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A special issue of Future Internet (ISSN 1999-5903). This special issue belongs to the section "Internet of Things".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 50225

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ammar Muthanna

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Guest Editor

Department of Communication Networks and Data Transmission, Saint-Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, 193232 St. Petersburg, Russia
Interests: Internet of Things (IoT); software-defined networking (SDN); 5G; 6G; intelligent edge
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Mohammed Abo-Zahhad

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Guest Editor

School of Electronics, Communications and Computer Engineering, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST)New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
Interests: biomedical and genomic signal processing; multimedia processing; optical and digital filters; switched-capacitor circuits; data compression; wavelet-transforms; genetic algorithms; immune algorithms; wireless sensor nodes; MIMO and millimeter wave wireless communications; energy harvesting; electronic circuits
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The fifth-generation cellular system, 5G, represents a new era of telecommunication systems that comes with new requirements, applications and businesses cases. To enable 5G requirements and the announced use cases, new technologies and network structures should be deployed, such as Mobile Edge Computing, MEC, Software Defined Networking, SDN, and Network Function Virtualizations, NFV. The main requirements of 5G, such as one-millisecond end-to-end latency, are still being researched and, thus, the current version of 5G can be considered as a preliminary version. Many issues and challenges are still under investigation and research from both academic and business sectors.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to provide the academic and industrial communities with an excellent venue covering all aspects of current work on emerging trends in 5G wireless communications and its use cases.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

Deployment of MEC for 5G systems.
Offloading algorithms for MEC based radio access networks.
Designing and developing intelligent core network for 5G systems based on SDN.
Integrating SDN core network with MEC based radio access network.
AI algorithms for 5G systems.
Network slicing and NFV.
Novel network structures that support both dense deployment and ultra-low latency applications.
6G networks and enabling technologies.

Dr. Ammar Muthanna
Prof. Dr. Mohammed Abo-Zahhad
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

5G
6G
ultra-low latency
dense deployment
MEC
SDN
slicing

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beamforming Based on a SSS Angle Estimation Algorithm for 5G NR Networks

by Daniel Andrade, Roberto Magueta, Adão Silva and Paulo Marques

Future Internet 2023, 15(3), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15030105 - 9 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1989

Abstract

The current 5G-NR standard includes the transmission of multiple synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) in different directions to be exploited in beamforming techniques. However, choosing a pair of these beams leads to performance degradation, mainly for the cases where the transmit and receive beams are not aligned, because it considers that only few fixed directions among wide beams are established. Therefore, in this article, we design a new 3GPP-standard- compliant beam pair selection algorithm based on secondary synchronization signal (SSS) angle estimation (BSAE) that makes use of multiple synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) to maximize the reference signal received power (RSRP) value at the receiver. This optimization is performed using the SSSs present in each SSB to perform channel estimation in the digital domain. Afterwards, the combination of those estimations is used to perform equivalent channel propagation matrix estimation without the analog processing effects. Finally, through the estimated channel propagation matrix, the angle that maximizes the RSRP is determined to compute the most suitable beam. The proposed algorithm was evaluated and compared with a conventional beam pair selection algorithm. Ours has better performance results. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm achieved performance close to the optimal performance, where all channel state information (CSI) is available, emphasizing the interest of the proposed approach for practical 5G mmWave mMIMO implementations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Wireless Communication Networks)

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16 pages, 1468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Energy Efficiency of Heterogeneous Cellular Networks Based on the Poisson Hole Process

by Yonghong Chen, Lei Xun and Shibing Zhang

Future Internet 2023, 15(2), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15020056 - 30 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1521

Abstract

In order to decrease energy consumption caused by the dense deployment of pico base stations (PBSs) in heterogeneous cellular networks (HetNets), this paper first analyzes the energy efficiency (EE) of two-tier HetNets and then proposes a method to maximize the network EE by adjusting the PBS transmit power. The two-tier HetNets are modeled by the Poisson point process (PPP) and the Poisson hole process (PHP), and then the coverage probability of the macro base station (MBS) and the PBS in the two-tier HetNets is derived based on the mean interference to signal ratio (MISR). According to the user association probability, the coverage probability of the PPP-PHP HetNets is obtained. Then, the tractable expression of the average achievable rate is deduced on the basis of the relationship between the coverage probability and the average achievable rate. Finally, the expression of EE is derived and the EE optimization algorithm is proposed based on the PBS transmit power. The simulation results show that the PPP-PHP network is superior to the PPP-PPP network in terms of coverage probability and EE, and the network EE can be effectively improved by setting an appropriate PBS transmit power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Wireless Communication Networks)

