Healthcare

Editorial

Jump to: Research, Other

4 pages, 181 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Updating Exercise Testing Strategies and Exercise Prescription Protocols

by Rafael Oliveira and João Paulo Brito

Healthcare 2024, 12(9), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12090901 - 26 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1055

Abstract

Exercise testing and prescription is still a hot topic [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Other

11 pages, 945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of 10-Week Online Moderate- to High-Intensity Interval Training on Body Composition, and Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance during the COVID-19 Lockdown

by Lorena Rodríguez-García, Halil Ibrahim Ceylan, Rui Miguel Silva, Ana Filipa Silva, Amelia Guadalupe-Grau and Antonio Liñán-González

Healthcare 2024, 12(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12010037 - 23 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1503

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a 10-week online high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on body composition and aerobic and aerobic performance in physically sedentary women. A parallel, two-group, longitudinal (pre, post) design was used with physical tests performed before [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a 10-week online high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on body composition and aerobic and aerobic performance in physically sedentary women. A parallel, two-group, longitudinal (pre, post) design was used with physical tests performed before (preintervention) and after (postintervention) the 10-week intervention period. A total of forty-eight healthy and physically sedentary women (defined as an individual who lacks regular exercise or a structured fitness routine) were recruited to participate in this study. The participants were distributed in two groups: the experimental group (EG) with 24 women (mean ± SD: age 21.21 ± 2.15 years; weight: 61.16 ± 8.94 kg; height: 163.96 ± 4.87 cm; body mass index (BMI): 22.69 ± 2.49 kg/m²) and the control group (CG) with another 24 women (mean ± SD: age 20.50 ± 1.29 years; weight: 62.0 ± 6.65 kg; height: 163.92 ± 4.89 cm; body mass index: 23.04 ± 1.74 kg/m²). The EG performed an online HIIT program for 10 weeks, while the CG continued with their daily life routines. The repeated measures ANCOVA indicated a significant effect in the within-group analysis for weight (p = 0.001; d = −0.96) and for BMI (p = 0.001; d = 0.24), with a significant decrease in the experimental group (EG). The control group (CG) did not show any significant decrease in either body weight or BMI. Regarding the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) values, the EG exhibited a significant improvement (p = 0.001; d = −1.07), whereas the CG did not demonstrate a significant improvement (p = 0.08; d = −0.37). The EG’s power output (W) (p = 0.001; d = −0.50) and power output standardized by body weight (W/kg) (p = 0.001; d = −0.96) were significantly improved. The CG did not show a significant improvement in either power output (W/kg) or power output. Lastly, the within-group analysis with load revealed that the EG significantly improved (p = 0.001; d = −0.50), while CG did not show a significant improvement in load (p = 0.10.; d = −0.10). The present study showed that 10 weeks of HIIT in an online environment during the COVID-19 lockdown significantly improved maximum oxygen consumption and caused weight loss and a significant decrease in body mass index in physically sedentary women. These results suggest that HIIT may be used as a time-efficient strategy to improve body composition and cardio-respiratory fitness in sedentary women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 7274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Early Indicator in Evaluating Cardiac Dysfunction Related to Premature Ventricular Complexes: Cardiorespiratory Capacity

by Xiaozhu Ma, Jiangtao Yan and Wanjun Liu

Healthcare 2023, 11(22), 2940; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11222940 - 10 Nov 2023

Viewed by 996

Abstract

Cardiac dysfunction induced by premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) is relatively controversial and challenging to detect in the early stage. In this observational study, we retrospectively analyzed the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) data of 94 patients with frequent premature ventricular beats (47 males, 49.83 [...] Read more.

Cardiac dysfunction induced by premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) is relatively controversial and challenging to detect in the early stage. In this observational study, we retrospectively analyzed the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) data of 94 patients with frequent premature ventricular beats (47 males, 49.83 ± 13.63 years) and 98 participants (55 males, 50.84 ± 9.41 years) whose age and gender were matched with the patient with PVCs. The baseline information and routine echocardiography detection were recorded on admission. PVCs were diagnosed by 24 h Holter monitoring, and cardiorespiratory capacity was assessed using peak oxygen uptake (V’O₂peak), anaerobic threshold (AT), and other CPET parameters with an individualized bicycle ramp protocol according to the predicted workload and exercise situation of each participant. There were no statistically significant differences in most baseline characteristics between the two groups. Indicators that reflect cardiopulmonary capacity, such as V’O₂peak, AT, and ΔO2 pulse/Δwork rate(ΔV’O₂/ΔWR), were all significantly lower in the PVC group (p = 0.031, 0.021, and 0.013, respectively) despite normal and nondiscriminatory left ventricular ejection fractions between the two groups. However, there was no statistically significant difference among subgroups based on the frequency of PVCs, which was <10,000 beats/24 h, 10,000–20,000 beats/24 h, and >20,000 beats/24 h. The cardiorespiratory capacity was lower in patients with frequent PVCs, indicating that CPET could detect early signs of impaired cardiac function induced by PVCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility of a Supervised Postpartum Exercise Program and Effects on Maternal Health and Fitness Parameters—Pilot Study

by Carla Brites-Lagos, Liliana Ramos, Anna Szumilewicz and Rita Santos-Rocha

Healthcare 2023, 11(20), 2801; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11202801 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2216

