarm optimization (PSO), grasshopper algorithmic technique (GOA) and BOA, show the superiority of BOA in terms of minimizing the peak deviations and better frequency regulation of the system. Real recorded wind data are considered to authenticate the control approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quadratically Constrained Quadratic Programming Formulation of Contingency Constrained Optimal Power Flow with Photovoltaic Generation

by Luis M. Leon, Arturo S. Bretas and Sergio Rivera

Energies 2020, 13(13), 3310; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133310 - 28 Jun 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2703

Abstract

Contingency Constrained Optimal Power Flow (CCOPF) differs from traditional Optimal Power Flow (OPF) because its generation dispatch is planned to work with state variables between constraint limits, considering a specific contingency. When it is not desired to have changes in the power dispatch [...] Read more.

Contingency Constrained Optimal Power Flow (CCOPF) differs from traditional Optimal Power Flow (OPF) because its generation dispatch is planned to work with state variables between constraint limits, considering a specific contingency. When it is not desired to have changes in the power dispatch after the contingency occurs, the CCOPF is studied with a preventive perspective, whereas when the contingency occurs and the power dispatch needs to change to operate the system between limits in the post-contingency state, the problem is studied with a corrective perspective. As current power system software tools mainly focus on the traditional OPF problem, having the means to solve CCOPF will benefit power systems planning and operation. This paper presents a Quadratically Constrained Quadratic Programming (QCQP) formulation built within the matpower environment as a solution strategy to the preventive CCOPF. Moreover, an extended OPF model that forces the network to meet all constraints under contingency is proposed as a strategy to find the power dispatch solution for the corrective CCOPF. Validation is made on the IEEE 14-bus test system including photovoltaic generation in one simulation case. It was found that in the QCQP formulation, the power dispatch calculated barely differs in both pre- and post-contingency scenarios while in the OPF extended power network, node voltage values in both pre- and post-contingency scenarios are equal in spite of having different power dispatch for each scenario. This suggests that both the QCQP and the extended OPF formulations proposed, could be implemented in power system software tools in order to solve CCOPF problems from a preventive or corrective perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1726 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Evaluation Model of Quantitative and Qualitative Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach for Hydroelectric Plant Location Selection

by Fengsheng Chien, Chia-Nan Wang, Viet Tinh Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen and Ka Yin Chau

Energies 2020, 13(11), 2783; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13112783 - 1 Jun 2020

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 4983

Abstract

Over the past few decades, Vietnam has been one of the fastest growing economies in Asia, experiencing a GDP growth rate of more than 6% per year. The energy industry plays an important role in Vietnam’s continuous development, so access to reliable and [...] Read more.

Over the past few decades, Vietnam has been one of the fastest growing economies in Asia, experiencing a GDP growth rate of more than 6% per year. The energy industry plays an important role in Vietnam’s continuous development, so access to reliable and low-cost energy sources will be an important factor for sustainable economic growth. Achieving the goal of reducing global greenhouse gas emissions, as set out in the Paris agreement on climate change, will depend heavily on the development roadmap of emerging economies, such as Vietnam. Currently, developing hydroelectric plants is Vietnam’s optimal choice in order to meet its target of renewable energy development. Hydroelectricity in Vietnam is favorable thanks to the high average annual rainfall, about 1800–2000 mm, and the dense river system, with more than 3450 systems. In addition to providing electricity, hydropower plants are also responsible for cutting and fighting floods for downstream areas in the rainy season, at the same time providing water for production and people’s daily needs in the dry season. This work proposes the application of a multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) model to select the best option for the installation of river hydroelectric plants in Vietnam. The use of MCDM techniques in environmental decision-making, including selecting between various alternatives, is important when this involves complex decisions in several disciplinary fields. The most widely used of these techniques are the fuzzy analytical network process (FANP) and the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). As a result, Nghe An (LOC05) is found to be the optimal solution for selecting river portions where hydroelectric plants are viable in Vietnam. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 10074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Machine Learning Models for Classifying Power Quality Disturbances: A Comparative Study

by Juan Carlos Bravo-Rodríguez, Francisco J. Torres and María D. Borrás

Energies 2020, 13(11), 2761; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13112761 - 1 Jun 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3830

Abstract

The economic impact associated with power quality (PQ) problems in electrical systems is increasing, so PQ improvement research becomes a key task. In this paper, a Stockwell transform (ST)-based hybrid machine learning approach was used for the recognition and classification of power quality [...] Read more.