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15 pages, 3437 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Statistical Model of Accurately Estimating Service Delay Behavior in Saturated IEEE 802.11 Networks Based on 2-D Markov Chain

by Qian Yang, Suoping Li, Hongli Li and Weiru Chen

Future Internet 2023, 15(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15010006 - 25 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1953

Abstract

To accurately estimate the service delay behavior of IEEE 802.11 networks, this paper comprehensively considers four main factors that affect the performance of IEEE 802.11 networks and establishes a service delay model with statistical characteristics. We analyzed the operation mechanism of 802.11 DCF, using the backoff stage and the backoff counter to portray the dynamic change characteristics of the system regarding the data frame transmission states. Afterward, we calculated the one-step transition probability of these states, establishing a 2-D Markov model, including the ICS procedure and the backoff procedure. Based on this model, we constructed steady-state equations to derive a relationship between the transmission probability and collision probability for each node transmission queue. By analyzing the ICS delay and the backoff delay, we obtained the probability generating function (PGF) of the average idle time. The analytical expressions of other service delays, such as the successful transmission time and collided transmission time, were derived to obtain the PGF of the total service delay. In the numerical simulation, we compared the first two statistical moments of the PGF with the Nav model, and it was found that our delay evaluation results were significantly better than the traditional evaluation results. The average service delay of the Nav model in all the scenarios was larger than that of the proposed model due to the lack of the ICS procedure in the Nav model. Since a DIFS duration is generally much shorter than a random backoff duration, our model saves the bandwidth and improves transmission efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Wireless Communication Networks)

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52 pages, 1149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Survey of Wi-Fi 6: Technologies, Advances, and Challenges

by Erfan Mozaffariahrar, Fabrice Theoleyre and Michael Menth

Future Internet 2022, 14(10), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14100293 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 18739

Abstract

Wi-Fi is a popular wireless technology and is continuously extended to keep pace with requirements such as high throughput, real-time communication, dense networks, or resource and energy efficiency. The IEEE 802.11ax standard, also known as Wi-Fi 6, promises to provide data rates of up to almost 10 Gb/s, lower energy consumption, and higher reliability. Its capabilities go far beyond Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac) and novel technical concepts have been introduced for this purpose. As such, the Wi-Fi 6 standard includes Multi-User Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (MU OFDMA), Multi-User Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MU MIMO), new mechanisms for Spatial Reuse (SR), new mechanisms for power saving, higher-order modulation, and additional minor improvements. In this paper, we provide a survey of Wi-Fi 6. Initially, we provide a compact technological summary of Wi-Fi 5 and its predecessors. Then, we discuss the potential application domains of Wi-Fi 6, which are enabled through its novel features. Subsequently, we explain these features and review the related works in these areas. Finally, performance evaluation tools for Wi-Fi 6 and future roadmaps are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Wireless Communication Networks)

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23 pages, 682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Game-Theoretic Rent-Seeking Framework for Improving Multipath TCP Performance

by Shiva Raj Pokhrel and Carey Williamson

Future Internet 2022, 14(9), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14090257 - 29 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1820

Abstract

There is no well-defined utility function for existing multipath TCP algorithms. Therefore, network utility maximization (NUM) for MPTCP is a complex undertaking. To resolve this, we develop a novel condition under which Kelly’s NUM mechanism may be used to explicitly compute the equilibrium. We accomplish this by defining a new utility function for MPTCP by employing Tullock’s rent-seeking paradigm from game theory. We investigate the convergence of no-regret learning in the underlying network games with continuous actions. Based on our understanding of the design space, we propose an original MPTCP algorithm that generalizes existing algorithms and strikes a good balance among the important properties. We implemented this algorithm in the Linux kernel, and we evaluated its performance experimentally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Wireless Communication Networks)

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24 pages, 3635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An ICN-Based IPFS High-Availability Architecture

by Ruibin Zeng, Jiali You, Yang Li and Rui Han

Future Internet 2022, 14(5), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14050122 - 19 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4958

Abstract

The Interplanetary File System (IPFS), a new type of P2P file system, enables people to obtain data from other peer nodes in a distributed system without the need to establish a connection with a distant server. However, IPFS suffers from low resolution efficiency and duplicate data delivery, resulting in poor system availability. The new Information-Centric Networking (ICN), on the other hand, applies the features of name resolution service and caching to achieve fast location and delivery of content. Therefore, there is a potential to optimize the availability of IPFS systems from the network layer. In this paper, we propose an ICN-based IPFS high-availability architecture, called IBIHA, which introduces enhanced nodes and information tables to manage data delivery based on the original IPFS network, and uses the algorithm of selecting high-impact nodes from the entitled network (PwRank) as the basis for deploying enhanced nodes in the network, thus achieving the effect of optimizing IPFS availability. The experimental results show that this architecture outperforms the IPFS network in terms of improving node resolution efficiency, reducing network redundant packets, and improving the rational utilization of network link resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Wireless Communication Networks)

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15 pages, 13681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Dynamic Cache Allocation Mechanism (DCAM) for Reliable Multicast in Information-Centric Networking

by Yingjie Duan, Hong Ni and Xiaoyong Zhu

Future Internet 2022, 14(4), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14040105 - 25 Mar 2022

Viewed by 2755

Abstract

As a new network architecture, information-centric networking (ICN) decouples the identifiers and locators of network entities and makes full use of in-network cache technology to improve the content distribution efficiency. For reliable multicast, ICN in-network cache can help reduce the loss recovery delay. However, with the development of applications and services, a multicast tree node often serves multiple reliable multicast groups. How to reasonably allocate cache resources for each multicast group will greatly affect the performance of reliable multicast. In order to improve the overall loss recovery performance of reliable multicast, this paper designs a dynamic cache allocation mechanism (DCAM). DCAM considers the packet loss probability, the node depth of the multicast tree, and the multicast transmission rate of multicast group, and then allocates cache space for multicast group based on the normalized cache quota weight. We also explore the performance of three cache allocation mechanisms (DCAM, AARM, and Equal) combined with four cache strategies (LCE, CAPC, Prob, and ProbCache), respectively. Experimental results show that DCAM can adjust cache allocation results in time according to network changes, and its combinations with various cache strategies outperform other combinations. Moreover, the combination of DCAM and CAPC can achieve optimal performance in loss recovery delay, cache hit ratio, transmission completion time, and overhead. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Wireless Communication Networks)

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15 pages, 368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation and Evaluation of Nodal Distribution and Movement in a 5G Mobile Network

by Dmitry Baranov, Alexandr Terekhin, Dmitry Bragin and Anton Konev

Future Internet 2021, 13(12), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13120321 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2884

Abstract

The determining factor in the accelerated pace of informatization is the increase in the speed and reliability of data transmission networks. In this regard, new and existing standards are developed and modernized. A lot of organizations are constantly working on the development and implementation of new generation communication networks. This article provides an overview of available software solutions that allow us to investigate and evaluate the behavior of data networks. In particular, tools suitable for mobile communication systems were determined, having sufficient built-in functionality and allowing us to add our own implementations. NS3 has been chosen as a suitable network simulator. Apart from the review, a solution for this tool was developed. It allows estimating the reliability of data transmission from the start movement of a network node at all times during its removal from a base station. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Wireless Communication Networks)

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19 pages, 3807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning Algorithm for Delay Prediction in IoT and Tactile Internet

by Ali R. Abdellah, Omar Abdulkareem Mahmood, Ruslan Kirichek, Alexander Paramonov and Andrey Koucheryavy

Future Internet 2021, 13(12), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13120304 - 26 Nov 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4316

Abstract

The next-generation cellular systems, including fifth-generation cellular systems (5G), are empowered with the recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and other recent paradigms. The internet of things (IoT) and the tactile internet are paradigms that can be empowered with AI solutions and integrated with 5G systems to deliver novel services that impact the future. Machine learning technologies (ML) can understand examples of nonlinearity from the environment and are suitable for network traffic prediction. Network traffic prediction is one of the most active research areas that integrates AI with information networks. Traffic prediction is an integral approach to ensure security, reliability, and quality of service (QoS) requirements. Nowadays, it can be used in various applications, such as network monitoring, resource management, congestion control, network bandwidth allocation, network intrusion detection, etc. This paper performs time series prediction for IoT and tactile internet delays, using the k-step-ahead prediction approach with nonlinear autoregressive with external input (NARX)-enabled recurrent neural network (RNN). The ML was trained with four different training functions: Bayesian regularization backpropagation (Trainbr), Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation (Trainlm), conjugate gradient backpropagation with Fletcher–Reeves updates (Traincgf), and the resilient backpropagation algorithm (Trainrp). The accuracy of the predicted delay was measured using three functions based on ML: mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Wireless Communication Networks)

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16 pages, 680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying the Density of mmWave NR Deployments for Provisioning Multi-Layer VR Services

by Vitalii Beschastnyi, Daria Ostrikova, Roman Konyukhov, Elizaveta Golos, Alexander Chursin, Dmitri Moltchanov and Yuliya Gaidamaka

Future Internet 2021, 13(7), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13070185 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2962

Abstract

The 5G New Radio (NR) technology operating in millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band is designed for support bandwidth-greedy applications requiring extraordinary rates at the access interface. However, the use of directional antenna radiation patterns, as well as extremely large path losses and blockage phenomenon, requires efficient algorithms to support these services. In this study, we consider the multi-layer virtual reality (VR) service that utilizes multicast capabilities for baseline layer and unicast transmissions for delivering an enhanced experience. By utilizing the tools of stochastic geometry and queuing theory we develop a simple algorithm allowing to estimate the deployment density of mmWave NR base stations (BS) supporting prescribed delivery guarantees. Our numerical results show that the highest gains of utilizing multicast service for distributing base layer is observed for high UE densities. Despite of its simplicity, the proposed multicast group formation scheme operates close to the state-of-the-art algorithms utilizing the widest beams with longest coverage distance in approximately 50–70% of cases when UE density is

λ \geq 0.3

. Among other parameters, QoS profile and UE density have a profound impact on the required density of NR BSs while the effect of blockers density is non-linear having the greatest impact on strict QoS profiles. Depending on the system and service parameters the required density of NR BSs may vary in the range of 20–250 BS/km². Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Wireless Communication Networks)

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11 pages, 577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of the 5th Generation Indoor Wireless Technologies-Empirical Study

by Mika Hoppari, Mikko Uitto, Jukka Mäkelä, Ilkka Harjula and Seppo Rantala

Future Internet 2021, 13(7), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13070180 - 9 Jul 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4385

Abstract

The evolution of 5th generation (5G) cellular technology has introduced several enhancements and provides better performance compared to previous generations. To understand the real capabilities, the importance of the empirical studies is significant to also understand the possible limitations. This is very important especially from the service and use case point of view. Several test sites exist around the globe for introducing, testing, and evaluating new features, use cases, and performance in restricted and secure environments alongside the commercial operators. Test sites equipped with the standard technology are the perfect places for performing deep analysis of the latest wireless and cellular technologies in real operating environments. The testing sites provide valuable information with sophisticated quality of service (QoS) indicators when the 5G vertical use cases are evaluated using the actual devices in the carrier grade network. In addition, the Wi-Fi standards are constantly evolving toward higher bit rates and reduced latency, and their usage in 5G dedicated verticals can even improve performance, especially when lower coverage is sufficient. This work presents the detailed comparative measurements between Wi-Fi 6 and 5G New Radio (NR) performance in indoor facilities and extensive results carried out in 5G and beyond test site located in Finland. The results gathered from the extensive test sets indicate that the Wi-Fi 6 can outperform the 5G in the indoor environment in terms of throughput and latency when distance and coverage do not increase enormously. In addition, the usage of wireless technologies allows improved uplink performance, which is usually more limited in cellular networks. The gained results of our measurements provide valuable information for designing, developing, and implementing the requirements for the next-generation wireless applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Wireless Communication Networks)

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