Abstract

The postpartum period is marked by profound changes in women at physical, psychological, and physiological levels. Many of these changes persist after four to six weeks postpartum, and most women do not resume their levels of physical activity, which increases the risk of [...] Read more.

The postpartum period is marked by profound changes in women at physical, psychological, and physiological levels. Many of these changes persist after four to six weeks postpartum, and most women do not resume their levels of physical activity, which increases the risk of remaining inactive for many years. It is crucial to implement effective programs that promote exercise during the postpartum period. The objective of this study was to test the feasibility and analyze the effects of a structured and supervised postpartum exercise program on maternal health and fitness parameters. To analyze the potential effects of the intervention, the level of physical activity, quality of life, pelvic girdle and low back pain, fatigue, depression, and the level of functional and physical fitness were assessed at baseline, after 8 weeks, and after 16 weeks of intervention. Feedback on the exercise program was collected after the final assessment. The results showed that a structured and supervised postpartum exercise program was feasible and safe and produced positive effects on selected maternal health and fitness parameters. These results will encourage a study protocol with a larger sample in order to prove its effectiveness, improve the guidelines for postpartum exercise, and incorporate this program into a routine healthcare setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

12 pages, 563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Combining Aerobic and Heavy Resistance Training on Body Composition, Muscle Hypertrophy, and Exercise Satisfaction in Physically Active Adults

by Jerrican Tan, Oleksandr Krasilshchikov, Garry Kuan, Hairul Anuar Hashim, Monira I. Aldhahi, Sameer Badri Al-Mhanna and Georgian Badicu

Healthcare 2023, 11(17), 2443; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11172443 - 31 Aug 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4123

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of combined aerobic and heavy resistance training on the variables of body composition, muscle hypertrophy, and exercise satisfaction in physically active adults in comparison with heavy resistance training only (predominantly designed for hypertrophy). Twenty-two healthy male adults between [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of combined aerobic and heavy resistance training on the variables of body composition, muscle hypertrophy, and exercise satisfaction in physically active adults in comparison with heavy resistance training only (predominantly designed for hypertrophy). Twenty-two healthy male adults between the ages of 18 and 35, who had limited previous experience with muscle resistance training, participated in the intervention program while maintaining their physical activity level. The participants were randomly allocated into two groups: the resistance training group (control group) and the combined training group (experimental group), which involved both resistance training and aerobic training. Aerobic training consisted of 30 min aerobic interval training sessions three times a week with a total of 8 min work bouts in each at 60–70% of heart rate reserve (HRR). The intervention training program lasted for eight weeks. Resistance training consisted of a 3-day muscle group split (2–3 exercises per muscle group, 8 sets per muscle group, 6–12 repetition maximum (RM). Upon completion, body composition, muscle hypertrophy, and exercise satisfaction were analyzed using the mixed-design ANOVA. Variables selected for this study as markers of body composition responded differently to the different interventions and time; however, some trends were not statistically significant. Overall, it is not possible to state unequivocally that one training modality was superior to another in the body composition cluster, for significant improvements were observed within the groups from pre- to post-interventions, but no significant differences were observed between the resistance training and combined training groups, while, both interventions showed improvement with time in some variables of muscle hypertrophy. Compared to baseline, the exercise satisfaction post-intervention improved within the groups. From pre- to post-testing, both resistance and combined training groups improved exercise satisfaction (p < 0.05 in both groups). However, there was no significant difference in exercise satisfaction observed between the resistance training and combined training groups after the training intervention (p > 0.05). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 942 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validity of On-Line Supervised Fitness Tests in People with Low Back Pain

by Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez, Juan Luis León-Llamas, Francisco José Salas Costilla, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Raúl López de las Heras, Pablo Gasque Celma and Santos Villafaina

Healthcare 2023, 11(7), 1019; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11071019 - 3 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1761