The economic impact associated with power quality (PQ) problems in electrical systems is increasing, so PQ improvement research becomes a key task. In this paper, a Stockwell transform (ST)-based hybrid machine learning approach was used for the recognition and classification of power quality disturbances (PQDs). The ST of the PQDs was used to extract significant waveform features which constitute the input vectors for different machine learning approaches, including the K-nearest neighbors’ algorithm (K-NN), decision tree (DT), and support vector machine (SVM) used for classifying the PQDs. The procedure was optimized by using the genetic algorithm (GA) and the competitive swarm optimization algorithm (CSO). To test the proposed methodology, synthetic PQD waveforms were generated. Typical single disturbances for the voltage signal, as well as complex disturbances resulting from possible combinations of them, were considered. Furthermore, different levels of white Gaussian noise were added to the PQD waveforms while maintaining the desired accuracy level of the proposed classification methods. Finally, all the hybrid classification proposals were evaluated and the best one was compared with some others present in the literature. The proposed ST-based CSO-SVM method provides good results in terms of classification accuracy and noise immunity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing Corrective and Preventive Security-Constrained DCOPF Problems Using Linear Shift-Factors

by Victor H. Hinojosa

Energies 2020, 13(3), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030516 - 21 Jan 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2377

Abstract

This study compares two efficient formulations to solve corrective as well as preventive security-constrained (SC) DC-based optimal power flow (OPF) problems using linear sensitivity factors without sacrificing optimality. Both SCOPF problems are modelled using two frameworks based on these distribution factors. The main [...] Read more.

This study compares two efficient formulations to solve corrective as well as preventive security-constrained (SC) DC-based optimal power flow (OPF) problems using linear sensitivity factors without sacrificing optimality. Both SCOPF problems are modelled using two frameworks based on these distribution factors. The main advantage of the accomplished formulation is the significant reduction of decision variables and—equality and inequality—constraints in comparison with the traditional DC-based SCOPF formulation. Several test power systems and extensive computational experiments are conducted using a commercial solver to clearly demonstrate the feasibility to carry out the corrective and the preventive SCOPF problems with a reduced solution space. Another point worth noting is the lower simulation time achieved by the introduced methodology. Additionally, this study presents advantages and disadvantages for the proposed shift-factor formulation solving both corrective and preventive formulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 7007 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voltage Regulation Planning for Distribution Networks Using Multi-Scenario Three-Phase Optimal Power Flow

by Antonio Rubens Baran Junior, Thelma S. Piazza Fernandes and Ricardo Augusto Borba

Energies 2020, 13(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010159 - 29 Dec 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3173

Abstract

Active distribution networks must operate properly for different scenarios of load levels and distributed generation. An important operational requirement is to maintain the voltage profile within standard operating limits. To do this, this paper proposed a Multi-Scenario Three-Phase Optimal Power Flow (MTOPF) that [...] Read more.

Active distribution networks must operate properly for different scenarios of load levels and distributed generation. An important operational requirement is to maintain the voltage profile within standard operating limits. To do this, this paper proposed a Multi-Scenario Three-Phase Optimal Power Flow (MTOPF) that plans the voltage regulation of unbalance and active distribution networks considering typical scenarios of operation. This MTOPF finds viable operation points by the optimal adjustments of voltage regulator taps and distribution transformer taps. The differentiating characteristic of this formulation is that in addition to the traditional tuning of voltage regulator taps of an active network applied for just one scenario of load and generation, it also performs the optimal adjustment of distribution transformer taps, which, once fixed, is able to meet the voltage limits of diverse operating situations. The optimization problem was solved by the primal-dual interior-point method and the formulation was tested using the IEEE 123-bus system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 5784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using the Thermal Inertia of Transmission Lines for Coping with Post-Contingency Overflows

by Xiansi Lou, Wei Chen and Chuangxin Guo

Energies 2020, 13(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010048 - 20 Dec 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2418

Abstract

For the corrective security-constrained optimal power flow (OPF) model, there exists a post-contingency stage due to the time delay of corrective measures. Line overflows in this stage may cause cascading failures. This paper proposes that the thermal inertia of transmission lines can be [...] Read more.

For the corrective security-constrained optimal power flow (OPF) model, there exists a post-contingency stage due to the time delay of corrective measures. Line overflows in this stage may cause cascading failures. This paper proposes that the thermal inertia of transmission lines can be used to cope with post-contingency overflows. An enhanced security-constrained OPF model is established and line dynamic thermal behaviors are quantified. The post-contingency stage is divided into a response substage and a ramping substage and the highest temperatures are limited by thermal rating constraints. A solving strategy based on Benders decomposition is proposed to solve the established model. The original problem is decomposed into a master problem for preventive control and two subproblems for corrective control feasibility check and line thermal rating check. In each iteration, Benders cuts are generated for infeasible contingencies and returned into the master problem for adjusting the generation plan. Because the highest temperature function is implicit, an equivalent time method is presented to calculate its partial derivative in Benders cuts. The proposed model and approaches are validated on three test systems. Results show that the operation security is improved with a slight increase in total generation cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 2362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On Minimisation of Earthing System Touch Voltages

by Vaclav Vycital, Michal Ptacek, David Topolanek and Petr Toman

Energies 2019, 12(20), 3838; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12203838 - 11 Oct 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3061

Abstract

Finding cost efficient earthing system design with acceptable level of safety might be quite tedious work. Thus, many earthing system engineers try to find the most suitable design either by employing only their best experience or taking advantage of some more complex optimisation [...] Read more.

Finding cost efficient earthing system design with acceptable level of safety might be quite tedious work. Thus, many earthing system engineers try to find the most suitable design either by employing only their best experience or taking advantage of some more complex optimisation programs. Although both approaches might work well under certain circumstances, they might fail either due to counter-intuitiveness of the specific situation or by misunderstanding of the applied optimisation method, its limitations etc. Thus, in this paper, the earthing system design optimisation problem was addressed by analysing optimisation simulation results together with conducted sensitivity analysis. In the paper, a simple double ring earthing system was optimised while using five different optimisation methods. The earthing system was placed in different horizontally stratified soil models and the earthing system was optimised by minimising touch voltages instead of commonly minimised earth potential rise. The earthing system was modelled by Ansys Maxwell software. Apart from using Ansys Maxwell built-in optimisers, the possible solution space has also been mapped by performing sensitivity analysis with changing the earthing system design dimensions and the results of optimisation were compared and validated. It was found out that the Sequential Non-Linear Programming Optimisation technique was quite superior to the other techniques. Additionally, in most cases, the Ansys Maxwell optimiser was able to found optimal solution; however, in some cases, based on the initial conditions, it might get stuck in local minima or the results might be influenced by the solution noise. Additionally, some quite non intuitive dependencies of earthing system electrodes positions had been found when different spatial dimensions constraints are used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 4154 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Multi-Time Scale Optimization Strategy of Cold-Thermal-Electric Integrated Energy System Considering Feasible Interval of System Load Rate

by Bin Ouyang, Zhichang Yuan, Chao Lu, Lu Qu and Dongdong Li

Energies 2019, 12(17), 3233; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12173233 - 22 Aug 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2833

Abstract

The integrated energy system coupling multi-type energy production terminal to realize multi-energy complementarity and energy ladder utilization is of great significance to alleviate the existing energy production crisis and reduce environmental pollution. In this paper, the topology of the cold-thermal-electricity integrated energy system [...] Read more.

The integrated energy system coupling multi-type energy production terminal to realize multi-energy complementarity and energy ladder utilization is of great significance to alleviate the existing energy production crisis and reduce environmental pollution. In this paper, the topology of the cold-thermal-electricity integrated energy system is built, and the decoupling method is adopted to analyze the feasible interval of load rate under the strong coupling condition, so as to ensure the “source-load” power balance of the system. Establishing a multi-objective optimization function with the lowest system economic operation and pollution gas emission, considering the attribute differences and energy scheduling characteristics of different energy sources of cold, heat and electricity, and adopting different time scales to optimize the operation of the three energy sources of cold, heat and electricity, wherein the operation periods of electric energy, heat energy and cold energy are respectively 15 min, 30 min and 1 h; The multi-objective problem is solved by standard linear weighting method. Finally, the mixed integer nonlinear programming model is calculated by LINGO solver. In the numerical simulation, the hotel summer front load parameters of Zhangjiakou, China are selected for simulation and compared with a single time scale system. The simulation results show that the multi-time scale system reduces the economic operation cost by 15.6% and the pollution gas emission by 22.3% compared with the single time scale system, it also has a wider feasible range of load rate, flexible time allocation, and complementary energy selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 2431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved DA-PSO Optimization Approach for Unit Commitment Problem

by Sirote Khunkitti, Neville R. Watson, Rongrit Chatthaworn, Suttichai Premrudeepreechacharn and Apirat Siritaratiwat

Energies 2019, 12(12), 2335; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12122335 - 18 Jun 2019

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 3912

Abstract

Solving the Unit Commitment problem is an important step in optimally dispatching the available generation and involves two stages—deciding which generators to commit, and then deciding their power output (economic dispatch). The Unit Commitment problem is a mixed-integer combinational optimization problem that traditional [...] Read more.

Solving the Unit Commitment problem is an important step in optimally dispatching the available generation and involves two stages—deciding which generators to commit, and then deciding their power output (economic dispatch). The Unit Commitment problem is a mixed-integer combinational optimization problem that traditional optimization techniques struggle to solve, and metaheuristic techniques are better suited. Dragonfly algorithm (DA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are two such metaheuristic techniques, and recently a hybrid (DA-PSO), to make use of the best features of both, has been proposed. The original DA-PSO optimization is unable to solve the Unit Commitment problem because this is a mixed-integer optimization problem. However, this paper proposes a new and improved DA-PSO optimization (referred to as iDA-PSO) for solving the unit commitment and economic dispatch problems. The iDA-PSO employs a sigmoid function to find the optimal on/off status of units, which is the mixed-integer part of obtaining the Unit Commitment problem. To verify the effectiveness of the iDA-PSO approach, it was tested on four different-sized systems (5-unit, 6-unit, 10-unit, and 26-unit systems). The unit commitment, generation schedule, total generation cost, and time were compared with those obtained by other algorithms in the literature. The simulation results show iDA-PSO is a promising technique and is superior to many other algorithms in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 1143 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A General Intelligent Optimization Algorithm Combination Framework with Application in Economic Load Dispatch Problems

by Jinghua Zhang and Ze Dong

Energies 2019, 12(11), 2175; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12112175 - 6 Jun 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2669

Abstract

Recently, a population-based intelligent optimization algorithm research has been combined with multiple algorithms or algorithm components in order to improve the performance and robustness of an optimization algorithm. This paper introduces the idea into real world application. Different from traditional algorithm research, this [...] Read more.

Recently, a population-based intelligent optimization algorithm research has been combined with multiple algorithms or algorithm components in order to improve the performance and robustness of an optimization algorithm. This paper introduces the idea into real world application. Different from traditional algorithm research, this paper implements this idea as a general framework. The combination of multiple algorithms or algorithm components is regarded as a complex multi-behavior population, and a unified multi-behavior combination model is proposed. A general agent-based algorithm framework is designed to support the model, and various multi-behavior combination algorithms can be customized under the framework. Then, the paper customizes a multi-behavior combination algorithm and applies the algorithm to solve the economic load dispatch problems. The algorithm has been tested with four test systems. The test results prove that the multi-behavior combination idea is meaningful which also indicates the significance of the framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 4111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of a Power Line Communication System to Manage Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in a Smart Grid

by Sara Carcangiu, Alessandra Fanni and Augusto Montisci

Energies 2019, 12(9), 1767; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091767 - 9 May 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3900

Abstract

In this paper, a procedure is proposed to design a power line communication (PLC) system to perform the digital transmission in a distributed energy storage system consisting of fleets of electric cars. PLC uses existing power cables or wires as data communication multicarrier [...] Read more.

In this paper, a procedure is proposed to design a power line communication (PLC) system to perform the digital transmission in a distributed energy storage system consisting of fleets of electric cars. PLC uses existing power cables or wires as data communication multicarrier channels. For each vehicle, the information to be transmitted can be, for example: the models of the batteries, the level of the charge state, and the schedule of charging/discharging. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulation (OFDM) is used for the bit loading, whose parameters are optimized to find the best compromise between the communication conflicting objectives of minimizing the signal power, maximizing the bit rate, and minimizing the bit error rate. The off-line design is modeled as a multi-objective optimization problem, whose solution supplies a set of Pareto optimal solutions. At the same time, as many charging stations share part of the transmission line, the optimization problem includes also the assignment of the sub-carriers to the single charging stations. Each connection between the control node and a charging station has its own frequency response and is affected by a noise spectrum. In this paper, a procedure is presented, called Chimera, which allows one to solve the multi-objective optimization problem with respect to a unique frequency response, representing the whole set of lines connecting each charging station with the central node. Among the provided Pareto solutions, the designer will make the final decision based on the control system requirements and/or the hardware constraints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of User Cuts and Linear Sensitivity Factors to Improve the Computational Performance of the Security-Constrained Unit Commitment Problem

by Cristian Camilo Marín-Cano, Juan Esteban Sierra-Aguilar, Jesús M. López-Lezama, Álvaro Jaramillo-Duque and Walter M. Villa-Acevedo

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1399; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071399 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4031

Abstract

Power system operators must schedule the available generation resources required to achieve an economical, reliable, and secure energy production in power systems. This is usually achieved by solving a security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) problem. Through a SCUC the System Operator determines which generation [...] Read more.

Power system operators must schedule the available generation resources required to achieve an economical, reliable, and secure energy production in power systems. This is usually achieved by solving a security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) problem. Through a SCUC the System Operator determines which generation units must be on and off-line over a time horizon of typically 24 h. The SCUC is a challenging problem that features high computational cost due to the amount and nature of the variables involved. This paper presents an alternative formulation to the SCUC problem aimed at reducing its computational cost using sensitivity factors and user cuts. Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDF) and Line Outage Distribution Factors (LODF) sensitivity factors allow a fast computation of power flows (in normal operative conditions and under contingencies), while the implementation of user cuts reduces computational burden by considering only biding N-1 security constraints. Several tests were performed with the IEEE RTS-96 power system showing the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed modelling approach. It was found that the use of Linear Sensitivity Factors (LSF) together with user cuts as proposed in this paper, reduces the computation time of the SCUC problem up to 97% when compared with its classical formulation. Furthermore, the proposed modelling allows a straightforward identification of the most critical lines in terms of the overloads they produce in other elements after an outage, and the number of times they are overloaded by a fault. Such information is valuable to system planners when deciding future network expansion projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 5031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Placement of UHF Sensors for Accurate Localization of Partial Discharge Source in GIS

by Rui Liang, Shenglei Wu, Peng Chi, Nan Peng and Yi Li

Energies 2019, 12(6), 1173; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061173 - 26 Mar 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3565

Abstract

This paper proposes an optimal placement model of ultra-high frequency (UHF) sensors for accurate location of partial discharge (PD) in gas-insulated switchgear (GIS). The model is based on 0-1 program in consideration of the attenuation influence on the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves [...] Read more.

This paper proposes an optimal placement model of ultra-high frequency (UHF) sensors for accurate location of partial discharge (PD) in gas-insulated switchgear (GIS). The model is based on 0-1 program in consideration of the attenuation influence on the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves generated by PD in GIS. the optimal placement plan improves the economy, observability, and accuracy of PD locating. After synchronously acquiring the time of the initial EM waves reaching each UHF sensor, PD occurring time can be obtained. Then, initial locating results can be acquired by using the Euclidean distance measuring method and the extended time difference of arriving (TDOA) location method. With the information of all UHF sensors and the inherent topological structure of GIS, the locating accuracy can be further improved. The method is verified by experiment, showing that the method can avoid the influence of false information and obtain higher locating accuracy by revising initial locating results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Expeditious Methodology to Assess the Effects of Intermittent Generation on Power Systems

by Gracita Batista Rosas, Elizete Maria Lourenço, Djalma Mosqueira Falcão and Thelma Solange Piazza Fernandes

Energies 2019, 12(6), 1135; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061135 - 23 Mar 2019

Viewed by 2313

Abstract

This paper proposes an expeditious methodology that provides hourly assessments of the effect of intermittent wind and solar power generation on the electrical quantities characterizing power systems. Currents are measured via circuit breakers to confirm the correct sizing of devices based on their [...] Read more.

This paper proposes an expeditious methodology that provides hourly assessments of the effect of intermittent wind and solar power generation on the electrical quantities characterizing power systems. Currents are measured via circuit breakers to confirm the correct sizing of devices based on their rated currents. Nodal voltage magnitudes are assessed for compliance with limits imposed by regulatory authorities, whereas the active power produced by hydroelectrical generators is assessed for reserve energy. The proposed methodology leverages a fuzzy extended deterministic optimal power flow that uses in power balance equations the average hourly values of active power generated by wind and solar sources as well as hourly energy load. The power grid is modeled at the substation level to directly obtain power flow through circuit breakers. Uncertainties in power system electrical quantities are assessed for an optimal solution using a Taylor series associated with deviations from the average values of the active power produced by the wind and solar sources. These deviations are represented using a fuzzy triangular model reflecting the approximations of the probability density functions of these powers. The methodology takes into account a subjective investigation that focuses on the qualitative characteristic of these energy sources’ behaviors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Online Economic Re-dispatch to Mitigate Line Overloads after Line and Generation Contingencies

by Oswaldo Arenas-Crespo, John E. Candelo-Becerra and Fredy E. Hoyos Velasco

Energies 2019, 12(6), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12060966 - 13 Mar 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2992

Abstract

This paper presents an online economic re-dispatch scheme based on the generation cost optimization with security constraints to mitigate line overloads before and after line and generation contingencies. The proposed optimization model considers simplification of mathematical expressions calculated from online variables as the [...] Read more.

This paper presents an online economic re-dispatch scheme based on the generation cost optimization with security constraints to mitigate line overloads before and after line and generation contingencies. The proposed optimization model considers simplification of mathematical expressions calculated from online variables as the power transfer distribution factor (PTDF) and line outage distribution factor (LODF). Thus, a first algorithm that calculates economic re-dispatch for online operation to avoid overloads during the normal operation and a second algorithm that calculates online emergency economic re-dispatch when overloads occur due to line and generator contingencies are proposed in this paper. The results show that the proposed algorithms avoid overload before and after contingencies, improving power system security, and at the same time reducing operational costs. This scheme allows a reduction of power generation units in the electricity market during online operation that considers line overloads in the power system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research, Other

31 pages, 6047 KiB

Open AccessReview

New High-Efficiency Resonant O-Type Devices as the Promising Sources of Microwave Power

by Andrei Baikov and Olga Baikova

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2514; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102514 - 15 May 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2857

Abstract

New O-type high-power vacuum resonant microwave devices are considered in this study: COM klystrons, CSM klystrons and resotrodes. All these devices can output a large amount of power (up to units of MW and higher) with an efficiency of up to 90%. Such [...] Read more.

New O-type high-power vacuum resonant microwave devices are considered in this study: COM klystrons, CSM klystrons and resotrodes. All these devices can output a large amount of power (up to units of MW and higher) with an efficiency of up to 90%. Such devices are promising microwave sources for industrial microwave technologies as well as for microwave energy. The principle of GSP-equivalence for klystrons is described herein, allowing a complete physical analog of this device with other parameters to be created. The existing mathematical and computer models of klystrons are analyzed. The processes of stage-by-stage optimization and the embedding procedure, which leads to COM and to CSM klystrons, are considered. Resotrodes, IOT-type devices with energy regeneration in the input circuit, are also considered. It is shown that these devices can combine high power with an efficiency of up to 90% and a gain of more than 30 dB. Resotrodes with 0-regeneration can be effective sources of radio frequency (RF) power in the range of 20 to 200 MHz. Resotrodes with 2π-regeneration are an effective source of RF/microwave energy in the range of 200 MHz to 1000 MHz. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

41 pages, 8892 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Energies and Its Worldwide Research

by Nuria Novas, Alfredo Alcayde, Isabel Robalo, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro and Francisco G. Montoya

Energies 2020, 13(24), 6700; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246700 - 18 Dec 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3527

Abstract

Energy efficiency and management is certainly one of the key drivers of human progress. Thus, the trends in the energy research are a topic of interest for the scientific community. The aim of this study is to highlight global research trends in this [...] Read more.

Energy efficiency and management is certainly one of the key drivers of human progress. Thus, the trends in the energy research are a topic of interest for the scientific community. The aim of this study is to highlight global research trends in this field through the analysis of a scientific journal indexed exclusively in the energy and fuels category. For this purpose, a journal has been selected that is in the center of the category considering its impact factor, which is only indexed in this category and of open access, Energies of the publisher MDPI. Therefore, a bibliometric analysis of all the contents of the journal between 2008 and 2020, 13,740 documents published, has been carried out. Analyzing the articles that are linked to each other by their citations, 14 clusters or research topics have been detected: smart grids; climate change–electric energy community; energy storage; bioenergy sources; prediction algorithms applied to power; optimization of the grid link for renewable energy; wind power; sustainability of power systems; hydrocarbon improvements; conversion of thermal/electrical energy; electric motor advancements; marine renewable energy; hydropower and energy storage; and preventive techniques in power transformers. The main keywords found were electric vehicle, renewable energy, microgrid, smart grid, and energy efficiency. In short, energy research remains necessary to meet the future challenge of sustainable energy with high efficiency and the exploration of new renewable resources, all for increasingly sustainable cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Published Papers (18 papers)

Research

Review

Other

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI