The Analysis and Risk Assessment of Organic Pollutants in Food Products

A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Toxicology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2025 | Viewed by 5268

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
Interests: xenobiotics in food and environment; analytical chemistry; food chemistry

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Unsustainable development strategies have hurt ecosystems worldwide. Environmental waters are polluted daily with organic contaminants like dyes, pesticides, antibiotics, disinfectants, food additives, and nitrophenols, released without sufficient treatment. The persistence of non-biodegradable organic pollutants in the environment leads to their accumulation in living beings and introduces these contaminants into the food chain, causing significant harm to the ecosystem. The pesticides utilized to reduce weeds and pests impact the reproductive and immune systems and cause various metabolic diseases due to the regular consumption of food and water contaminated with them. The excessive use of antibiotics in agriculture, livestock farming, animal husbandry, and industrial wastewater for treating bacterial infections can result in bacterial resistance. Overusing chemical additives to extend the food's shelf life and enhance its color, aroma, taste, and nutritional content can lead to gastrointestinal, neurological, and immunological diseases. Nitrophenols employed in pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides, and explosives are highly acidic, water-soluble, and non-biodegradable and can cause carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic effects. Therefore, reducing their use and dose and finding natural alternatives are of fundamental importance to minimize the risks to human health and planet Earth.

Dr. Serenella Seccia
Prof. Dr. Irene Dini
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • pesticides
  • dyes
  • antibiotics
  • disinfectants
  • food additives
  • nitrophenols
  • analytical methods
  • food toxicity
  • green pesticides
  • green antibiotics
  • green additives

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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14 pages, 2728 KiB  
Article
Organophosphate Detection in Animal-Derived Foods Using a Modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe Method with Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
by Byung-Joon Kim, Seung-Hyun Yang and Hoon Choi
Foods 2024, 13(16), 2642; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162642 - 22 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1192
Abstract
Organophosphates are widely used in the livestock industry. In this study, we developed a method for detecting 27 organophosphate insecticides in animal-derived foods, including beef, pork, chicken, milk, and eggs, using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A modified QuEChERS method was optimized for sample [...] Read more.
Organophosphates are widely used in the livestock industry. In this study, we developed a method for detecting 27 organophosphate insecticides in animal-derived foods, including beef, pork, chicken, milk, and eggs, using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A modified QuEChERS method was optimized for sample pretreatment. A mixture of acetonitrile and acetone was used as the extraction solvent, and MgSO4 and NaCl were used as salts. Among the five different dispersive solid-phase extraction systems, MgSO4, primary secondary amines, and C18 were selected for purification because they had the highest recovery rates and least matrix effects. The matrix-dependent limit of quantitation was 0.0005–0.005 mg/kg, and the correlation coefficient of the matrix-matched calibration curve was >0.99, which was acceptable for quantifying residues below 0.01 mg/kg—the default maximum residue limit in a positive list system. The recovery efficiencies ranged from 71.9 to 110.5%, with standard deviations ranging from 0.2% to 12.5%, satisfying the SANTE guidelines. The established analytical method was used to monitor organophosphates in animal-derived foods obtained from a local market, and no pesticides were detected. With respect to industry standards, our proposed method is recommended for practical organophosphate detection in animal-derived foods. Full article
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16 pages, 4827 KiB  
Article
Development of Magnetic Porous Polymer Composite for Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction of Three Fluoroquinolones in Milk
by Zhendong Yu, Tiantian Xu, Shumin Lin and Shuxuan Liang
Foods 2024, 13(16), 2511; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162511 - 12 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1087
Abstract
In this study, a magnetic porous polymer composite with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups was synthesized for magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of milk substrates. Optimization was conducted on various parameters, including adsorption dose, solution pH, adsorption time, and some elution conditions. Coupled [...] Read more.
In this study, a magnetic porous polymer composite with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups was synthesized for magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of milk substrates. Optimization was conducted on various parameters, including adsorption dose, solution pH, adsorption time, and some elution conditions. Coupled with a high-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detector, a novel MSPE method for determination of norfloxacin (NFX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and enrofloxacin (ENR) in milk was developed based on magnetic metal organic framework polystyrene polymer (Fe3O4@MOF@PLS) as adsorbent. The Fe3O4@MOF@PLS exhibited significantly improved adsorption performance compared to MOF and PLS. Under optimized experimental conditions, the method exhibited good linearity for the three fluoroquinolones (FQs) in the range of 0.5–1000 μg/kg, with limit of detections (LODs) ranging from 0.21 to 1.33 μg/kg, and limit of quantitations (LOQs) from 0.71 to 4.42 μg/kg. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for the three FQs were 3.4–8.8%. The recoveries of three FQs in milk samples ranged from 84.2% to 106.2%. This method was successfully applied to the detection of three FQs in 20 types of milk, demonstrating its simplicity, speed, and effectiveness in analyte enrichment and separation. The method presented advantages in adsorbent dosage, adsorption time, LODs, and LOQs, making it valuable for the analysis and detection of FQs in milk. Full article
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12 pages, 4199 KiB  
Article
Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Diode Array Detector Method to Measure Seven Neonicotinoids in Wheat
by Serenella Seccia, Stefania Albrizio, Elena Morelli and Irene Dini
Foods 2024, 13(14), 2235; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13142235 - 16 Jul 2024
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Abstract
Neonicotinoids (NEOs), used as insecticides against aphids, whiteflies, lepidopterans, and beetles, have numerous detrimental impacts on human health, including chronic illnesses, cancer, infertility, and birth anomalies. Monitoring the residues in food products is necessary to guarantee public health and ecological balance. The present [...] Read more.
Neonicotinoids (NEOs), used as insecticides against aphids, whiteflies, lepidopterans, and beetles, have numerous detrimental impacts on human health, including chronic illnesses, cancer, infertility, and birth anomalies. Monitoring the residues in food products is necessary to guarantee public health and ecological balance. The present work validated a new method to measure seven neonicotinoid insecticides (acetamiprid ACT, clothianidin CLT, dinotefuran DNT, imidacloprid IMD, nitenpyram NTP, thiacloprid TCP, and thiamethoxan THT) in wheat. The analytical procedure was based on simple and fast wheat sample cleanup using solid-phase extraction (SPE) to remove interferents and enrich the NEOs, alongside the NEOs’ separation and quantification by reverse-phase chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (DAD). The validation process was validated using the accuracy profile strategy, a straightforward decision tool based on the measure of the total error (bias plus standard deviation) of the method. Our results proved that, in the future, at least 95% of the results obtained with the proposed method would fall within the ±15% acceptance limits. The test’s cost-effectiveness, rapidity, and simplicity suggest its use for determining the levels of acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam in routine analyses of wheat. Full article
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14 pages, 2109 KiB  
Systematic Review
Antibiotic Residues in Raw Cow’s Milk: A Systematic Review of the Last Decade
by Lucyana Vieira Costa, Clarice Gebara, Ozana de Fátima Zacaroni, Natylane Eufransino Freitas, Adriele Nascimento da Silva, Cristiano Sales Prado, Iolanda Aparecida Nunes, Valéria Quintana Cavicchioli, Francine Oliveira Souza Duarte, Moacir Evandro Lage, Fabiane Rodrigues de Alencar, Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado, Katharine Valéria Saraiva Hodel and Cíntia Minafra
Foods 2024, 13(23), 3758; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13233758 - 24 Nov 2024
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Abstract
The inappropriate use of antimicrobials in dairy animals can lead to residues in raw milk and in dairy products. Foods containing residues of this nature, whether in the short, medium, or long term, cause serious health harm. Absence of these compounds in foods [...] Read more.
The inappropriate use of antimicrobials in dairy animals can lead to residues in raw milk and in dairy products. Foods containing residues of this nature, whether in the short, medium, or long term, cause serious health harm. Absence of these compounds in foods should be a premise for declaring safety. This systematic review aimed to identify the antibiotic residues most frequently found in raw bovine milk and the methodologies used to detect such residues over the ten years from 2013 to 2023. PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews were followed, by searching the Web of Science, PubMed Central, Scopus, and Springer databases. The search strategy identified 248 articles, and after applying the selection and quality assessment criteria, 16 studies were selected. The number of samples analyzed was 411,530, of which 0.21% tested positive for some type of antibiotic. Eight classes and 38 different types of antibiotics were identified. The most common class was tetracycline, with emphasis on sulfonamides and quinolones, which have shown increasing prevalence among residues in milk in recent years. A total of 56.25% of the studies employed rapid kits to detect residues, 18.75% chromatography, and 25% both techniques. Antibiotic residues in bovine raw milk should be a great concern for animal, environmental, and human health. Full article
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