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the concurrent validity between online evaluations (OEs) and face-to-face evaluations (IPEs) of a Senior Fitness Test and two balance tests in people with low back pain (LBP). Forty participants of 58.48 (9.87) years were included. The 30 s [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the concurrent validity between online evaluations (OEs) and face-to-face evaluations (IPEs) of a Senior Fitness Test and two balance tests in people with low back pain (LBP). Forty participants of 58.48 (9.87) years were included. The 30 s chair stand-up, arm curl, 2 min step, chair-sit and reach, back scratch, 8 foot up-and-go, sharpened Romberg, and one-legged stance tests were administrated using both OE and IPE methods. The results indicated no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the two methods except in the 8-foot up-and-go test (p = 0.007). Considering the ICC values and Bland-Altman plots, excellent agreement was found for the chair-sit and reach test, moderate agreement for the arm-curl and 8-foot up-and-go tests, and good agreement for the other tests. Strong correlations (p < 0.001) were observed in all variables except for the arm-curl and 8-foot up-and-go tests, where moderate correlations were found (p < 0.05). These results support the validity of OEs and IPEs in all tests, except for the arm-curl and 8-foot up-and-go tests, where lower ICC values and moderate correlations were found. However, it is important to consider the range of fluctuation of the ICC and the significant values obtained through correlations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 457 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity, Mental Health, and Quality of Life among School Students in the Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey When Returning to School after the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Mohamed Salih Mahfouz, Ahmad Y. Alqassim, Nasser Hadi Sobaikhi, Abdulaziz Salman Jathmi, Fahad Omar Alsadi, Abdullah Mohammed Alqahtani, Mohammed Mohalhil Shajri, Ibrahim Darwish Sabi, Ahmed M. Wafi and Jonathan Sinclair

Healthcare 2023, 11(7), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11070974 - 29 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2304

Abstract

Increasing evidence suggests that physical activity (PA) can reduce depression and anxiety in adolescents. At the same time, quality of life (QoL) is sensitive to both mental health and PA, but little is known about the mechanism between these three variables among adolescents. [...] Read more.

Increasing evidence suggests that physical activity (PA) can reduce depression and anxiety in adolescents. At the same time, quality of life (QoL) is sensitive to both mental health and PA, but little is known about the mechanism between these three variables among adolescents. This study aimed to assess the physical activity, mental health, and quality of life of school students when they returned to school after two years of distance learning in the Jazan region. This current investigation represented an observational cross-sectional survey conducted in January 2022 among a random sample of 601 students from intermediate and high schools in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Three standardized questionnaires were used for data collection; the Arabic version of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS21), and the Fels PAQ for children. The analysis revealed a moderate level of physical activity, decreased HRQoL, and symptoms of mental health problems (anxiety, depression, and stress) among the schools’ students when they returned to school following COVID-19 lockdown. The overall Pediatric Quality of Life mean score was (81.4 ± 16.4), which differed significantly according to gender, age groups, and grade levels (p < 0.05 for all). There was a negative correlation between the overall quality of life and mental health domains. Sport was negatively correlated with mental illness symptoms and positively correlated (p < 0.05) with Pediatric Quality of Life. The regression models revealed that stress was a significant predictor for the quality of life of male and female adolescents ([β = −0.30, (95% CI (−0.59) to (−0.02), p < 0.05)] and [β = −0.40, (95% CI (−0.70) to (−0.01), p < 0.05)], respectively). The analysis revealed a moderate level of physical activity among the schools’ students when they returned to school following COVID-19 lockdown. Children’s involvement in physical activity was associated with improved quality of life and mental health. The results call for the need to develop appropriate intervention programs to increase school students’ physical activity levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Knee Muscular Strength Balance among Pre- and Post-Puberty Adolescent Swimmers: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study

by Bruno Lombardi Amado, Claudio Andre Barbosa De Lira, Rodrigo Luiz Vancini, Pedro Forte, Taline Costa, Katja Weiss, Beat Knechtle and Marilia Santos Andrade

Healthcare 2023, 11(5), 744; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11050744 - 3 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1982

Abstract

Muscular weakness and strength imbalance between the thigh muscles are considered risk factors for knee injuries. Hormonal changes, characteristic of puberty, strongly affect muscle strength; however, it is unknown whether they affect muscular strength balance. The present study aimed to compare knee flexor [...] Read more.

Muscular weakness and strength imbalance between the thigh muscles are considered risk factors for knee injuries. Hormonal changes, characteristic of puberty, strongly affect muscle strength; however, it is unknown whether they affect muscular strength balance. The present study aimed to compare knee flexor strength, knee extensor strength, and strength balance ratio, called the conventional ratio (CR), between prepubertal and postpubertal swimmers of both sexes. A total of 56 boys and 22 girls aged between 10 and 20 years participated in the study. Peak torque, CR, and body composition were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively. The postpubertal boys group presented significantly higher fat-free mass (p < 0.001) and lower fat mass (p = 0.001) than the prepubertal group. There were no significant differences among the female swimmers. Peak torque for both flexor and extensor muscles was significantly greater in postpubertal male (p < 0.001, both) and female swimmers (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively) than in prepubertal swimmers. The CR did not differ between the pre- and postpubertal groups. However, the mean CR values were lower than the literature recommendations, which brings attention to a higher risk of knee injuries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

12 pages, 1173 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Additional Active Movements Are Not Required for Strength Gains in the Untrained during Short-Term Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Training

by Holger Stephan, Udo Frank Wehmeier, Tim Förster, Fabian Tomschi and Thomas Hilberg

Healthcare 2023, 11(5), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11050741 - 3 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2048

Abstract

Recommendations for conventional strength training are well described, and the volume of research on whole-body electromyostimulation training (WB-EMS) is growing. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether active exercise movements during stimulation have a positive effect on strength gains. A [...] Read more.

Recommendations for conventional strength training are well described, and the volume of research on whole-body electromyostimulation training (WB-EMS) is growing. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether active exercise movements during stimulation have a positive effect on strength gains. A total of 30 inactive subjects (28 completed the study) were randomly allocated into two training groups, the upper body group (UBG) and the lower body group (LBG). In the UBG (n = 15; age: 32 (25–36); body mass: 78.3 kg (53.1–114.3 kg)), WB-EMS was accompanied by exercise movements of the upper body and in the LBG (n = 13; age: 26 (20–35); body mass: 67.2 kg (47.4–100.3 kg)) by exercise movements of the lower body. Therefore, UBG served as a control when lower body strength was considered, and LBG served as a control when upper body strength was considered. Trunk exercises were performed under the same conditions in both groups. During the 20-min sessions, 12 repetitions were performed per exercise. In both groups, stimulation was performed with 350 μs wide square pulses at 85 Hz in biphasic mode, and stimulation intensity was 6–8 (scale 1–10). Isometric maximum strength was measured before and after the training (6 weeks set; one session/week) on 6 exercises for the upper body and 4 for the lower body. Isometric maximum strength was significantly higher after the EMS training in both groups in most test positions (UBG p < 0.001–0.031, r = 0.88–0.56; LBG p = 0.001–0.039, r = 0.88–0.57). Only for the left leg extension in the UBG (p = 0.100, r = 0.43) and for the biceps curl in the LBG (p = 0.221, r = 0.34) no changes were observed. Both groups showed similar absolute strength changes after EMS training. Body mass adjusted strength for the left arm pull increased more in the LBG group (p = 0.040, r = 0.39). Based on our results we conclude that concurring exercise movements during a short-term WB-EMS training period have no substantial influence on strength gains. People with health restrictions, beginners with no experience in strength training and people returning to training might be particularly suitable target groups, due to the low training effort. Supposedly, exercise movements become more relevant when initial adaptations to training are exhausted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maximum Heart Rate- and Lactate Threshold-Based Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training Prescriptions Provide Similar Health Benefits in Metabolic Syndrome Patients

by Dejan Reljic, Fabienne Frenk, Hans Joachim Herrmann, Markus Friedrich Neurath and Yurdagül Zopf

Healthcare 2023, 11(5), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11050711 - 28 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3228

Abstract

Exercise is an integral part of metabolic syndrome (MetS) treatment. Recently, low-volume high-intensity interval training (LOW-HIIT) has emerged as a time-efficient approach to improving cardiometabolic health. Intensity prescriptions for LOW-HIIT are typically based on maximum heart rate (HR_max) percentages. However, HR [...] Read more.

Exercise is an integral part of metabolic syndrome (MetS) treatment. Recently, low-volume high-intensity interval training (LOW-HIIT) has emerged as a time-efficient approach to improving cardiometabolic health. Intensity prescriptions for LOW-HIIT are typically based on maximum heart rate (HR_max) percentages. However, HR_max determination requires maximal effort during exercise testing, which may not always be feasible/safe for MetS patients. This trial compared the effects of a 12-week LOW-HIIT program based on: (a) HR_max (HIIT-HR), or (b) submaximal lactate threshold (HIIT-LT), on cardiometabolic health and quality of life (QoL) in MetS patients. Seventy-five patients were randomized to HIIT-HR (5 × 1 min at 80–95% HR_max), HIIT-LT (5 × 1 min at 95–105% LT) groups, both performed twice weekly on cycle ergometers, or a control group (CON). All patients received nutritional weight loss consultation. All groups reduced their body weight (HIIT-HR: −3.9 kg, p < 0.001; HTT-LT: −5.6 kg, p < 0.001; CON: −2.6 kg, p = 0.003). The HIIT-HR and HIIT-LT groups similarly, improved their maximal oxygen uptake (+3.6 and +3.7 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001), glycohemoglobin (−0.2%, p = 0.005, and −0.3%, p < 0.001), homeostasis model assessment index (−1.3 units, p = 0.005, and −1.0 units, p = 0.014), MetS z-score (−1.9 and −2.5 units, p < 0.001) and QoL (+10 points, p = 0.029, and +11 points, p = 0.002), while the CON did not experience changes in these variables. We conclude that HIIT-LT is a viable alternative to HIIT-HR for patients who are not able/willing to undergo maximal exercise testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Goal Orientations of Secondary School Students and Their Intention to Practise Physical Activity in Their Leisure Time: Mediation of Physical Education Importance and Satisfaction

by Francisco Javier Pérez-Quero, Antonio Granero-Gallegos, Antonio Baena-Extremera and Raúl Baños

Healthcare 2023, 11(4), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11040568 - 14 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1981

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyse the mediating role of Physical Education importance and satisfaction/fun between the dispositional goal orientations of secondary school students and their intention to partake in leisure time physical activity. The research design was descriptive, cross-sectional, and [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to analyse the mediating role of Physical Education importance and satisfaction/fun between the dispositional goal orientations of secondary school students and their intention to partake in leisure time physical activity. The research design was descriptive, cross-sectional, and non-randomized. In total, 2102 secondary school students participated (M_age = 14.87; SD = 1.39) (1024 males; 1078 females). The scales used were the Perception of Success Questionnaire, Importance of Physical Education, Satisfaction with Physical Education, and Intention to Participate in Leisure Time Physical Activity. Structural equation models with the latent variables were also calculated. The results highlight that Physical Education satisfaction/fun has a mediating effect between task orientation and the intention to practice physical activity during leisure time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 896 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using the Health Belief Model to Assess the Physical Exercise Behaviors of International Students in South Korea during the Pandemic

by Peng-Shuai Ma, Wi-Young So and Hyongjun Choi

Healthcare 2023, 11(4), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11040469 - 6 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3573

Abstract

International students have the special status of being isolated in a foreign country during a pandemic. As Korea is a worldwide leader in education, it is important to understand the physical exercise behaviors of international students during this pandemic to assess the need [...] Read more.

International students have the special status of being isolated in a foreign country during a pandemic. As Korea is a worldwide leader in education, it is important to understand the physical exercise behaviors of international students during this pandemic to assess the need for additional policies and support. The health belief model was used to score the physical exercise motivation and behaviors of international students in South Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic. In total, 315 valid questionnaires were obtained and analyzed for this study. The reliability and validity of the data were also assessed. For all variables, the values for combined reliability and the Cronbach’s α were higher than 0.70. The following conclusions were drawn by comparing the differences between the measures. The results of the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin and Bartlett tests were also higher than 0.70, confirming high reliability and validity. This study found a correlation between the health beliefs of international students and age, education, and accommodation. Consequently, international students with lower health belief scores should be encouraged to pay more attention to their personal health, participate in more physical exercise, strengthen their motivation to participate in physical exercise, and increase the frequency of their participation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lower Limb Muscles’ Activation during Ascending and Descending a Single Step-Up Movement: Comparison between In water and On land Exercise at Different Step Cadences in Young Injury-Free Adults

by Billy C. L. So, Manny M. Y. Kwok, Nakita W. L. Lee, Andy W. C. Lam, Anson L. M. Lau, Allen S. L. Lam, Phoebe W. Y. Chan and Shamay S. M. Ng

Healthcare 2023, 11(3), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030441 - 3 Feb 2023

Viewed by 2443

Abstract

(1) Background: Forward step-up (FSU) simulates the stance phase in stair ascension. With the benefits of physical properties of water, aquatic FSU exercise may be more suitable for patients with lower limb weakness or pain. The purpose of this study is to investigate [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Forward step-up (FSU) simulates the stance phase in stair ascension. With the benefits of physical properties of water, aquatic FSU exercise may be more suitable for patients with lower limb weakness or pain. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of progressive steps per min on the surface electromyography (sEMG) of gluteus maximus (GM), biceps femoris (BF), rectus femoris (RF), and gastrocnemius (GA), when performing FSU exercise with different steps per min in water and on land. (2) Methods: Participants (N = 20) were instructed to perform FSU exercises at different steps per min (35, 60, and 95 bpm) in water and on land. The sEMG of the tested muscles were collected. The percentage maximum voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC) of GM, RF, GA and BF at different environments and steps per min was compared. (3) Result: There was a statistically significant difference of %MVIC of RF at all steps per min comparisons regardless of the movement phases and environments (p < 0.01, except for descending phases of 35 bpm vs. 60 bpm). All tested muscles showed a statistically significant lower muscle activation in water (p < 0.05) (4) Conclusion: This study found that the %MVIC of the tested muscle in both investigated environments increase as steps per minute increases. It is also found that the movement pattern of FSU exercise activates RF the most among all the tested muscles. Muscle activation of all tested muscles is also found to be smaller in water due to buoyancy property of water. Aquatic FSU exercise might be applicable to patients with lower limb weakness or knee osteoarthritis to improve their lower limb strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Amateur Female Athletes Perform the Running Split of a Triathlon Race at Higher Relative Intensity than the Male Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Guilherme Corrêa De Araújo Moury Fernandes, José G. G. Barbosa Junior, Aldo Seffrin, Lavínia Vivan, Claudio A. B. de Lira, Rodrigo L. Vancini, Katja Weiss, Beat Knechtle and Marilia S. Andrade

Healthcare 2023, 11(3), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030418 - 1 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2521

Abstract

Maximal oxygen uptake (

\dot{V} O_{2} m a x

), ventilatory threshold (VT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP) can be used to monitor the training intensity and the race strategy, and the elucidation of the specificities existing between the sexes can [...] Read more.

Maximal oxygen uptake (

\dot{V} O_{2} m a x

), ventilatory threshold (VT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP) can be used to monitor the training intensity and the race strategy, and the elucidation of the specificities existing between the sexes can be interesting for coaches and athletes. The aim of the study was to compare ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and the percentage of the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) that can be maintained in a triathlon race between sexes. Forty-one triathletes (22 men and 19 women), 42.1 ± 8.4 (26 to 60) years old, that raced the same Olympic triathlon underwent a cardiorespiratory maximal treadmill test to assess their VT, RPC, and MAS, and race speed. The maximal oxygen uptake (

\dot{V} O_{2} m a x

) (54.0 ± 5.1 vs. 49.8 ± 7.7 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001) and MAS (17 ± 2 vs. 15 ± 2 km/h, p = 0.001) were significantly higher in male than in female athletes. Conversely, there were no sex differences according to the percentage of

\dot{V} O_{2} m a x

reached at VT (74.4 ± 4.9 vs. 76.1 ± 5.4%, p = 0.298) and RCP (89.9 ± 3.6 vs. 90.6 ± 4.0%, p = 0.560). The mean speed during the race did not differ between sexes (12.1 ± 1.7 km/h and 11.7 ± 1.8 km/h, p = 0.506, respectively). Finally, men performed the running split at a lower percentage of speed at RCP than women (84.0 ± 8.7 vs. 91.2 ± 7.0%, respectively, p = 0.005). Therefore, male and female athletes accomplished the running split in an Olympic triathlon distance at distinct relative intensities, as female athletes run at a higher RCP percentage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

11 pages, 579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of 24 Weeks of a Supervised Walk Training on Knee Muscle Strength and Quality of Life in Older Female Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Wei-Hsiu Hsu, Wei-Bin Hsu, Zin-Rong Lin, Shr-Hsin Chang, Chun-Hao Fan, Liang-Tseng Kuo and Wen-Wei Robert Hsu

Healthcare 2023, 11(3), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030356 - 26 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1841

Abstract

Poor supervision, impaired exercise adherence, and low compliance with exercise regimens result in inconsistent effects regarding exercise interventions. A supervised-walk training regimen (9 km/week) may have a positive effect on functional recovery in female total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.

Poor supervision, impaired exercise adherence, and low compliance with exercise regimens result in inconsistent effects regarding exercise interventions. A supervised-walk training regimen (9 km/week) may have a positive effect on functional recovery in female total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a supervised walking regimen on lower limb muscle strength, functional fitness, and patient-reported outcomes in female TKA. Twenty-eight female TKA were allocated into a control (CON) (n = 14) or walk training (WT) (n = 14) group. WT on treadmills was initiated 12 weeks after TKA. All patients were examined for lower muscle strength (including extension and flexion of hip and knee), physical function (including a 6-min walk test, 8-foot up-and-go test, and 30-s chair stand test), and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire. Knee flexor (WT: CON; 64.4 ± 4.1 nm/kg: 43.7±3.3 nm/kg; p = 0.001; effect size: 5.62) and extensor strengths (WT: CON; 73.1 ± 7.5 nm/kg: 48.2 ± 2.4 nm/kg; p = 0.001; effect size: 4.47) statistically increased in the WT group compared to the CON group. The 6-min walk test (from 341.3 ± 20.5 m to 405.5 ± 30.7 m; p = 0.001; effect size: 2.46) and 8-foot up-and-go test (from 9.5 ± 0.7 s to 8.3 ± 0.7 s; p = 0.002; effect size: 1.71) tests also showed significant improvements in the WT group in the follow-up compared to the baseline. An increase in quality of life score according to the KOOS questionnaire (WT: CON; 91.0 ± 2.8: 68.1 ± 5.8; p = 0.001; effect size: 5.02) was noted in the WT group compared to the CON group in the follow-up. WT facilitated improvements in knee muscle strength and functional outcomes in TKA patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 7452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Exercise on Fatigue and Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis

by Inés Muñoz-Paredes, Azael J. Herrero, Natalia Román-Nieto, Alba M. Peña-Gomez and Jesús Seco-Calvo

Healthcare 2023, 11(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11010084 - 28 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2978

Abstract

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that leads to a great deterioration in the quality of life. Objective: We aimed to assess the effectiveness of two individual programs, one based on transcranial direct current stimulation [...] Read more.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that leads to a great deterioration in the quality of life. Objective: We aimed to assess the effectiveness of two individual programs, one based on transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and another based on the effect of physical exercise on fatigue and quality of life in patients with MS. Methods: A total of 12 patients with relapsing–remitting and progressive secondary MS participated. Fatigue and quality of life were assessed before and after intervention. The exercise program and tDCS were carried out over a 4-week period, with a washout period of 5 months. Results: The results show significant improvements in the different quality of life subscales after the application of tDCS, activities of daily living (r = 0.625; p = 0.037) (g = 0.465), psychological well-being (r = 0.856; p = 0.004) (g = 0.727) and coping (r = 0.904; p = 0.18) (g = 0.376), and in those after the application of exercise, activities of daily living (r = 0.853; p = 0.003) (g = 0.570) and psychological well-being (r = 0.693; p = 0.041) (g = 0.417). After the application of both therapies, more than 50% of the subjects did not have a positive fatigue score on the MFIS scale. Conclusion: The major findings suggest that the application of both therapies produces a beneficial effect with significant improvements in the quality of life of this sample. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity Reduces the Risk of Developing Diabetes and Diabetes Medication Use

by Ángel Denche-Zamorano, David Manuel Mendoza-Muñoz, Sabina Barrios-Fernandez, Carolina Perez-Corraliza, Juan Manuel Franco-García, Jorge Carlos-Vivas, Raquel Pastor-Cisneros and María Mendoza-Muñoz

Healthcare 2022, 10(12), 2479; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10122479 - 8 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2206

Abstract

Diabetes is a global public health challenge, exerting a large socioeconomic burden on healthcare systems. This study aimed to explore Diabetes prevalence and Diabetes medication use in diabetics regarding sex, age group, Physical Activity Level (PAL) and Body Mass Index (BMI) by studying [...] Read more.

Diabetes is a global public health challenge, exerting a large socioeconomic burden on healthcare systems. This study aimed to explore Diabetes prevalence and Diabetes medication use in diabetics regarding sex, age group, Physical Activity Level (PAL) and Body Mass Index (BMI) by studying possible differences and calculating the risks of developing Diabetes and Diabetes medication use in the population according to their PAL. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data extracted from the Spanish National Health Survey (ENSE2017). The sample was finally composed of 17,710 participants. A descriptive analysis was performed to characterise Diabetes prevalence and Diabetes medication use (Chi-square test and a z-test for independent proportions). Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated for Diabetes prevalence and Diabetes medication use according to the participants’ PAL. Both the Diabetes and Diabetes medication use was higher in men than in women, increasing with age and BMI, and decreasing with increasing PAL (p < 0.001). Higher prevalence levels were observed in the inactive group versus very active or active people (p < 0.001). Inactive people had a higher risk of Diabetes and use of Diabetes medication risk compared to the very active and active groups. Prevalence decreased the higher the PAL both in men and women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Other

Jump to: Editorial, Research

22 pages, 619 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effects of Combined Training Programs in Individuals with Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review

by Mónica Sousa, Rafael Oliveira, João Paulo Brito, Alexandre Duarte Martins, João Moutão and Susana Alves

Healthcare 2023, 11(12), 1708; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11121708 - 11 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3017

Abstract

Fibromyalgia is a rheumatic disease characterised by chronic widespread muscular pain and its treatment is carried out by pharmacological interventions. Physical exercise and a healthy lifestyle act as an important mechanism in reducing the symptoms of the disease. The aims of this study [...] Read more.

Fibromyalgia is a rheumatic disease characterised by chronic widespread muscular pain and its treatment is carried out by pharmacological interventions. Physical exercise and a healthy lifestyle act as an important mechanism in reducing the symptoms of the disease. The aims of this study were to analyse and systematise the characteristics of combined training programs (i.e., type and duration of interventions, weekly frequency, duration and structure of training sessions and prescribed intensities) and to analyse their effects on people diagnosed with fibromyalgia. A systematic literature search was performed using the PRISMA method and then randomised controlled trial articles that met the eligibility criteria were selected. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale was used to assess the quality and risk of the studies. A total of 230 articles were selected, and in the end, 13 articles met the defined criteria. The results showed different exercise interventions such as: combined training, high-intensity interval training, Tai Chi, aerobic exercise, body balance and strength training. In general, the different interventions were beneficial for decreasing physical symptoms and improving physical fitness and functional capacity. In conclusion, a minimum duration of 14 weeks is recommended for better benefits. Moreover, combined training programs were the most effective for this population, in order to reduce the symptoms of the disease with a duration between 60 and 90 min, three times a week with a light to moderate intensity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1602 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

Women’s Involvement in Steady Exercise (WISE): Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

by Irene Ferrando-Terradez, Lirios Dueñas, Ivana Parčina, Nemanja Ćopić, Svetlana Petronijević, Gianfranco Beltrami, Fabio Pezzoni, Constanza San Martín-Valenzuela, Maarten Gijssel, Stefano Moliterni, Panagiotis Papageorgiou and Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco

Healthcare 2023, 11(9), 1279; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11091279 - 29 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1873

Abstract

Background: Physical inactivity is a serious public health problem for people of all ages and is currently the fourth highest global risk factor for mortality. The transition period from adolescence to adulthood coincides with a marked reduction in participation in physical activity, with [...] Read more.

Background: Physical inactivity is a serious public health problem for people of all ages and is currently the fourth highest global risk factor for mortality. The transition period from adolescence to adulthood coincides with a marked reduction in participation in physical activity, with more than 50% (and up to 80%) of young adults stopping physical activity. This decrease in physical activity is more evident in women than in men. Despite efforts, existing programs face challenges in effectively initiating and maintaining physical activity among individuals, particularly women, for extended durations. To address these limitations, the Women’s Involvement in Steady Exercise (WISE) randomized controlled trial (RCT) seeks to assess the efficacy of a digital high-intensity training intervention complemented by nutritional plans and other health-related advice. Methods: The study will be a three-center, randomized (1:1), controlled, parallel-group trial with a six-month intervention period. A total of 300 participants will be recruited at three study sites in Spain, Serbia and Italy. The participants will be randomized to one of the two groups and will follow a six-month program. The primary outcome of the study is the daily step count. Self-reported physical activity, the adherence to the exercise program, body composition, physical activity enjoyment, quality of sleep and physical capacities will also be evaluated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1333 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

An Active Retirement Programme, a Randomized Controlled Trial of a Sensorimotor Training Programme for Older Adults: A Study Protocol

by Carolina Alexandra Cabo, Orlando Fernandes, María Mendoza-Muñoz, Sabina Barrios-Fernandez, Laura Muñoz-Bermejo, Rafael Gómez-Galán and Jose A. Parraca

Healthcare 2023, 11(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11010086 - 28 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2193

Abstract

Research shows that exercise training programmes lead to several improvements in older adults’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and well-being. This study will examine the effects of an active retirement programme on Portuguese older adults, investigating its effects on body composition, physical fitness, [...] Read more.

Research shows that exercise training programmes lead to several improvements in older adults’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and well-being. This study will examine the effects of an active retirement programme on Portuguese older adults, investigating its effects on body composition, physical fitness, HRQoL, and physical activity level (PAL). Therefore, a parallel-group randomised controlled trial will be conducted, including body composition (height and body weight), physical fitness (strength, flexibility, agility, postural control, and gait), HRQoL, and PAL assessments before and after the application of the programme. The programme will be carried out for six months, two days per week (45 min), plus a year of follow-up. The programme will consist of six circuits with eight physical exercises each. The circuits will change at the end of the four weeks (one monthly circuit). The exercises’ difficulty will increase throughout the programme, with alternatives for all the participants. If the effectiveness of the programme is demonstrated, implementation in different services and municipalities could be advised, as the actors involved in health and social services should promote the well-being of their citizens through, among others, health-related physical activity and the prevention of diseases associated with inactivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Exercise Testing and Prescription Strategies to Improve Quality of Life

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Published Papers (20 papers)

Editorial

Research

Other

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI