International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

2024

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31 pages, 18235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geospatial Analysis of Malaria and Typhoid Prevalence Due to Waste Dumpsite Exposure in Kinshasa Districts with and Without Waste Services: A Case Study of Bandalungwa and Bumbu, Democratic Republic of Congo

by Yllah Kang Okin, Helmut Yabar, Karume Lubula Kevin, Takeshi Mizunoya and Yoshiro Higano

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(11), 1495; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21111495 - 11 Nov 2024

Viewed by 746

Abstract

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management poses substantial challenges in rapidly urbanizing areas, with implications for both the environment and public health. This study focuses on the city of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo, investigating whether the presence or absence of solid [...] Read more.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management poses substantial challenges in rapidly urbanizing areas, with implications for both the environment and public health. This study focuses on the city of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo, investigating whether the presence or absence of solid waste collection services results in varying health and economic impacts, and additionally, seeking to establish a correlation between residing in proximity to dumpsites and the prevalence of diseases like malaria and typhoid, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of the health implications tied to waste exposure. Health data were collected through survey questionnaires, and the geospatial distribution of 19 dumpsites was analyzed using Google Earth Pro 7.3.1 for satellite imagery and GIS software 10.3.1 to map dumpsites and define 1 km buffer zones around the largest dumpsites for household sampling. Statistical analyses were conducted using R Version 4.2.3, employing Chi-square tests for disease prevalence and logistic regression to assess associations between waste management practices and health outcomes. A multivariate regression was used to evaluate correlations between discomfort symptoms (e.g., nasal and eye irritation) and waste activities. The geospatial analysis revealed significant variation in dumpsite size and location, with larger dumpsites near water bodies and flood-prone areas. The study contributes valuable insights into waste-related health risks, emphasizing the need for improved waste management policies in rapidly urbanizing areas like Kinshasa. The socio-demographic analysis reveals distinct traits within the surveyed populations of two communes, Bandalungwa (Bandal) and Bumbu. Bumbu, characterized by larger open dumpsites and limited waste collection services, exhibits a higher prevalence of certain diseases, particularly typhoid fever, and malaria. This discrepancy is statistically significant (p < 2.2 × 10⁻¹⁶), suggesting a potential link between waste exposure and disease prevalence. In Bandal, self-waste collection is a high risk of exposure to typhoid (OR = 4.834 and p = 0.00001), but the implementation of a waste collection service shows protective effect (OR = 0.206 and p = 0.00001). The lack of waste collection services in Bumbu increases the risk of exposure, although not significantly (OR = 2.268 and p = 0.08). Key findings indicate that waste disposal methods significantly differ between Bandal and Bumbu. Bumbu’s reliance on burning and dumping creates environments conducive to disease vectors, contributing to elevated disease transmission risks. However, an in-depth correlation analysis reveals that specific waste management practices, such as burning, burying, and open dumping, do not exhibit statistically significant associations with disease prevalence, underlining the complexity of disease dynamics. This study contributes valuable insights into the importance for urban public health, particularly in rapidly urbanizing cities like Kinshasa, where inadequate waste management exacerbates health risks. By investigating the correlation between proximity to unregulated dumpsites and the prevalence of diseases such as malaria and typhoid fever, the research underscores the urgent need for targeted waste management policies. The stark health disparities between Bandal, with better waste services, and Bumbu, where services are lacking, highlight the protective effect of organized waste collection. These findings suggest that expanding public waste services and enforcing stricter regulations on waste disposal could reduce disease prevalence in vulnerable areas. Additionally, the study supports integrating waste management into urban planning as a critical public health measure. Its evidence-based approach offers valuable insights for policymakers in Kinshasa and other cities facing similar challenges, emphasizing the broader health implications of environmental governance in urban settings. Full article

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14 pages, 2365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter in a Metal Workshop

by Antonella Buljat, Marija Čargonja and Darko Mekterović

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(6), 768; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060768 - 13 Jun 2024

Viewed by 683

Abstract

Metal workshops are workplaces with the substantial production of particulate matter (PM) with high metal content, which poses a significant health risk to workers. The PM produced by different metal processing techniques differs considerably in its elemental composition and size distribution and therefore [...] Read more.

Metal workshops are workplaces with the substantial production of particulate matter (PM) with high metal content, which poses a significant health risk to workers. The PM produced by different metal processing techniques differs considerably in its elemental composition and size distribution and therefore poses different health risks. In some previous studies, the pollution sources were isolated under controlled conditions, while, in this study, we present a valuable alternative to characterize the pollution sources that can be applied to real working environments. Fine PM was sampled in five units (partially specializing in different techniques) of the same workshop. A total of 53 samples were collected with a temporal resolution of 30 min and 1 h. The mass concentrations were determined gravimetrically, and the elemental analysis, in which the concentrations of 14 elements were determined, was carried out using the X-ray fluorescence technique. Five sources of pollution were identified: background, steel grinding, metal active gas welding, tungsten inert gas welding, and machining. The sources were identified by positive matrix factorization, a statistical method for source apportionment. The identified sources corresponded well with the work activities in the workshop and with the actual sources described in previous studies. It is shown that positive matrix factorization can be a valuable tool for the identification and characterization of indoor sources. Full article

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20 pages, 8391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Human Health Risk Indices Due to Metal Contamination in the Surface Water of the Negro River Sub-Basin, Áncash

by Walter Bravo-Zevallos, Yadira Fernández-Jerí, Juan C. Torres-Lázaro and Karol Zuñiga-Bardales

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(6), 733; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060733 - 5 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1398

Abstract

The accelerated loss of glacial cover in the Cordillera Blanca in Áncash, Peru, exposes the underlying rocks with high concentrations of sulfides from the Chicama Formation to oxidation and leaching processes, generating acid rock drainage (ARD) in glacial and periglacial areas. These are [...] Read more.

The accelerated loss of glacial cover in the Cordillera Blanca in Áncash, Peru, exposes the underlying rocks with high concentrations of sulfides from the Chicama Formation to oxidation and leaching processes, generating acid rock drainage (ARD) in glacial and periglacial areas. These are transported by surface runoff, contaminating the surface water with high concentrations of metals and sulfates, as well as increasing the acidity, which poses a risk to human health and the ecosystem. Therefore, the risk indices for human health due to metal contamination were evaluated at 19 surface water sampling points distributed in the Río Negro sub-basin. Hydrochemical analyses revealed average metal concentrations in the following order: Fe (28.597 mg/L), Al (3.832 mg/L), Mn (1.085 mg/L), Zn (0.234 mg/L), Ni (0.085 mg/L), Co (0.053 mg/L), Li (0.036 mg/L), Cu (0.005 mg/L), and Pb (0.002 mg/L). The risk was determined by calculating the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) and the Hazard Index (HI). The average HPI value was 360.959, indicating a high level of contamination (HPI ≥ 150). The human health risk assessment indicated that adverse effects caused by iron, lithium, and cobalt in children and adults should be considered. Through the use of Pearson correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis, it was identified that SO₄²⁻, Fe, S, Al, Co, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Li originate from natural sources, associated with the generation of ARD in glacial and periglacial areas. Full article

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2023

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19 pages, 4257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wildfires as a Source of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Soil: A Case Study from Campania Region (Italy)

by Lucia Rita Pacifico, Antonio Pizzolante, Annalise Guarino, Antonio Iannone, Mauro Esposito and Stefano Albanese

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(5), 4513; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054513 - 3 Mar 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2318

Abstract

The worldwide increase in fire events has attracted global attention, as potentially toxic elements (PTEs) have been widely recognised within the produced ash. Ash is transported, dispersed by wind, and deposited into the soil and surficial waters even far from fires. Considering that [...] Read more.

The worldwide increase in fire events has attracted global attention, as potentially toxic elements (PTEs) have been widely recognised within the produced ash. Ash is transported, dispersed by wind, and deposited into the soil and surficial waters even far from fires. Considering that their composition can be enriched in PTEs, they represent a potential hazard for humans and other animals exposed to airborne particles and, afterwards, to resuspended matter, even at a considerable distance from the source. This study aimed to assess the environmental impact of fire events that occurred during the 2017 summer season at two different sites in the Campania region (Southern Italy). One of the fires affected a waste disposal site west of Caserta, and one involved a forest on the slopes of Mt. Somma-Vesuvius, a few kilometres southeast of Naples, the regional capital. Changes to the PTE concentration in the topsoil in the surroundings of both sites, after the fire events, were investigated. Enrichment factors (EFs) of a selection of PTEs were determined by comparing geochemical data from two sampling campaigns, one completed before and one after the fire events. A combined application of multivariate statistics (based on robust principal component analysis; RPCA) and geospatial analysis was used to determine the materials affected by the fire on the slopes of Mt. Somma-Vesuvius, and roughly locate their place. Specifically, a statistically significant enrichment of Hg was identified in the topsoil of both study areas. In addition, in soil samples collected at Mt. Somma-Vesuvius, more PTEs showed significant changes in their concentration. For both areas, Hg enrichments were related to the deposition of ash proceeding from waste burning; furthermore, as regards the soil of the Vesuvian area, Cr and Cd enrichments were associated with the fallout of ash generated during biomass combustion, and the increase in Cu and Zn concentrations was linked to the burning of crops on cultivated lands. Apart from the specific results obtained, concerning the examined case studies, the methods applied can be seen as a reliable option to determine the compositional characteristics of materials burned during a fire event, even with the prospect of improving the eventual assessment process of the related environmental hazards. Full article

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2022

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13 pages, 1157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Water-Soluble Trace Elements in the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 of Palermo Town (Italy)

by Daniela Varrica and Maria Grazia Alaimo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(1), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010724 - 30 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1832

Abstract

This study contributes to the current knowledge on the solubility of trace elements in the atmospheric particulate matter of the urban area of Palermo. Daily sample filters of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were collected in monitoring stations within and outside the urban [...] Read more.

This study contributes to the current knowledge on the solubility of trace elements in the atmospheric particulate matter of the urban area of Palermo. Daily sample filters of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were collected in monitoring stations within and outside the urban area, characterized by variable traffic density. The bulk of compositions in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were determined by ICP-MS. The water-soluble trace elements (WSTE) and major ion components of particulate matter were determined by ICP-MS and ion chromatography, respectively. A significant difference in the metals content was observed between the samples taken in urban areas and those from suburban areas. The calculated enrichment factor highlights the high values for Cu, Mo, Sb, V, and Zn, confirming the contribution of human activities. The leaching test was applied to PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 filters and showed different behaviors and transport of metals and metalloids. The calculated leaching coefficient highlights the metals typically produced by anthropic activities, compared to those of geogenic origin, are much more soluble in water and have greater mobility. The factor analysis was used to identify the sources of water-soluble ions. The main sources are anthropic, geogenic, and sea spray. The final objective of this study is to obtain, with the aid of leaching experiments on PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ filter samples, information about the bioavailability and mobility of the different metals and metalloids that could be used as the scientific basis for public health intervention and to raise the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in the urban environment, especially in densely populated areas. Full article

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18 pages, 17990 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Performance and Stability of the Highway Subgrades in Seismic Events, a Case Study of the Changning Earthquake, Sichuan

by Zhen Cui, Maochu Zhang, Kai Wu and Hongsheng Ma

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 14379; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114379 - 3 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1780

Abstract

On 17 June 2019, an M6.0 earthquake occurred in Changning County, Sichuan Province, China. Considerable highway subgrades were damaged in this earthquake. By investigating seismic damage of these subgrades, a systematical analysis of influence factors and failure mode of the damages on highway [...] Read more.

On 17 June 2019, an M6.0 earthquake occurred in Changning County, Sichuan Province, China. Considerable highway subgrades were damaged in this earthquake. By investigating seismic damage of these subgrades, a systematical analysis of influence factors and failure mode of the damages on highway subgrade have been given. There is a close relationship between the damaged degree of subgrade and the distance of epicenter, fault distance, and structure type of subgrade. The seismic hazard investigation shows that the seismic damage of the cut-and-fill subgrade was more severe than that of the fill subgrade. Taking the Changning earthquake ground motion record as input, 3D dynamic finite element analyses were performed. The seismic damage mechanisms of cut-and-fill subgrade and fill subgrade were revealed. The numerical simulation confirmed that the cut-and-fill subgrade was more easily damaged by earthquakes compared with the fill subgrade. The fill-and-cut interface of the cut-and-fill subgrade had a notable plastic strain band after the earthquake, and the permanent displacement of the slope top was significant. In this manner, the numerical results are consistent with seismic investigation data. Considering the seismic investigation data for highway subgrades are rare, this paper may provide effective references for aseismic design and deformation control of highway subgrades. Full article

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19 pages, 5229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Source Analysis and Contamination Assessment of Potentially Toxic Element in Soil of Small Watershed in Mountainous Area of Southern Henan, China

by Hang Chen, Wei Wu, Li Cao, Xiaode Zhou, Rentai Guo, Liwei Nie and Wenxing Shang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(20), 13324; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013324 - 15 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1690

Abstract

In this study, the concentrations of potentially toxic elements in 283 topsoil samples were determined. Håkanson toxicity response coefficient modified matter element extension model was introduced to evaluate the soil elements contamination, and the results were compared with the pollution index method. The [...] Read more.

In this study, the concentrations of potentially toxic elements in 283 topsoil samples were determined. Håkanson toxicity response coefficient modified matter element extension model was introduced to evaluate the soil elements contamination, and the results were compared with the pollution index method. The sources and spatial distribution of soil elements were analyzed by the combination of the PMF model and IDW interpolation. The results are as follows, 1: The concentration distribution of potentially toxic elements is different in space. Higher concentrations were found in the vicinity of the mining area and farmland. 2: The weight of all elements has changed significantly. The evaluation result of the matter-element extension model shows that 68.55% of the topsoil in the study area is clean soil, and Hg is the main contamination element. The evaluation result is roughly the same as that of the pollution index method, indicating that the evaluation result of the matter-element extension model with modified is accurate and reasonable. 3: Potentially toxic elements mainly come from the mixed sources of atmospheric sedimentation and agricultural activities (22.59%), the mixed sources of agricultural activities and mining (20.26%), the mixed sources of traffic activities, nature and mining (36.30%), the mixed sources of pesticide use and soil parent material (20.85%). Full article

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17 pages, 6178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Distribution of Soil Heavy Metals and Associated Environmental Risks near Major Roads in Southern Tibet, China

by Wanjiang She, Linghui Guo, Jiangbo Gao, Chi Zhang, Shaohong Wu, Yuanmei Jiao and Gaoru Zhu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(14), 8380; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148380 - 8 Jul 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2207

Abstract

Soil heavy metal pollution is becoming an increasingly serious environmental problem. This study was performed to investigate the contents of surface soil heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd) near six roads in the southern part of the Tibetan Plateau. Multivariate statistics, geoaccumulation index, [...] Read more.

Soil heavy metal pollution is becoming an increasingly serious environmental problem. This study was performed to investigate the contents of surface soil heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd) near six roads in the southern part of the Tibetan Plateau. Multivariate statistics, geoaccumulation index, potential ecological risk, and a human health assessment model were used to study the spatial pollution pattern and identify the main pollutants and regions of concern. The mean

I_{g e o}

was ranked in the order Cd > Cu > Zn > Pb, with the average concentrations of Cd, Zn, and Cu exceeding their corresponding background levels 4.36-, 1.00-, and 1.8-fold, respectively. Soil Cd level was classified as posing a considerable potential risk near national highways and a high potential risk near non-national highways, whereas soil Cu, Zn, and Pb were associated with a low potential ecological risk for each class of roads. Furthermore, the non-carcinogenic risk due to soil heavy metals for each class of roads was within the acceptable risk level for three exposure pathways for both adults and children, but the carcinogenic risk attributable to soil Pb exceeded the threshold for children near highways G318, G562, and G219 and for adults near highway G318. Our work not only underscores the importance of assessing potential threats to ecological and human health due to soil heavy metal pollution on road surfaces but also provides quantitative guidance for remediation actions. Full article

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19 pages, 2441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scrutinizing the Impact of Alternating Electromagnetic Fields on Molecular Features of the Model Plant Arabidopsis thaliana

by Sonja Michèle Schmidtpott, Saliba Danho, Vijay Kumar, Thorsten Seidel, Wolfgang Schöllhorn and Karl-Josef Dietz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(9), 5144; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095144 - 23 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2784

Abstract

Natural and anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are ubiquitous in the environment and interfere with all biological organisms including plants. Particularly the quality and quantity of alternating EMFs from anthropogenic sources are increasing due to the implementation of novel technologies. There is a significant [...] Read more.

Natural and anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are ubiquitous in the environment and interfere with all biological organisms including plants. Particularly the quality and quantity of alternating EMFs from anthropogenic sources are increasing due to the implementation of novel technologies. There is a significant interest in exploring the impact of EMFs (similar to those emitted from battery chargers of electric cars) on plants. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana was exposed to a composite alternating EMF program for 48 h and scrutinized for molecular alterations using photosynthetic performance, metabolite profiling, and RNA sequencing followed by qRT-PCR validation. Clear differences in the photosynthetic parameters between the treated and control plants indicated either lower nonphotochemical quenching or higher reduction of the plastoquinone pool or both. Transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing revealed alterations in transcript amounts upon EMF exposure; however, the gene ontology groups of, e.g., chloroplast stroma, thylakoids, and envelope were underrepresented. Quantitative real-time PCR validated deregulation of some selected transcripts. More profound were the readjustments in metabolite pool sizes with variations in photosynthetic and central energy metabolism. These findings together with the invariable phenotype indicate efficient adjustment of the physiological state of the EMF-treated plants, suggesting testing for more challenging growth conditions in future experiments. Full article

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26 pages, 20173 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Sinkholes Investigations in Jangseong-Gun Area, South Korea, and Recommendations for Similar Studies

by Khaqan Baluch, Jung-Gyu Kim, Jong-Gwan Kim, Young Hun Ko, Seung-Won Jung and Sher Q. Baluch

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(3), 1111; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031111 - 20 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2932

Abstract

This paper reviews the site investigation field data and access work performed between 2016 and 2019 in the study area located close to Gun-dong mine. The research was aimed at defining the cause of sinkholes and their relationship with the underlying karstic limestone [...] Read more.

This paper reviews the site investigation field data and access work performed between 2016 and 2019 in the study area located close to Gun-dong mine. The research was aimed at defining the cause of sinkholes and their relationship with the underlying karstic limestone bedrock and nearby mining activities. Only a limited number of small sinkholes appeared in 2014, 2016, and 2018 in the agricultural land close to the limestone mine. The previously open pit mine started its underground operations in 2007. Since then, the mine has developed, and is now comprised of, large underground excavations at several levels below the surface. The studies carried out concluded that the appearance of sinkholes may be related to a general lowering of the groundwater table because of nearby agricultural and mining activities and also due to over-extraction of water due to increased urban use. Whilst these are the best determinations, this paper identifies missing elements of the previous investigations mentioned above, some issues with the interpretation of poorly prepared borehole logs and the improper preservation of borehole cores. The authors make recommendations for a systematic approach for implementation of an investigation strategy. This paper concludes that the appearance of sinkholes is a natural phenomenon, developing over geological time. However, human intervention contributes to sinkhole formation, which in urban areas may result in human, property, and economic losses. A better understanding, based on a methodical approach and suitable technologies, can determine the causes of sinkholes and can lead to the formulation of solutions and the implementation of economically and socially acceptable mitigation measures. Full article

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2021

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26 pages, 2357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strategies to Control Human Health Risks Arising from Antibiotics in the Environment: Molecular Modification of QNs for Enhanced Plant–Microbial Synergistic Degradation

by Peixuan Sun and Wenjin Zhao

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(20), 10610; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010610 - 10 Oct 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2538

Abstract

In the present work, a comprehensive screening and evaluation system was established to improve the plant–microbial synergistic degradation effects of QNs. The study included the construction of a 3D-QSAR model, the molecular modification, environmental friendliness and functional evaluation of drugs, degradation pathway simulation, [...] Read more.

In the present work, a comprehensive screening and evaluation system was established to improve the plant–microbial synergistic degradation effects of QNs. The study included the construction of a 3D-QSAR model, the molecular modification, environmental friendliness and functional evaluation of drugs, degradation pathway simulation, and human health risk assessment. Molecular dynamics was applied to quantify the binding capacity of QNs toward the plant degradation enzyme (peroxidase) and microbial degradation enzymes (manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, and laccase). The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used in combination with the weighted average method for normalization and assigning equal weights to the plant and microbial degradation effect values of the QNs. Considering the synergistic degradation effect value as the dependent variable and the molecular information of the QNs as the independent variable, a 3D-QSAR model was constructed for the plant–microbial synergistic degradation effect of QNs. The constructed model was then employed to conduct the molecular modification, environmental friendliness and functional evaluation, degradation pathway simulation, and human health risk assessment of transformation products using pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics. The results revealed that the synergistic degradation effect 3D-QSAR (CoMSIA) model exhibited good internal and external prediction ability, fitting ability, stability, and no overfitting phenomenon. Norfloxacin (NOR) was used as the target molecule in the molecular modification. A total of 35 NOR derivatives with enhanced plant–microbial synergistic degradation effect (1.32–21.51%) were designed by introducing small-volume, strongly electronegative, and hydrophobic hydrogen bond receptor groups into the active group of the norfloxacin structure. The environment-friendliness and the functionality of NOR were evaluated prior to and after the modification, which revealed seven environment-friendly FQs derivatives exhibiting moderate improvement in stability and bactericidal efficacy. The simulation of the NOR plant and microbial degradation pathways prior to and after the modification and the calculation of the reaction energy barrier revealed Pathway A (D-17 to D-17-2) and Pathway B (D-17 to D-17-4) as the most prone degradation pathways in plants and Pathway A (D-17 to D-17-1) and Pathway B (D-17 to D-17-4) as the most prone degradation pathways in microorganisms. This demonstrated that the degradation of the modified NOR derivatives was significantly enhanced, with the hydroxylation and piperazine ring substitution reaction playing an important role in the degradation process. Finally, the parameters, including hepatotoxicity, mutagenicity, and rodent carcinogenicity, among others, predicted using the pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics analyses revealed a significant reduction in the human health risk associated with the modified NOR, along with a considerable reduction in the toxicity of its transformation products, implying that the human health risk associated with the transformation products was reduced remarkably. The present study provides a theoretical basis for novel ideas and evaluation programs for improving the plant–microbial synergistic degradation of the QNs antibiotics for source control and drug design, thereby reducing the residues of these antibiotics and the associated hazard in the complex plant–soil environment, ultimately decreasing the potential risks to human health. Full article

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18 pages, 3395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trace Metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) and Stable Isotope Ratios (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) in Fish from Wulungu Lake, Xinjiang, China

by Fengyu Liu, Min Li, Jianjiang Lu, Zhiqing Lai, Yanbin Tong and Manli Wang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(17), 9007; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179007 - 26 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2821

Abstract

Wulungu Lake is a vital fishery area in Xinjiang. However, the concentration, enrichment rules, and sources of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the aquatic organisms, have rarely been investigated. The results suggest that the concentrations of As, Ni, [...] Read more.

Wulungu Lake is a vital fishery area in Xinjiang. However, the concentration, enrichment rules, and sources of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the aquatic organisms, have rarely been investigated. The results suggest that the concentrations of As, Ni, Pb, and Zn were higher than those recommended by the national standards for edible fish in some species. Hg, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Zn in the fish were dependent on the concentration of trace metals in the water environment (p < 0.05). The body weights of the fish were significantly negatively correlated with only Hg (p < 0.05); however, their body lengths were significantly positively correlated with As, Cu, Zn, and Hg contents. Values of δ¹³C ‰ (δ¹⁵N ‰) for the entire fish food web was found to range from −19.9‰ (7.37‰) to −27.7‰ (15.9‰), indicating a wide range of trophic positions and energy sources. Based on the linear correlation, As, Cu, Cd, and Zn contents were positively correlated with δ¹⁵N (p < 0.05), and bioaccumulation was observed in the fish. The target hazard quotient (THQ) of all fish species was less than 1, indicating the absence of potential risks to human health. Full article

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20 pages, 4441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Approach to Assess the Environmental Impacts of Large-Scale Gold Mining: The Nzema-Gold Mines in the Ellembelle District of Ghana as a Case Study

by Dawuda Usman Kaku, Yonghong Cao, Yousef Ahmed Al-Masnay and Jean Claude Nizeyimana

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(13), 7044; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137044 - 1 Jul 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5827

Abstract

The mining industry is a significant asset to the development of countries. Ghana, Africa’s second-largest gold producer, has benefited from gold mining as the sector generates about 90% of the country’s total exports. Just like all industries, mining is associated with benefits and [...] Read more.

The mining industry is a significant asset to the development of countries. Ghana, Africa’s second-largest gold producer, has benefited from gold mining as the sector generates about 90% of the country’s total exports. Just like all industries, mining is associated with benefits and risks to indigenes and the host environment. Small-scale miners are mostly accused in Ghana of being environmentally disruptive, due to their modes of operations. As a result, this paper seeks to assess the environmental impacts of large-scale gold mining with the Nzema Mines in Ellembelle as a case study. The study employs a double-phase mixed-method approach—a case study approach, consisting of site visitation, key informant interviews, questionnaires, and literature reviews, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis method. The NDVI analysis shows that agricultural land reduced by −0.98%, while the bare area increases by 5.21% between the 2008 and 2015 periods. Our results show that forest reserves and bare area were reduced by −4.99% and −29%, respectively, while residential areas increased by 28.17% between 2015 and 2020. Vegetation, land, air, and water quality are highly threatened by large-scale mining in the area. Weak enforcement of mining policies, ineffective stakeholder institution collaborations, and limited community participation in decision-making processes were also noticed during the study. The authors conclude by giving recommendations to help enhance sustainable mining and ensure environmental sustainability in the district and beyond. Full article

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20 pages, 449 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biopollution by Invasive Marine Non-Indigenous Species: A Review of Potential Adverse Ecological Effects in a Changing Climate

by Anna Occhipinti-Ambrogi

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(8), 4268; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084268 - 17 Apr 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4612

Abstract

Biopollution by alien species is considered one of the main threats to environmental health. The marine environment, traditionally less studied than inland domains, has been the object of recent work that is reviewed here. Increasing scientific evidence has been accumulated worldwide on ecosystem [...] Read more.

Biopollution by alien species is considered one of the main threats to environmental health. The marine environment, traditionally less studied than inland domains, has been the object of recent work that is reviewed here. Increasing scientific evidence has been accumulated worldwide on ecosystem deterioration induced by the development of massive non-indigenous population outbreaks in many coastal sites. Biopollution assessment procedures have been proposed, adopting criteria already used for xenochemical compounds, adjusting them to deal with alien species invasions. On the other hand, prevention and mitigation measures to reduce biopollution impact cannot always mimic the emission countermeasures that have been successfully applied for chemical pollutants. Nevertheless, in order to design comprehensive water-quality criteria, risk assessment and management strategies, based on scientific knowledge, have been developed in a similar way as for chemical pollution. The Mediterranean Sea is a well-known case of alien species invasion, mainly linked to the opening of the Suez Canal. Non-indigenous species have caused well-documented changes in many coastal ecosystems, favoured by concomitant changes induced by global warming and by the heavy load of nutrients and pollutants by various anthropogenic activities. Naval commercial traffic and leisure boats are among the most active vectors of spread for alien species inside the Mediterranean, and also towards other ocean regions. The scientific evidence gathered and summarized in this review suggests that effective management actions, under a precautionary approach, should be put in place in order to control introductions of species in new areas. These management measures are already established in international treaties and national legislations, but should be enforced to prevent the disruption of the dynamic ecological equilibria in the receiving environment and to control the direct adverse effects of alien species. Full article

17 pages, 1918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pollution Source Apportionment and Water Quality Risk Evaluation of a Drinking Water Reservoir during Flood Seasons

by Guoshuai Qin, Jianwei Liu, Shiguo Xu and Ya Sun

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(4), 1873; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041873 - 15 Feb 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3233

Abstract

Reservoirs play an important role in the urban water supply, yet reservoirs receive an influx of large amounts of pollutants from the upper watershed during flood seasons, causing a decline in water quality and threatening the water supply. Identifying major pollution sources and [...] Read more.

Reservoirs play an important role in the urban water supply, yet reservoirs receive an influx of large amounts of pollutants from the upper watershed during flood seasons, causing a decline in water quality and threatening the water supply. Identifying major pollution sources and assessing water quality risks are important for the environmental protection of reservoirs. In this paper, the principal component/factor analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA/FA-MLR) model and Bayesian networks (BNs) are integrated to identify water pollution sources and assess the water quality risk in different precipitation conditions, which provides an effective framework for water quality management during flood seasons. The deterioration of the water quality of rivers in the flood season is found to be the main reason for the deterioration in the reservoir water quality. The nonpoint source pollution is the major pollution source of the reservoir, which contributes 53.20%, 48.41%, 72.69%, and 68.06% of the total nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (TP), fecal coliforms (F.coli), and turbidity (TUB), respectively. The risk of the water quality parameters exceeding the surface water standard under different hydrological conditions is assessed. The results show that the probability of the exceedance rate of TN, TP, and F.coli increases from 91.13%, 3.40%, and 3.34%, to 95.75%, 25.77%, and 12.76% as the monthly rainfall increases from ≤68.25 mm to >190.18 mm. The risk to the water quality of the Biliuhe River reservoir is found to increase with the rising rainfall intensity, the water quality risk at the inlet during the flood season is found to be much greater than that at the dam site, and the increasing trend of TP and turbidity is greater than that of TN and F.coli. The risk of five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) does not increase with increasing precipitation, indicating that it is less affected by nonpoint source pollution. The results of this study can provide a research basis for water environment management during flood seasons. Full article

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2020

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12 pages, 4570 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact on Air Quality of the COVID-19 Lockdown in the Urban Area of Palermo (Italy)

by Marcello Vultaggio, Daniela Varrica and Maria Grazia Alaimo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(20), 7375; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207375 - 9 Oct 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3733

Abstract

At the end of 2019, the first cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were reported in Wuhan, China. Thereafter, the number of infected people increased rapidly, and the outbreak turned into a national crisis, with infected individuals all over the country. The COVID-19 global [...] Read more.

At the end of 2019, the first cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were reported in Wuhan, China. Thereafter, the number of infected people increased rapidly, and the outbreak turned into a national crisis, with infected individuals all over the country. The COVID-19 global pandemic produced extreme changes in human behavior that affected air quality. Human mobility and production activities decreased significantly, and many regions recorded significant reductions in air pollution. The goal of our investigation was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the concentrations of the main air pollutants in the urban area of Palermo (Italy). In this study, the trends in the average concentrations of CO, NO₂, O₃, and PM₁₀ in the air from 1 January 2020 to 31 July 2020 were compared with the corresponding average values detected at the same monitoring stations in Palermo during the previous five years (2015–2019). During the lockdown period (10 March–30 April), we observed a decrease in the concentrations of CO, NO₂, and particulate matter (PM)₁₀, calculated to be about 51%, 50%, and 45%, respectively. This confirms that air pollution in an urban area is predominantly linked to vehicular traffic. Full article

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18 pages, 529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A BWM-TOPSIS Hazardous Waste Inventory Safety Risk Evaluation

by Fumin Deng, Yanjie Li, Huirong Lin, Jinrui Miao and Xuedong Liang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(16), 5765; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165765 - 10 Aug 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3873

Abstract

Hazardous waste can cause severe environmental pollution if not disposed of properly, which in turn can seriously affect the sustainable development of the entire ecology and will inevitably bring disaster to companies. However, because of limited available disposal capacity, it is often difficult [...] Read more.

Hazardous waste can cause severe environmental pollution if not disposed of properly, which in turn can seriously affect the sustainable development of the entire ecology and will inevitably bring disaster to companies. However, because of limited available disposal capacity, it is often difficult to safely dispose of hazardous waste, meaning that it must be kept as passive inventory. For the passive inventory of hazardous waste, risk evaluation of safe operation of the inventory is crucial and urgently needs to be resolved. Based on this, this paper focuses on the risk management of hazardous waste inventory of waste-producing companies and proposes a risk evaluation system for safely dealing with hazardous waste inventory, which expands the scope of inventory safety management and provides guidance to companies on developing appropriate measures to ensure hazardous waste inventory safety. First, the risk evaluation index system for hazardous waste inventory is constructed from equipment, management level, nature of hazardous waste and operational aspects. Then, the best worst method (BWM) is employed to calculate the criteria weights and the technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is employed to rank the alternatives. Finally, risk evaluation on four waste-producing companies was conducted using the developed method. The results show that Case Company 4 has the greatest risk of hazardous waste inventory, which should be reduced by improving storage method and the amount of hazardous waste. It was found that the proposed evaluation system was effective for hazardous waste inventory safety risk assessments and that the designed index system could assist companies improve their hazardous waste inventory management. Full article

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15 pages, 3959 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Annual Airborne Pollen Levels and Occurrence of All Cancers, and Lung, Stomach, Colorectal, Pancreatic and Breast Cancers: A Retrospective Study from the National Registry Database of Cancer Incidence in Japan, 1975–2015

by Akira Awaya and Yoshiyuki Kuroiwa

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(11), 3950; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113950 - 2 Jun 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3241

Abstract

Suppression of risk factors including smoking, overdrinking and infections by human papilloma and hepatitis B and C viruses has been recommended for cancer prevention; however, identification of other environmental risk factors has not been enough. Besides the 2003 report that Kawasaki disease may [...] Read more.

Suppression of risk factors including smoking, overdrinking and infections by human papilloma and hepatitis B and C viruses has been recommended for cancer prevention; however, identification of other environmental risk factors has not been enough. Besides the 2003 report that Kawasaki disease may be triggered by pollen exposure, 40 Japanese specific intractable diseases have recently been reported as “pollen diseases”, also potentially triggered by pollen exposure. Various human organs are affected by pollen exposure, leading to systemic vasculitis; autoimmune connective tissue diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases and intractable neuromuscular and bone diseases, suggesting the common effects of pollen exposure on fundamental functions of vital metabolism. In this context, cancer and malignant tumors may be another group of intractable diseases triggered by epigenetic pollen exposure. Thus, this study compared the number of newly registered patients with 24 types of cancer and airborne pollen levels measured from 1975 to 2015. We searched for statistical correlations with Bonferroni correction between the annual number of newly registered patients for all cancers or for each of lung, stomach, colorectal, pancreatic and breast cancers in the patient-registry year “x”, and annual airborne pollen levels measured in the same year as “x”, or 1–7 years prior to the year “x”. The number of newly registered patients for lung, and pancreatic cancers in the patient-registry year “x” was highly correlated with airborne pollen levels measured 2 years prior to “x”. That for breast cancer was correlated with pollen levels measured 2 and 5 years prior to “x”. To our knowledge, this is the first rapid communication of the association between pollen levels and cancer incidence. Full article

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10 pages, 1829 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Monitoring of Airborne Mercury: Comparison of Different Techniques in the Monte Amiata District, Southern Tuscany, Italy

by Valentina Rimondi, Renato Benesperi, Marc W. Beutel, Laura Chiarantini, Pilario Costagliola, Pierfranco Lattanzi, Daniela Medas and Guia Morelli

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(7), 2353; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072353 - 31 Mar 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3135

Abstract

In the present study, mercury (Hg) concentrations were investigated in lichens (Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale, Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach., and Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th.Fr.) collected in the surrounding of the dismissed Abbadia San Salvatore Hg mine (Monte Amiata district, Italy). Results were [...] Read more.

In the present study, mercury (Hg) concentrations were investigated in lichens (Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale, Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach., and Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th.Fr.) collected in the surrounding of the dismissed Abbadia San Salvatore Hg mine (Monte Amiata district, Italy). Results were integrated with Hg concentrations in tree barks and literature data of gaseous Hg levels determined by passive air samplers (PASs) in the same area. The ultimate goal was to compare results obtained by the three monitoring techniques to evaluate potential mismatches. Lichens displayed 180–3600 ng/g Hg, and Hg concentrations decreased exponentially with distance from the mine. Mercury concentration was lower than in Pinus nigra barks at the same site. There was a moderate correlation between Hg in lichen and Hg in bark, suggesting similar mechanisms of Hg uptake and residence times. However, correlation with published gaseous Hg concentrations (PASs) was moderate at best (Kendall Tau = 0.4–0.5, p > 0.05). The differences occurred because a) PASs collected gaseous Hg, whereas lichens and barks also picked up particulate Hg, and b) lichens and bark had a dynamic exchange with the atmosphere. Lichen, bark, and PAS outline different and complementary aspects of airborne Hg content and efficient monitoring programs in contaminated areas would benefit from the integration of data from different techniques. Full article

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14 pages, 2149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recognition of Trace Element Contamination Using Ficus macrophylla Leaves in Urban Environment

by Maria Grazia Alaimo and Daniela Varrica

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(3), 881; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030881 - 31 Jan 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2779

Abstract

Urban areas are characterized by numerous pollutants emitted by anthropic sources both in the form of solid and gaseous particulates. Biomonitoring is an easy, economical, and accessible approach for the determination of atmospheric pollutants. In this study, we used the leaves of Ficus [...] Read more.

Urban areas are characterized by numerous pollutants emitted by anthropic sources both in the form of solid and gaseous particulates. Biomonitoring is an easy, economical, and accessible approach for the determination of atmospheric pollutants. In this study, we used the leaves of Ficus macrophylla Desf. ex Pers., collected in the city of Palermo (Italy), to determine major and trace elements. Geogenic elements exhibited the highest concentrations, making up 99% of the weight of the analyzed elements (Ca, K, Mg, P, S, Na, Fe, and Al); they range 21,400 (Ca) to 122 µg g⁻¹ (Al). The remaining elements showed median concentrations in the range 47.5–0.05 µg g⁻¹ in the following order of abundance: Sr > Cu > Mn > Zn > Br > Rb > Ba > Pb > Cr > Sb > As > Mo = Sc. Cluster analysis, with Spearman’s coefficient to measure sample similarity, identified five main groups, namely, three clusters related to the geogenic background and marine spray; one cluster linked to elements essential to plants, and a final group attributed to the influence of traffic emissions. Calculated enrichment factors (EF) showed that the enrichments found for P and K were linked to plant metabolism; Na and Mg confirmed the role of sea spray; Cu and Zn underlined the contribution linked to anthropic processes and the role of micronutrients in plants.. As, Cr, and Mo had EF values ranging from 10 and 20, and Sb had EF > 90. From geochemical distribution maps of As, Cr, Mo, and Sb it was observed that metal and metalloid concentrations were higher in urban areas and immediately decreased as one moved away from these areas. Local pollution sources play a great role in trace element concentrations in airborne particulate matter. The present study confirms that Ficus macrophylla leaves are suitable for screening an urban environment to identify concentrations of inorganic chemicals, since they have high tolerance to pollution. Full article

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2019

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17 pages, 569 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on Recent Treatment Technology for Herbicide Atrazine in Contaminated Environment

by Huijun He, Yongpan Liu, Shaohong You, Jie Liu, He Xiao and Zhihong Tu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(24), 5129; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245129 - 16 Dec 2019

Cited by 117 | Viewed by 8072

Abstract

Atrazine is a kind of triazine herbicide that is widely used for weed control due to its good weeding effect and low price. The study of atrazine removal from the environment is of great significance due to the stable structure, difficult degradation, long [...] Read more.

Atrazine is a kind of triazine herbicide that is widely used for weed control due to its good weeding effect and low price. The study of atrazine removal from the environment is of great significance due to the stable structure, difficult degradation, long residence time in environment, and toxicity on the organism and human beings. Therefore, a number of processing technologies are developed and widely employed for atrazine degradation, such as adsorption, photochemical catalysis, biodegradation, etc. In this article, with our previous research work, the progresses of researches about the treatment technology of atrazine are systematically reviewed, which includes the four main aspects of physicochemical, chemical, biological, and material-microbial-integrated aspects. The advantages and disadvantages of various methods are summarized and the degradation mechanisms are also evaluated. Specially, recent advanced technologies, both plant-microbial remediation and the material-microbial-integrated method, have been highlighted on atrazine degradation. Among them, the plant-microbial remediation is based on the combined system of soil-plant-microbes, and the material-microbial-integrated method is based on the synergistic effect of materials and microorganisms. Additionally, future research needs to focus on the excellent removal effect and low environmental impact of functional materials, and the coordination processing of two or more technologies for atrazine removal is also highlighted. Full article

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12 pages, 293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Progress in Combined Remediation Technologies of Heavy Metal Polluted Sediment

by Min Zhang, Xiangchun Wang, Long Yang and Yangyang Chu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(24), 5098; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245098 - 13 Dec 2019

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 5284

Abstract

Heavy metals contaminated sediment has become a worldwide environmental issue due to its great harm to human and aquatic organisms. Thus, economical, effective, and environmentally-friendly remediation technologies are urgently needed. Among which, combined remediation technologies have attracted widespread attention for their unique advantages. [...] Read more.

Heavy metals contaminated sediment has become a worldwide environmental issue due to its great harm to human and aquatic organisms. Thus, economical, effective, and environmentally-friendly remediation technologies are urgently needed. Among which, combined remediation technologies have attracted widespread attention for their unique advantages. This paper introduces combined remediation technologies based on physical-, chemical-, and bio-remediation of heavy metal polluted sediments. Firstly, the research progress in physical-chemical, bio-chemical, and inter-organismal (including plants, animals, microorganisms) remediation of heavy metal polluted sediments are summarized. Additionally, the paper analyzes the problems of the process of combined remediation of heavy metals in river sediments and outlooks the future development trends of remediation technologies. Overall, this review provides useful technology references for the control and treatment of heavy metal pollution in river sediments. Full article

16 pages, 10984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Distribution of Minor Elements in the Tazlău River Sediments: Source Identification and Evaluation of Ecological Risk

by Andreea E. Maftei, Andrei Buzatu, Nicolae Buzgar and Andrei I. Apopei

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(23), 4664; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234664 - 22 Nov 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3112

Abstract

Minor elements received more attention in recent years due to their contamination susceptibility and environmental impact. Surface sediment samples were collected from 29 sites and total contents of eight minor elements (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) were investigated in [...] Read more.

Minor elements received more attention in recent years due to their contamination susceptibility and environmental impact. Surface sediment samples were collected from 29 sites and total contents of eight minor elements (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) were investigated in order to determine the geostatistical distribution and to predict ecological implications. The relationship between metals and ecological implications was analyzed by using the geochemical normalization approach and ecological prediction indicators such as the enrichment factor (EF), the contamination degree (CD), the environmental toxicity quotient (ETQ), and the health risk assessment. Based on the studied toxic metals, it was observed that the most toxic element in Tazlău River sediments is Cr. The assessment results of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks via dermal contact indicate that the study area shows no human health risk. The correlation matrix and principal component analysis (PCA) provide an overview of the major sources, anthropogenic versus geogenic, where Cr and Cd mainly originate from anthropogenic sources, while Pb is derived from a geogenic source. The approaches used in this study will provide a baseline regarding the accumulation of minor elements in the sediment and will be useful for other studies to easily identify the major contaminates and to estimate the health human risk. Full article

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16 pages, 2832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial and Vertical Variations and Heavy Metal Enrichments in Irrigated Soils of the Syr Darya River Watershed, Aral Sea Basin, Kazakhstan

by Long Ma, Jilili Abuduwaili, Zhassulan Smanov, Yongxiao Ge, Kanat Samarkhanov, Galymzhan Saparov and Gulnura Issanova

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(22), 4398; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224398 - 11 Nov 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3277

Abstract

In the Syr Darya River watershed, 225 samples from three different layers in 75 soil profiles were collected from irrigated areas in three different spatial regions (I: n = 29; II: n = 17; III: n = 29), and the spatial and vertical [...] Read more.

In the Syr Darya River watershed, 225 samples from three different layers in 75 soil profiles were collected from irrigated areas in three different spatial regions (I: n = 29; II: n = 17; III: n = 29), and the spatial and vertical variation characteristics of potentially toxic elements (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn) and a metallic element (Mn) were studied. The human health risks and enrichment factors were also evaluated in the Syr Darya River watershed of the Aral Sea Basin in Kazakhstan. There were significant differences in the contents of heavy metals in the different soil layers in the different sampling regions. Based on element variation similarity revealed by hierarchical cluster analysis, the elemental groupings were consistent in the different layers only in region I. For regions II and III, the clustered elemental groups were the same between surface layer A and B, but differed from those in the deep layer C. In sampling region I, the heavy metals in surface soils were significantly correlated with the ones in deep layers, reflecting that they were mainly affected by the elemental composition of parent materials. In region II, the significant correlations only existed for Cu, Mn, and Zn between the surface and deep layers. The similar phenomenon with significant correlation was also observed for heavy metals in sampling region III, except for Cd. Finally, enrichment factor was used to study the mobilization and enrichment of potentially toxic elements. The enrichment factors of Zn, Cu, and Cd in surface layer A that were greater than 1.5 accounted for 1.16%, 6.79%, and 24.36% of sampling region I, respectively. In sampling region II, the enrichment factors of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Co that were greater than 1.5 accounted for 0.03%, 4.76%, 0.54%, and 9.03% of the total area, respectively. In sampling region III, only the enrichment factors of Zn, Cu, and Cd that exceeded 1.5 accounted for 0.24%, 4.90%, and 6.89% of the total area, respectively. Although the contents of the heavy metals were not harmful to human health, the effects of human activities on the heavy metals in the irrigated soils revealed by enrichment factors have been shown in this study area. Full article

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19 pages, 4611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Water Quality of the Mun River in Thailand—Spatiotemporal Variations and Potential Causes

by Haoyu Tian, Guo-An Yu, Ling Tong, Renzhi Li, He Qing Huang, Arika Bridhikitti and Thayukorn Prabamroong

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(20), 3906; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203906 - 15 Oct 2019

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5019

Abstract

The water quality of the Mun River, one of the largest tributaries of the Mekong River and an important agricultural area in Thailand, is investigated to determine its status, identify spatiotemporal variations and distinguish the potential causes. Water quality dataset based on monitoring [...] Read more.

The water quality of the Mun River, one of the largest tributaries of the Mekong River and an important agricultural area in Thailand, is investigated to determine its status, identify spatiotemporal variations and distinguish the potential causes. Water quality dataset based on monitoring in the last two decades (1997–2017) from 21 monitoring sites distributed across the basin were analyzed using seasonal Kendall test and water quality index (WQI) method. The Kendall test shows significant declines in fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) and ammonia (NH₃) in the upper reaches and increases in nitrate (NO₃) and NH₃ in the lower reaches. Strong temporal and spatial fluctuations were observed in both the concentrations of individual parameters and the WQI values. Seasonal variation of water quality was observed at each monitoring site. WQI values in August (flood season) were generally among the lowest, compared to other seasons. Spatially, sites in the upper reaches generally having lower WQI values than those in the lower reaches. Excessive phosphorus is the primary cause of water quality degradation in the upper reaches, while nitrogen is the primary parameter for water quality degradation in the lower reaches. Urban built-up land is an important “source” of water pollutants in the lower basin, while agricultural land plays a dual role, affecting across the basin. Full article

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13 pages, 3117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Surface Soils of Bosten Lake Basin, Central Asia

by Long Ma, Jilili Abuduwaili and Wen Liu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(19), 3741; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193741 - 4 Oct 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3462

Abstract

A geographically weighted regression and classical linear model were applied to quantitatively reveal the factors influencing the spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements of forty-eight surface soils from Bosten Lake basin in Central Asia. At the basin scale, the spatial distribution of the [...] Read more.

A geographically weighted regression and classical linear model were applied to quantitatively reveal the factors influencing the spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements of forty-eight surface soils from Bosten Lake basin in Central Asia. At the basin scale, the spatial distribution of the majority of potentially toxic elements, including: cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), thallium (Tl), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn), had been significantly influenced by the geochemical characteristics of the soil parent material. However, the arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), antimony (Sb), and mercury (Hg) have been influenced by the total organic matter in soils. Compared with the results of the classical linear model, the geographically weighted regression can significantly increase the level of simulation at the basin spatial scale. The fitting coefficients of the predicted values and the actual measured values significantly increased from the classical linear model (Hg: r² = 0.31; Sb: r² = 0.64; Cd: r² = 0.81; and As: r² = 0.68) to the geographically weighted regression (Hg: r² = 0.56; Sb: r² = 0.74; Cd: r² = 0.89; and As: r² = 0.85). Based on the results of the geographically weighted regression, the average values of the total organic matter for As (28.7%), Cd (39.2%), Hg (46.5%), and Sb (26.6%) were higher than those for the other potentially toxic elements: Cr (0.1%), Co (4.0%), Ni (5.3%), V (0.7%), Cu (18.0%), Pb (7.8%), Tl (14.4%), and Zn (21.4%). There were no significant non-carcinogenic risks to human health, however, the results suggested that the spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements had significant differences. Full article

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15 pages, 3898 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Waste Generation Characteristics during New Apartment Construction—Considering the Construction Phase

by Young-Chan Kim, Yuan-Long Zhang, Won-Jun Park, Gi-Wook Cha, Jung-Wan Kim and Won-Hwa Hong

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(18), 3485; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183485 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3344

Abstract

The waste generation rate (WGR) is used to predict the generation of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) and has become a prevalent tool for efficient waste management systems. Many studies have focused on deriving the WGR, but most focused on demolition waste rather [...] Read more.

The waste generation rate (WGR) is used to predict the generation of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) and has become a prevalent tool for efficient waste management systems. Many studies have focused on deriving the WGR, but most focused on demolition waste rather than construction waste (CW). Moreover, previous studies have used theoretical databases and thus were limited in showing changes in the generated CW during the construction period of actual sites. In this study, CW data were collected for recently completed apartment building sites through direct measurement, and the WGR was calculated by CW type for the construction period. The CW generation characteristics by type were analyzed, and the results were compared with those of previous studies. In this study, CW was classified into six types: Waste concrete, waste asphalt concrete, waste wood, waste synthetic resin, waste board, and mixed waste. The amount of CW generated was lowest at the beginning of the construction period. It slowly increased over time and then decreased again at the end. In particular, waste concrete and mixed waste were generated throughout the construction period, while other CWs were generated in the middle of the construction period or towards the end. The research method and results of this study are significant in that the construction period was considered, which has been neglected in previous studies on the WGR. These findings are expected to contribute to the development of efficient CW management systems. Full article

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17 pages, 3354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probabilistic Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Intake via Vegetable Consumption around Pb/Zn Smelters in Southwest China

by Guanghui Guo, Degang Zhang and Yuntao Wang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(18), 3267; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183267 - 5 Sep 2019

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 3844

Abstract

Vegetable contamination in mining and smelting areas has resulted in high dietary intakes of heavy metals, which pose potential health risks to local residents. In this study, paired soil-vegetable samples were collected around Pb/Zn smelters in Southwest China. Probabilistic risks to local residents [...] Read more.

Vegetable contamination in mining and smelting areas has resulted in high dietary intakes of heavy metals, which pose potential health risks to local residents. In this study, paired soil-vegetable samples were collected around Pb/Zn smelters in Southwest China. Probabilistic risks to local residents via vegetable consumption were evaluated with a Monte Carlo simulation. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the soils were 116.76, 3.59, 158.56, 196.96, and 236.74 mg/kg, respectively. About 38.18%, 58.49%, and 52.83% of the vegetable samples exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations for As, Cd, and Pb, respectively. The daily dietary intake of As, Cd, and Pb exceeded the provisional tolerable daily intakes for local residents, with children showing the highest intake via vegetable consumption. The percentages of the target hazard quotients of As, Cd, and Pb for local residents exceeding the safe value of one were about 95%, 50%, and 25%, respectively. The 95th percentiles of the hazard index for children, adolescents, and adults were 15.71, 11.15, and 9.34, respectively, indicating significant risks to local residents, especially children. These results highlight a need to develop effective strategies to reduce heavy metal contamination and exposure to protect human health. Full article

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20 pages, 2899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater Contaminated by Oil Pollutants Based on Numerical Modeling

by Xue Bai, Kai Song, Jian Liu, Adam Khalifa Mohamed, Chenya Mou and Dan Liu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(18), 3245; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183245 - 4 Sep 2019

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4622

Abstract

To provide theoretical support for the protection of dispersed drinking water sources of groundwater, we need to accurately evaluate the time and scope of groundwater pollution hazards to human health. This helps the decision-making process for remediation of polluted soil and groundwater in [...] Read more.

To provide theoretical support for the protection of dispersed drinking water sources of groundwater, we need to accurately evaluate the time and scope of groundwater pollution hazards to human health. This helps the decision-making process for remediation of polluted soil and groundwater in service stations. In this study, we conducted such an evaluation by coupling numerical modeling with a health risk assessment. During the research, soil and groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for 20 pollutants. Fifty-six percent of the heavy contaminants and 100% of the organic contaminants exhibited maximum values at the location of the oil depot. Gray correlation analysis showed that the correlation between background samples and soil underlying the depot was 0.375–0.567 (barely significant to insignificant). The correlation between the reference sequence of other points was 0.950–0.990 (excellent correlation). The correlation of environmental impact after oil depot leakage followed the order: organic pollutants > heavy metals > inorganic pollutants. The groundwater simulation status and predictions indicated that non-carcinogenic health risks covered 25,462 m² at the time of investigation, and were predicted to extend to 29,593 m² after five years and to 39,873 m² after 10 years. Carcinogenic health risks covered 21,390 m² at the time of investigation, and were predicted to extend to 40,093 m² after five years and to 53,488 m² after 10 years. This study provides theoretical support for the protection of a dispersed drinking water source such as groundwater, and also helps the decision-making process for groundwater and soil environment improvement. Full article

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11 pages, 2094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Exogenous N-Acyl-Homoserine Lactone as Signal Molecule on Nitrosomonas Europaea under ZnO Nanoparticle Stress

by Junkang Wu, Huan Gao, Jinyu Ye, Yan Chang, Ran Yu, Zhen Ding and Guangcan Zhu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(16), 3003; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16163003 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3334

Abstract

Despite the adverse effects of emerging ZnO nanoparticles (nano-ZnO) on wastewater biological nitrogen removal (BNR) systems being widely documented, strategies for mitigating nanoparticle (NP) toxicity impacts on nitrogen removal have not been adequately addressed. Herein, N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL)-based quorum sensing (QS) was [...] Read more.

Despite the adverse effects of emerging ZnO nanoparticles (nano-ZnO) on wastewater biological nitrogen removal (BNR) systems being widely documented, strategies for mitigating nanoparticle (NP) toxicity impacts on nitrogen removal have not been adequately addressed. Herein, N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL)-based quorum sensing (QS) was investigated for its effects against nano-ZnO toxicity to a model nitrifier, Nitrosomonas europaea. The results indicated that AHL-attenuated nano-ZnO toxicity, which was inversely correlated with the increasing dosage of AHL from 0.01 to 1 µM. At 0.01 µM, AHL notably enhanced the tolerance of N. europaea cells to nano-ZnO stress, and the inhibited cell proliferation, membrane integrity, ammonia oxidation rate, ammonia monooxygenase activity and amoA gene expression significantly increased by 18.2 ± 2.1, 2.4 ± 0.9, 58.7 ± 7.1, 32.3 ± 1.7, and 7.3 ± 5.9%, respectively, after 6 h of incubation. However, increasing the AHL dosage compromised the QS-mediated effects and even aggravated the NPs’ toxicity effects. Moreover, AHLs, at all tested concentrations, significantly increased superoxide dismutase activity, indicating the potential of QS regulations to enhance cellular anti-oxidative stress capacities when facing NP invasion. These results provide novel insights into the development of QS regulation strategies to reduce the impact of nanotoxicity on BNR systems. Full article

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14 pages, 2567 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ATR–FTIR Spectral Analysis and Soluble Components of PM₁₀ And PM_2.5 Particulate Matter over the Urban Area of Palermo (Italy) during Normal Days and Saharan Events

by Daniela Varrica, Elisa Tamburo, Marcello Vultaggio and Ida Di Carlo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(14), 2507; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142507 - 13 Jul 2019

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 7125

Abstract

Several epidemiological studies have shown a close relationship between the mass of particulate matter (PM) and its effects on human health. This study reports the identification of inorganic and organic components by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis in PM₁₀ and [...] Read more.

Several epidemiological studies have shown a close relationship between the mass of particulate matter (PM) and its effects on human health. This study reports the identification of inorganic and organic components by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 filters collected from three air quality monitoring stations in the city of Palermo (Sicily, Italy) during non-Saharan dust events and Saharan events. It also provides information on the abundance and types of water-soluble species. ATR-FTIR analysis identified sulfate, ammonium, nitrate, and carbonate matter characterized by vibrational frequencies at 603, 615, 670, and 1100 cm^–1 (SO₄^2–); at 1414 cm^–1 (NH₄⁺); at 825 and 1356 cm^–1 (NO₃^–); and at 713, 730, and 877 cm^–1 (CO₃^2–) in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 filters. Moreover, aliphatic hydrocarbons were identified in the collected spectra. Stretching frequencies at 2950 cm^–1 were assigned to CH₃ aliphatic carbon stretching absorptions, while frequencies at 2924 and 2850 cm^–1 indicated CH₂ bonds. In filters collected during Saharan dust events, the analysis also showed the presence of absorbance peaks typical of clay minerals. The measurement of soluble components confirmed the presence of a geogenic component (marine spray and local rocks) and secondary particles ((NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃) in the PM filters. ATR-FTIR characterization of solid surfaces is a powerful analytical technique for identifying inorganic and organic compounds in samples of particulate matter. Full article

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16 pages, 1696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution and Potential Ecological Risk in Sewage Sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Located in the Most Industrialized Region in Poland—Case Study

by Malwina Tytła

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(13), 2430; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132430 - 9 Jul 2019

Cited by 156 | Viewed by 12064 | Correction

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the pollution and potential ecological risk of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the sewage sludge collected from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), located in the most industrialized region of Poland (Silesian [...] Read more.

This study aimed to assess the pollution and potential ecological risk of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the sewage sludge collected from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), located in the most industrialized region of Poland (Silesian Voivodeship). The concentrations of heavy metals were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical spectrometry (ICP-OES) and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS). The chemical forms (chemical speciation) of heavy metals were determined using the three-step chemical sequential extraction procedure, developed by the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR). To assess the pollution level and potential ecological risk, the following indices were used: Geoaccumulation Index (I_geo), Potential Ecological Risk Factor (ER), Individual Contamination Factor (ICF), modified Risk Assessment Code (RAC_m), and Ecological Risk Factor (ERF)—the author’s index. Sludge samples were collected at successive stages of processing. The results revealed that the activated sludge process and sludge thickening have a significant impact on heavy metal distribution, while anaerobic digestion and dehydration decrease their mobility. The most dominant metals in the sludge samples were Zn and Cu. However, the content of heavy metals in sewage sludge did not exceed the permissible standards for agricultural purposes. The concentrations of heavy metals bound to the immobile fractions exhibited higher concentrations, compared to those bound to mobile fractions (except Zn). The values of the total indices indicated that sludge samples were moderately to highly contaminated with Zn, Hg, Cd, Cu, and Pb, of which only Hg, Cd, and Cu posed a potential ecological risk, while according to the speciation indices, sludge samples were moderately to very highly polluted with Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Ni, of which Zn, Ni, and Cd were environmentally hazardous. The obtained results proved that assessment of the pollution level and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in sewage sludge requires knowledge on both their total concentrations and their chemical forms. Such an approach will help prevent secondary pollution of soils with heavy metals, which may influence the reduction of health risks associated with the consumption of plants characterized by a high metal content. Full article

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14 pages, 4867 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Pb(II) and Cr(VI) Stress on Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria (Bacillus sp. Strain MRP-3): Oxidative Stress and Bioaccumulation Potential

by Wen Shao, Min Li, Zedong Teng, Bin Qiu, Yaoqiang Huo and Keyao Zhang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(12), 2172; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122172 - 19 Jun 2019

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 4642

Abstract

The aim of this work was to ascertain the effects of Pb(II) and Cr(VI) on bacterial growth, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), as well as the localization of bioaccumulated heavy metals in a phosphate-solubilizing [...] Read more.

The aim of this work was to ascertain the effects of Pb(II) and Cr(VI) on bacterial growth, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), as well as the localization of bioaccumulated heavy metals in a phosphate-solubilizing bacterium. The results showed that the ROS increased from 1.4-fold to 1.8-fold of control under Pb(II) stress and decreased from 1.6-fold to 1.1-fold of control under Cr(VI) stress corresponding to metal concentrations (0.5–5 mmol·L⁻¹). The SOD activities were ROS dependent; however, the CAT activities increased under both Pb(II) and Cr(VI) stress, from 11.4 to 21.8 U·mg⁻¹ and 11.4 to 32.9 U·mg⁻¹, respectively. Intra/extracellular accumulation were investigated by scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) and it was calculated that extracellular accumulated Pb accounted for 61.7–95.9% of the total accumulation, while extracellular accumulated Cr only accounted for up to 3.6% of the total accumulation. Attenuated total reflection/Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis confirmed that the functional groups involved in those extracellular accumulation were not located in the loosely bound extracellular polysaccharides substances. Full article

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20 pages, 4629 KiB

Open AccessArticle

XRD-Thermal Combined Analyses: An Approach to Evaluate the Potential of Phytoremediation, Phytomining, and Biochar Production

by Dario Fancello, Jessica Scalco, Daniela Medas, Elisa Rodeghero, Annalisa Martucci, Carlo Meneghini and Giovanni De Giudici

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(11), 1976; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111976 - 4 Jun 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5297

Abstract

A method for evaluating the potential of reuse of biomasses for economic purposes is here presented starting from a case study. Juncus acutus plants and rhizospheres were harvested from abandoned Zn–Pb mine areas of southwest Sardinia (Italy). Thermogravimetry and Differential Thermal analyses were [...] Read more.

A method for evaluating the potential of reuse of biomasses for economic purposes is here presented starting from a case study. Juncus acutus plants and rhizospheres were harvested from abandoned Zn–Pb mine areas of southwest Sardinia (Italy). Thermogravimetry and Differential Thermal analyses were performed to evaluate the temperatures at which significant reactions occur. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out on raw samples and on samples heated ex-situ (by a conventional diffractometer) or in-situ (by synchrotron-based diffraction). Raw samples mainly consist of quartz, phyllosilicates, and feldspars with minor amounts of sulfides, sulfates, and Fe, Pb, and Zn carbonates, concentrated in the rhizosphere. After heating, Zn and Fe oxides and willemite are observed in internal roots and stems, revealing the presence of these metals in the plant tissues. In-situ heating was less effective than ex-situ in revealing minor phases in organic samples, probably because the scarcity of oxygen within the sample holder did not allow the degradation of organic compounds and the oxidation of sulfides, resulting in a low quality XRD signal even if obtained with the high resolution ensured by a synchrotron light source. This method can be applied to plants from polluted sites for metal exploitation, and/or to biomasses from unpolluted sites for biochar production, since both applications take advantage of the knowledge of the minerals formed after heating. Full article

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19 pages, 2368 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microalgae Brewery Wastewater Treatment: Potentials, Benefits and the Challenges

by David Kwame Amenorfenyo, Xianghu Huang, Yulei Zhang, Qitao Zeng, Ning Zhang, Jiajia Ren and Qiang Huang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(11), 1910; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111910 - 30 May 2019

Cited by 140 | Viewed by 13562

Abstract

Concerns about environmental safety have led to strict regulations on the discharge of final brewery effluents into water bodies. Brewery wastewater contains huge amounts of organic compounds that can cause environmental pollution. The microalgae wastewater treatment method is an emerging environmentally friendly biotechnological [...] Read more.

Concerns about environmental safety have led to strict regulations on the discharge of final brewery effluents into water bodies. Brewery wastewater contains huge amounts of organic compounds that can cause environmental pollution. The microalgae wastewater treatment method is an emerging environmentally friendly biotechnological process. Microalgae grow well in nutrient-rich wastewater by absorbing organic nutrients and converting them into useful biomass. The harvested biomass can be used as animal feed, biofertilizer, and an alternative energy source for biodiesel production. This review discusses conventional and current brewery wastewater treatment methods, and the application and potential of microalgae in brewery wastewater treatment. The study also discusses the benefits as well as challenges associated with microalgae brewery and other industrial wastewater treatments. Full article

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17 pages, 2855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution, Source and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal(oid)s in Water, Sediments, and Corbicula Fluminea of Xijiang River, China

by Xuexia Huang, Dinggui Luo, Dongye Zhao, Ning Li, Tangfu Xiao, Jingyong Liu, Lezhang Wei, Yu Liu, Lirong Liu and Guowei Liu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(10), 1823; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101823 - 23 May 2019

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4347

Abstract

A total of 43 water and sediment samples, and 34 Corbicula fluminea samples were collected in Xijiang River in southern China to determine the spatial distribution and sources of 12 metals/metalloids (V, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cd, Pb, As, Sb, and [...] Read more.

A total of 43 water and sediment samples, and 34 Corbicula fluminea samples were collected in Xijiang River in southern China to determine the spatial distribution and sources of 12 metals/metalloids (V, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cd, Pb, As, Sb, and Tl) and to assess the pollution levels and ecological risks of the pollutants. The results showed that the levels of the metals/metalloids (except for Tl) in the river water from almost all of the sampling sites met the Chinese national surface water quality standards. However, the concentrations of the metals/metalloids in the sediments exceeded the background values by a factor of 1.03–56.56 except for V, Co, and Mn, and the contents of Zn, Cd, and Pb in the Corbicula fluminea soft tissue exceeded the limits of the Chinese Category I food Quality Standards. The spatial distribution analysis showed that the concentrations of the contaminants in the lower reaches of Xijiang River were higher than in the upper reaches. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF), biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSF), geo-accumulation index (I_geo), and the potential ecological risk index (RI) were obtained to assess the pollution levels and ecological risks. The results indicated that Cu, Cd, and Zn were the most prone to bio-accumulation in the Corbicula fluminea soft tissue, and the lower reaches showed a much higher pollution level and risk than the upper reaches. The metals/metalloids in the sediments posed serious threat on the aquatic ecosystem, of which Cd, As, and Sb are the most risky contaminants. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) indicated Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Cd, Pb, and As in the sediments came from relevant industrial activities, and V and Co originated from natural sources, and Sb from mining activities, Zn and Tl came from industrial activities and mining activities. Full article

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14 pages, 3233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contamination Evaluation and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in the Sediments from the Lishui River Watershed, Southern China

by Fang Shen, Longjiang Mao, Runxia Sun, Jijing Du, Zhihai Tan and Min Ding

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(3), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030336 - 25 Jan 2019

Cited by 103 | Viewed by 5369

Abstract

Seven heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb) were measured in surface sediments from the Lishui River watershed, an area with increased soil erosion in China. The mean concentrations of heavy metals were 61.20 mg/kg (Cr), 757.15 mg/kg (Mn), 9.39 mg/kg [...] Read more.

Seven heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb) were measured in surface sediments from the Lishui River watershed, an area with increased soil erosion in China. The mean concentrations of heavy metals were 61.20 mg/kg (Cr), 757.15 mg/kg (Mn), 9.39 mg/kg (Co), 25.31 mg/kg (Ni), 22.84 mg/kg (Cu), 91.66 mg/kg (Zn), and 40.19 mg/kg (Pb), respectively. The spatial distribution of heavy metals was site-specific, exhibiting a remarkably high level in the sampling stations with intense agricultural activities (Lixian) and industrial activities (Jinshi). Contamination indexes including contamination factor, pollution load index, nemerow multi-factor index, potential ecological risk index, and human health risk were used to assess the pollution degree of the river sediments. The results indicated the pollution degree of heavy metals decreased in the order of Mn > Pb > Zn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Co. Heavy metals resulted in non-pollution to moderate pollution, with low ecological risk and an acceptable carcinogenic risk caused by Cr and Ni for children and adults. Person’s correlation analysis and principal component analysis, coupled with cluster analysis, revealed that the sediments from the Lishui River were mainly influenced by two sources. Cr, Co, Ni, and Cu were mainly derived from natural sources, while Mn, Zn, and Pb originated from agricultural and industrial activities, mining, and vehicular traffic. Full article

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2018

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14 pages, 2196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution, Sources, and Water Quality Assessment of Dissolved Heavy Metals in the Jiulongjiang River Water, Southeast China

by Bin Liang, Guilin Han, Man Liu, Kunhua Yang, Xiaoqiang Li and Jinke Liu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(12), 2752; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122752 - 5 Dec 2018

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 5150

Abstract

In this study, the concentration of eight dissolved heavy metals (Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Mo, Sb, and Ba) in 42 water samples from the Jiulongjiang River, southeast China, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Multivariate statistical methods, including correlation [...] Read more.

In this study, the concentration of eight dissolved heavy metals (Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Mo, Sb, and Ba) in 42 water samples from the Jiulongjiang River, southeast China, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Multivariate statistical methods, including correlation analysis (CA) and factor and principal component analysis (FA/PCA), were analyzed to identify the sources of the elements. Water quality index (WQI) and health risk assessment, including hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI), were used to evaluate water quality and the impacts on human health. Our results were compared with the drinking water guidelines reported by China, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), revealing that Ti, Mn, and Sb were not within approved limits at some sites and might be the main pollutants in the drainage basin. Based on the spatial distributions, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Mo showed good similarity, indicating that they might come from similar sources along the river. The CA results also showed that Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Mo had a high correlation coefficient. The FA/PCA results identified three principal components (PC) that accounted for 79.46% of the total variance. PC 1 suggested that a mixed lithogenic and urban land source contributed to Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Mo; PC 2 showed that Cr, Ni, and Mo were influenced by the discharge of industrial effluents; Sb had a strong loading on PC 3, which was controlled by mining activities. The results of the WQI indicated that the water in the Jiulongjiang River was basically categorized as excellent water, but the water quality levels in site W5 and N4 were poorer due to urban land use. Hazard quotient and HI values showed that Sb was a potential threat to human health, indicating that preventive actions should be considered in regard to mining activities in the upper reaches of Beixi stream. Full article

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21 pages, 4603 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Street Dust of Coal Railway Transportation Hubs: A Case Study in Yuanping, China

by Dongyue Li and Yilan Liao

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(12), 2662; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122662 - 27 Nov 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4832

Abstract

Coal is a vital basic energy source in China, and rail serving is its major mode of transportation. Heavy metals in street dust surrounding the coal railway do harm to the environment and pose a potential risk to human health. This paper aims [...] Read more.

Coal is a vital basic energy source in China, and rail serving is its major mode of transportation. Heavy metals in street dust surrounding the coal railway do harm to the environment and pose a potential risk to human health. This paper aims to identify the effects of coal transportation hubs on heavy metals in street dust. The geoaccumulation index and ecological risk index were used to assess the contamination levels of the following elements in Yuanping, Shanxi: arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). The levels of contamination of these heavy metals in soils were compared to those in street dust, and the difference between the railway’s and mining’s impacts on dust’s heavy-metal concentrations was explored. The results indicated that Cr and Pb in street dust were mainly affected by coal railway transportation, and the interaction effect of coal railway transportation and mining was greater than either of them alone. A potential control and prevention zone for Cr and Pb extending 1 km to both sides of the railway was identified. This work proves that coal railway transportation has certain effect on heavy metals in street dust and provides a scientific approach for future environmental impact assessments of coal transportation via railway. Full article

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17 pages, 2267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accumulation of As, Cd, and Pb in Sixteen Wheat Cultivars Grown in Contaminated Soils and Associated Health Risk Assessment

by Guanghui Guo, Mei Lei, Yanwen Wang, Bo Song and Jun Yang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(11), 2601; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112601 - 21 Nov 2018

Cited by 95 | Viewed by 5466

Abstract

This study investigated the accumulation of As, Cd, and Pb in 16 wheat cultivars and the associated health risks for the inhabitants of Jiyuan, China. The results indicated that the concentrations of As, Cd, and Pb decreased in the order of root > [...] Read more.

This study investigated the accumulation of As, Cd, and Pb in 16 wheat cultivars and the associated health risks for the inhabitants of Jiyuan, China. The results indicated that the concentrations of As, Cd, and Pb decreased in the order of root > leaf > stem > grain. The concentrations of As, Cd, and Pb in wheat grains varied from 0.13 for Pingan8 to 0.34 mg kg⁻¹ for Zhengmai7698, 0.10 for Luomai26 to 0.25 mg kg⁻¹ for Zhengmai7698, and 0.12 for Zhoumai207 to 0.42 mg kg⁻¹ for Zhengmai379, respectively. There were significant differences in the bioaccumulation factors of As, Cd, and Pb among the 16 wheat cultivars. Cd was more readily accumulated to higher levels than As and Pb in wheat. The Target Hazard Quotients (THQs) of Cd and Pb in the grains from 16 wheat cultivars were below 1, while As THQ exceeded 1. The lowest detrimental human health effects via wheat consumption were found in cultivar AY58 among the 16 wheat cultivars, with total THQs (TTHQs) of 1.82 for children and 1.60 for adults, suggesting that children absorb more heavy metals than adults and they are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of these metals. Full article

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17 pages, 4688 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Projection of Future Extreme Precipitation and Flood Changes of the Jinsha River Basin in China Based on CMIP5 Climate Models

by Zhe Yuan, Jijun Xu and Yongqiang Wang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(11), 2491; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112491 - 8 Nov 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4451

Abstract

Projecting future changes in extreme flood is critical for risk management. This paper presented an analysis of the implications of the Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase (CMIP5) climate models on the future flood in the Jinsha River Basin (JRB) in Southwest China, [...] Read more.

Projecting future changes in extreme flood is critical for risk management. This paper presented an analysis of the implications of the Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase (CMIP5) climate models on the future flood in the Jinsha River Basin (JRB) in Southwest China, using the Xinanjiang (XAJ) hydrologic model. The bias-corrected and resampled results of the multimodel dataset came from the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP). Relatively optimal general circulation models (GCMs) were selected with probability density functions (PDFs)-based assessment. These GCMs were coupled with the XAJ model to evaluate the impact of climate change on future extreme flood changes in the JRB. Two scenarios were chosen, namely: a midrange mitigation scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, RCP4.5) and a high scenario (RCP8.5). Results show that: (1) The XAJ model performed well in simulating daily discharge and was suitable for the study area, with E_NS and R² higher than 0.8; (2) IPSL-CM5A-LR and MIROC-ESM-CHEM showed considerable skill in representing the observed PDFs of extreme precipitation. The average skill scores across the total area of the JRB were 0.41 to 0.66 and 0.53 to 0.67, respectively. Therefore, these two GCMs can be chosen to analyze the changes in extreme precipitation and flood in the future; (3) The average extreme precipitation under 20- and 50-year return period across the JRB were projected to increase by 1.0–33.7% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 during 2020 to 2050. The Upper basin is projected to experience the largest increase in extreme precipitation indices, possibly caused by a warmer climate. The extreme flood under 20- and 50-year return period will change by 0.8 to 23.8% and −6.2 to 28.2%, respectively, over this same future period. Most of scenarios projected an increase during the near future periods, implying the JRB would be likely to undergo more flooding in the future. Full article

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17 pages, 4346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Arsenic and Heavy Metal Accumulation and Risk Assessment in Soils around Mining Areas: The Urad Houqi Area in Arid Northwest China as an Example

by Shuai Song, Yuanjie Li, Lin Li, Maoyong Liu, Jing Li, Liang Wang and Chao Su

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(11), 2410; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112410 - 30 Oct 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4584

Abstract

Mining activities make important contributions to economic growth, but they can also produce massive amounts of solid waste, such as tailings and metal accumulations. Taking the Urad Houqi mining area in Inner Mongolia as the study area, this study systematically assessed the contamination [...] Read more.

Mining activities make important contributions to economic growth, but they can also produce massive amounts of solid waste, such as tailings and metal accumulations. Taking the Urad Houqi mining area in Inner Mongolia as the study area, this study systematically assessed the contamination risk of arsenic and heavy metals in the soils of the study area and explored the contamination characteristics in a key polymetallic mining area. For the whole study area, based on the Nemerow comprehensive pollution method, almost half of the investigated sites were contaminated, and the most contaminated site was Urad Houqi Qianzhen Mineral Concentration Co., Ltd. (Bayannaoer, China), a cooperation between the lead and zinc mining industry. The assessment results indicated that Cd and As were the elements of greatest concern, followed by Pb, Cr and Hg. Particularly, for the typical Dongshengmiao mining area, when compared with the GB15618-1995 standard values, As, Zn and Cd posed the most serious contamination threat, while Cr and Ni exhibited clean conditions. In addition, the vertical distribution maps demonstrated that the contents of arsenic and metals in some soil profiles were correlated with sampling depth. Therefore, arsenic and heavy metals pose high threat to soil ecosystems in this area, there is encouragement for some control and remediation measures to be taken into effect. Full article

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14 pages, 1605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heavy Metal and Metalloid Contamination Assessments of Soil around an Abandoned Uranium Tailings Pond and the Contaminations’ Spatial Distribution and Variability

by Wei-hong Wang, Xue-gang Luo, Zhe Wang, Yu Zeng, Feng-qiang Wu and Zhong-xiang Li

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(11), 2401; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112401 - 29 Oct 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3930

Abstract

To investigate the heavy metal and metalloid contamination of soil around a Huanan uranium tailings pond, abandoned in 1998, we defined a study area of 41.25 km² by a natural boundary and targeted 5 elements’ (U, Mn, As, Pb, Cr) single contamination [...] Read more.

To investigate the heavy metal and metalloid contamination of soil around a Huanan uranium tailings pond, abandoned in 1998, we defined a study area of 41.25 km² by a natural boundary and targeted 5 elements’ (U, Mn, As, Pb, Cr) single contamination and comprehensive pollution as the assessment contents. First, we collected 205 samples and evaluated them with the contamination factor (CF) method aiming at judging whether the single target element concentration exceeded the local background value and environmental quality standard. We obtained CF₁ (the background value of a certain target element as the baseline value) and CF₂ (the environmental quality standard for soils as the baseline value). Second, we evaluated the ecological risk of the key pollutant U with the risk assessment code (RAC) method, taking the 27 samples whose CF₂ > 1 as examples and concluded that the environmental risk of U was relatively high and should arouse concern. Third, we selected comprehensive pollution index (CPI) to assess the compound pollution degree of five target elements. Fourth, we constructed the U contamination and CPI’s continuous distribution maps with spatial interpolation, from which we worked out the sizes and positions of slightly, moderately and strongly polluted zones. Finally, we analyzed the spatial variability of U and CPI with the aid of a geostatistical variogram. We deduced that the spatial variation of uranium was in close relationship with local topography, and probably precipitation was the driving force of U contamination diffusion, whereas CPI exhibited weak spatial dependence with random characteristics. The above work showed that 3.14 km² soil near the pond was fairly seriously polluted, and the other 4 elements’ single contaminations were less serious, but the 5 target elements’ cumulative pollution could not be ignored; there were other potential pollution sources besides the uranium tailings pond. Some emergency measures should be taken to treat U pollution, and bioremediation is recommended, taking account into U’s high bioavailability. Further, special alerts should be implemented to identify the other pollution sources. Full article

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17 pages, 1505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potentially Toxic Element Pollution Levels and Risk Assessment of Soils and Sediments in the Upstream River, Miyun Reservoir, China

by Libo Pan, Guangling Fang, Yue Wang, Lei Wang, Benying Su, Dan Li and Bao Xiang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(11), 2364; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112364 - 25 Oct 2018

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 4794

Abstract

This study focused on the Chao River and Baimaguan River located upstream of the Miyun Reservoir in Miyun District (Beijing, China). Soil and sediment samples were collected from the river and drainage basin. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and six potentially toxic elements including [...] Read more.

This study focused on the Chao River and Baimaguan River located upstream of the Miyun Reservoir in Miyun District (Beijing, China). Soil and sediment samples were collected from the river and drainage basin. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and six potentially toxic elements including cadmium, zinc, lead, chromium, arsenic, and copper, were analyzed in terms of concentration, potential ecological risk, and human health risk. The average concentrations of the six potentially toxic elements were all below the soil environmental quality standards for China. Cadmium was the most serious pollutant in both soils and sediments, at 2.58 and 3.40 times its background values. The contents of Cd and Pb were very closely related (p < 0.01) to total nitrogen concentrations in both soil and sediment samples. The potential ecological risks posed by Cd in the Chao and Baimaguan River soils were considerable and moderate, respectively. The historical iron ore mining and agricultural activity were identified as the primary sources of potentially toxic element pollution of soil and sediment in the Chao-Bai River in Miyun District. Human health risk assessment indicated that non-carcinogenic risks all fell below threshold values. The total carcinogenic risks due to Cr and As were within the acceptable range for both adults and children. This conclusion provides a scientific basis for the control of potentially toxic element pollution and environmental protection of the Miyun Reservoir in Beijing. Full article

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18 pages, 7598 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Study of Using Piloti for Passive Climate Adaptability in a Hot-Summer and Cold-Winter City in China

by Zeng Zhou, Qinli Deng, Guang Yang and Yaolin Lin

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(10), 2202; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102202 - 9 Oct 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3770

Abstract

There has been an insufficient study of passive climate adaptability that considers both the summer and winter season for the outdoor thermal environment of hot-summer and cold-winter cities. In this study, we performed a quantitative simulation to research the passive climate adaptability of [...] Read more.

There has been an insufficient study of passive climate adaptability that considers both the summer and winter season for the outdoor thermal environment of hot-summer and cold-winter cities. In this study, we performed a quantitative simulation to research the passive climate adaptability of a residential area, considering piloti as the main method for climate adaptation in a hot-summer and cold-winter city in China. Numerical simulations were performed with a coupled simulation method of convection, radiation, and conduction. A cubic non-linear k–ε model proposed by Craft et al. was selected as the turbulence model and three-dimensional multi-reflections of shortwave and longwave radiations were considered in the radiation simulation. Through the simulation, we found that setting the piloti at the two ends of the building was the optimal piloti arrangement for climate adaptation. Then the relationship between the piloti ratio (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) and the outdoor thermal environment was studied. It could be concluded that with the increasing piloti ratio, the wind velocity increased, the mean radiant temperature (MRT) decreased slightly, and the average standard effective temperature (SET*) decreased to 3.6 °C in summer, while in winter, with the increasing piloti ratio, the wind velocity, MRT, and SET* changed slightly. The wind environment significantly affected the SET* value, and the piloti ratio should be between 12% and 38% to avoid wind-induced discomfort. Full article

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15 pages, 34323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microplastics in Sediment and Surface Water of West Dongting Lake and South Dongting Lake: Abundance, Source and Composition

by Changbo Jiang, Lingshi Yin, Xiaofeng Wen, Chunyan Du, Lixue Wu, Yuannan Long, Yizhuang Liu, Yuan Ma, Qide Yin, Zhenyu Zhou and Hemin Pan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(10), 2164; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102164 - 1 Oct 2018

Cited by 149 | Viewed by 12028

Abstract

Microplastic pollution was investigated in sediment and surface water in West Dongting Lake and South Dongting Lake for the first time. The abundance of microplastics ranged from 616.67 to 2216.67 items/m³ and 716.67 to 2316.67 items/m³ in the lakeshore surface water [...] Read more.

Microplastic pollution was investigated in sediment and surface water in West Dongting Lake and South Dongting Lake for the first time. The abundance of microplastics ranged from 616.67 to 2216.67 items/m³ and 716.67 to 2316.67 items/m³ in the lakeshore surface water of West Dongting Lake and South Dongting Lake, respectively. The highest levels of microplastic pollution were found in the lakes’ outlets. In the lake center sites of the West Dongting Lake and South Dongting Lake, the abundance of microplastics ranged from 433.33 to 1500 items/m³ and 366.67 to 1566.67 items/m³, respectively. Meanwhile, the study found that in lakeshore sediment of West Dongting Lake and South Dongting Lake, microplastic concentrations ranged from 320 to 480 items/m³ and 200–1150 items/m³. Polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were most common in the surface water and sediment samples, respectively. In addition, we suggest that the effects of polymer types in microplastics should be taken into account when considering abundance. This study can provide valuable points of reference to better understanding microplastic pollution in inland freshwater areas. Full article

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16 pages, 3004 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Speciation Variation and Comprehensive Risk Assessment of Metal(loid)s in Surface Sediments of Intertidal Zones

by Baocui Liang, Xiao Qian, Shitao Peng, Xinhui Liu, Lili Bai, Baoshan Cui and Junhong Bai

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(10), 2125; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102125 - 27 Sep 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3673

Abstract

Speciation variation and comprehensive risk assessment of metal(loid)s (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were investigated in surface sediments from the intertidal zones of the Yellow River Delta, China. Results showed that only the concentrations of As, Cd and Pb [...] Read more.

Speciation variation and comprehensive risk assessment of metal(loid)s (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were investigated in surface sediments from the intertidal zones of the Yellow River Delta, China. Results showed that only the concentrations of As, Cd and Pb were significantly different between April and September (p < 0.01). In April, the residual fraction (F4) was predominant for As, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn. However, the exchangeable and carbonate-associated fraction (F1) was dominant for Cd averaging 49.14% indicating a high environmental risk. In September, the F4 fraction was predominant and the F1 fraction was very low for most metal(loid)s except Cd and Mn. The geo-accumulation index (I_geo), the F1 fraction and potential ecological risk index (PERI) of most metal(loid)s were relatively low in surface sediments for both seasons. But Pb, As and Ni were between the threshold effect level (TEL)and the probable effect level (PEL) for 66.67%, 83.33% and 91.67% in April and As and Ni were between TEL and PEL for 41.67% and 91.67%, which indicated that the concentration of them was likely to occasionally exhibit adverse effects on the ecosystem. Although the I_geo, the F1 fraction or PERI of Cd in both seasons was higher at some sites, the results of sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) indicated that the biological effects of Cd were rarely observed in the studied area. Full article

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12 pages, 2868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Distribution and Contamination Assessment of Surface Heavy Metals off the Western Guangdong Province and Northeastern Hainan Island

by Qian Ge, Zuo George Xue and Fengyou Chu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(9), 1897; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091897 - 31 Aug 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3783

Abstract

Surface sediments collected from the continental shelf off the western Guangdong Province and northeastern Hainan Island are analyzed for selected heavy metals contents including Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As to determine spatial distribution, potential ecological risks, and sources. In addition, some [...] Read more.

Surface sediments collected from the continental shelf off the western Guangdong Province and northeastern Hainan Island are analyzed for selected heavy metals contents including Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As to determine spatial distribution, potential ecological risks, and sources. In addition, some of the controlling factors of heavy metals distribution are also discussed. The average heavy metals contents decrease in the order of Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > As > Cd. The averaged pollution degree, as shown by the index of geo-accumulation (I_geo), decreases in the order of Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Cd > As. Due to the barrier of islands, the I_geo values of Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Cd near the Hailing and Xiachuan Islands are larger than those in other areas. Meanwhile, the I_geo value of As near the coastal area off the estuary of Wanquan River is clearly larger than that in other areas. Based on the results of potential ecological risk index, Cd, Cu, and As should be paid more attention for the contamination risk in future. The results of Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis indicate that Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, and Cd are mainly from the Pearl River and surrounding small rivers, whereas As originates from the Hainan Island. The grain size is one of the main controlling factors for heavy metals distribution, and the anthropogenic activity also plays an important role. Full article

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15 pages, 929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concentration and Potential Ecological Risk of PAHs in Different Layers of Soil in the Petroleum-Contaminated Areas of the Loess Plateau, China

by Di Wang, Jing Ma, Hao Li and Xingchang Zhang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(8), 1785; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081785 - 20 Aug 2018

Cited by 63 | Viewed by 5752

Abstract

The three most representative areas of petroleum pollution on the Loess Plateau are the research subjects of this study. In this study, 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by the QuEChERS method combined with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The total [...] Read more.

The three most representative areas of petroleum pollution on the Loess Plateau are the research subjects of this study. In this study, 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by the QuEChERS method combined with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The total concentrations of ∑16PAHs in top layer soils (0–10 cm), middle layer soils (10–30 cm), and bottom layer soils (30–50 cm) ranged from 1010.67 to 18,068.80, 495.85 to 9868.56 and 213.16 to 12,552.53 μg/kg, with an average of 5502.44, 2296.94 and 2203.88 μg/kg, respectively. The 3-ring and 4-ring PAHs were the most prominent components in all soil samples. Meanwhile, the average value of ∑16PAHs decreased with the depth, from 5502.44 μg/kg (0–10 cm) to 2203.88 μg/kg (30–50 cm). The PAHs levels in the studied soils were heavily polluted (over 1000 μg/kg) according to the Soils Quality Guidelines and 95% of PAHs come from petroleum sources. Moreover, the total of PAHs in petroleum-contaminated soils was assigned a high ecological risk level. Toxic equivalency quantities (TEQs) indicated that PAHs in petroleum-contaminated soils presented relatively high toxicity. Full article

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14 pages, 2989 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Target Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Farmland Soil Based on the Environment-Ecological-Health Effect

by Zhongyang Wang, Bo Meng, Wei Zhang, Jinheng Bai, Yingxin Ma and Mingda Liu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061101 - 28 May 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4815

Abstract

There are potential impacts of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) (e.g., Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Zn, Hg, and Pb) in soil from the perspective of the ecological environment and human health, and assessing the pollution and risk level of soil will play an [...] Read more.

There are potential impacts of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) (e.g., Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Zn, Hg, and Pb) in soil from the perspective of the ecological environment and human health, and assessing the pollution and risk level of soil will play an important role in formulating policies for soil pollution control. Lingyuan, in the west of Liaoning Province, China, is a typical low-relief terrain of a hilly area. The object of study in this research is the topsoil of farmland in this area, of which 71 soil samples are collected. In this study, research methods, such as the Nemerow Index, Potential Ecological Hazard Index, Ecological Risk Quotient, Environmental Exposure Hazard Analysis, Positive Matrix Factorization Model, and Land Statistical Analysis, are used for systematical assessment of the pollution scale, pollution level, and source of PTEs, as well as the ecological environmental risks and health risks in the study area. The main conclusions are: The average contents of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Zn, Ni, and Pb of the soil are 5.32 mg/kg, 0.31 mg/kg, 50.44 mg/kg, 47.05 mg/kg, 0.03 mg/kg, 79.36 mg/kg, 26.01 mg/kg, and 35.65 mg/kg, respectively. The contents of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb exceed the background value of local soil; Cd content of some study plots exceeds the National Soil Environmental Quality Standard Value (0.6 mg/kg), and the exceeding standard rate of study plots is 5.63%; the comprehensive potential ecological hazard assessment in the study area indicates that the PTEs are at a slight ecological risk; probabilistic hazard quotient assessment indicates that the influence of PTEs on species caused by Cu is at a slight level (p = 10.93%), and Zn, Pb, and Cd are at an acceptable level. For the ecological process, Zn is at a medium level (p = 25.78%), Cu is at a slight level (19.77%), and the influence of Cd and Pb are acceptable; human health hazard assessment states that the Non-carcinogenic comprehensive health hazard index HI = 0.16 < 1, indicating that PTEs in soil have no significant effect on people’s health through exposure; the PMF model (Positive Matrix Factorization) shows that the contribution rates of agricultural source, industrial source, atmospheric dust source, and natural source are 13.15%, 25.33%, 18.47%, and 43.05%, respectively. Full article

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15 pages, 21270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution of Arsenic and Risk Assessment of Activities on Soccer Pitches Irrigated with Arsenic-Contaminated Water

by Nadia Martínez-Villegas, Abraham Hernández, Diana Meza-Figueroa and Bhaskar Sen Gupta

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1060; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061060 - 24 May 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5190

Abstract

The aim of this research was to estimate the risk of human exposure to arsenic due to sporting activities in a private soccer club in Mexico, where arsenic-contaminated water was regularly used for irrigation. For this purpose, the total concentration in the topsoil [...] Read more.

The aim of this research was to estimate the risk of human exposure to arsenic due to sporting activities in a private soccer club in Mexico, where arsenic-contaminated water was regularly used for irrigation. For this purpose, the total concentration in the topsoil was considered for risk assessment. This was accomplished through three main objectives: (1) measuring arsenic concentrations in irrigation water and irrigated soils, (2) determining arsenic spatial distribution in shallow soils with Geographical Information Systems (GIS) using geostatistical analysis, and (3) collecting field and survey data to develop a risk assessment calculation for soccer activities in the soccer club. The results showed that the average arsenic concentrations in shallow soils (138.1 mg/kg) were 6.2 times higher than the Mexican threshold for domestic soils (22 mg/kg). Furthermore, dermal contact between exposed users and contaminated soils accounted for a maximum carcinogenic risk value of 1.8 × 10⁻⁵, which is one order of magnitude higher than the recommended risk value, while arsenic concentrations in the irrigation water were higher (6 mg/L) than the WHO’s permissible threshold in drinking water, explaining the contamination of soils after irrigation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first risk study regarding dermal contact with arsenic following regular grass irrigation with contaminated water in soccer pitches. Full article

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15 pages, 2021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Human Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Elements in Farmland Topsoil with Source Identification in Jilin Province, China

by Fengxu Li, Jiquan Zhang, Tiehua Cao, Sijia Li, Yanan Chen, Xuanhe Liang, Xin Zhao and Junwei Chen

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(5), 1040; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15051040 - 22 May 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5015

Abstract

The presence of toxic elements in agricultural soils from anthropogenic activities is a potential threat to human health through the food chain. In this study, the concentration of toxic elements in 122 agricultural topsoil composite samples were determined in order to study the [...] Read more.

The presence of toxic elements in agricultural soils from anthropogenic activities is a potential threat to human health through the food chain. In this study, the concentration of toxic elements in 122 agricultural topsoil composite samples were determined in order to study the current status, identify their sources and assess the level of pollution and human health risk. The results showed that the mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Hg and As in the farmland topsoil were 21.72, 15.09, 36.08, 0.2451, 0.0378 and 4.957 mg·kg⁻¹, respectively. The spatial distribution showed that the soils were mainly contaminated by Cd, Pb and Hg in midwest Jilin but by Cu and As in the east. According to the pollution index (Pi), Nemerow integrated pollution index (PN) and Geo-Accumulation Index (I_geo), Cd and Pb were the main pollutants in the soils. The occurrence of these elements was caused by anthropogenic activities and they were concentrated in the Songyuan-Changchun-Siping economic belt. There is limited non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risk to humans. Principal component analyses suggest the Pb, Cd and Hg soil contamination was mainly derived from anthropogenic activities in the Midwest, but all examined toxic elements in the east were mainly due to geogenic anomalies and came from atmospheric deposition. Full article

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13 pages, 2293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal Variation and Ecological Risk Assessment of Metals in Soil Nearby a Pb–Zn Mine in Southern China

by Congcong Cao, Li Wang, Hairong Li, Binggan Wei and Linsheng Yang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(5), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050940 - 9 May 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4468

Abstract

Metal contamination in soil from tailings induces risks for the ecosystem and for humans. In this study, the concentrations and ecological risks of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in soil contaminated by a tailing from Yangshuo (YS) lead and zinc (Pb–Zn) mine, which [...] Read more.

Metal contamination in soil from tailings induces risks for the ecosystem and for humans. In this study, the concentrations and ecological risks of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in soil contaminated by a tailing from Yangshuo (YS) lead and zinc (Pb–Zn) mine, which collapsed for more than 40 years, were determined in 2015. The mean concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd were 1301.79, 768.41, 82.60, and 4.82 mg/kg, respectively, which, with years of remediation activities, decreased by 66.9%, 61.7%, 65.4%, and 65.3% since 1986, but still exceed the national standards. From 1986 to 2015, soil pH increased significantly, with available concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd decreasing by 13%, 81%, 77%, and 67%, respectively, and potential ecological risk indexes (E_r) of the determined metals decreasing by more than 60%. Horizontally, total contents and percentages of available concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd decreased with the distance from the tailing heap in SD village, while pH values showed the reverse pattern. Vertically, Zn and Cd, Pb, and Cu showed similar vertical distribution patterns in the soil profiles. There was a slight downward migration for the determined metals in soil of M and H area and the mobility was in the order of Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu. It can be concluded that although concentrations and ecological risks of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in soil decreased significantly, SD village is still a high risk area, and the priority pollutant is Cd. Full article

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14 pages, 4905 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Vulnerability Assessment Based on Fuzzy Analytical Method and Analytic Hierarchy Process in Yellow River Delta

by Chunsheng Wu, Gaohuan Liu, Chong Huang, Qingsheng Liu and Xudong Guan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(5), 855; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050855 - 25 Apr 2018

Cited by 61 | Viewed by 5714

Abstract

The Yellow River Delta (YRD), located in Yellow River estuary, is characterized by rich ecological system types, and provides habitats or migration stations for wild birds, all of which makes the delta an ecological barrier or ecotone for inland areas. Nevertheless, the abundant [...] Read more.

The Yellow River Delta (YRD), located in Yellow River estuary, is characterized by rich ecological system types, and provides habitats or migration stations for wild birds, all of which makes the delta an ecological barrier or ecotone for inland areas. Nevertheless, the abundant natural resources of YRD have brought huge challenges to the area, and frequent human activities and natural disasters have damaged the ecological systems seriously, and certain ecological functions have been threatened. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the status of the ecological environment based on scientific methods, which can provide scientifically robust data for the managers or stakeholders to adopt timely ecological protection measures. The aim of this study was to obtain the spatial distribution of the ecological vulnerability (EV) in YRD based on 21 indicators selected from underwater status, soil condition, land use, landform, vegetation cover, meteorological conditions, ocean influence, and social economy. In addition, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) method was used to obtain the weights of the selected indicators, and a fuzzy logic model was constructed to obtain the result. The result showed that the spatial distribution of the EV grades was regular, while the fuzzy membership of EV decreased gradually from the coastline to inland area, especially around the river crossing, where it had the lowest EV. Along the coastline, the dikes had an obviously protective effect for the inner area, while the EV was higher in the area where no dikes were built. This result also showed that the soil condition and groundwater status were highly related to the EV spatially, with the correlation coefficients −0.55 and −0.74 respectively, and human activities had exerted considerable pressure on the ecological environment. Full article

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20 pages, 4158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Extended Chemical Plant Environmental Protection Game on Addressing Uncertainties of Human Adversaries

by Zhengqiu Zhu, Bin Chen, Sihang Qiu, Rongxiao Wang, Feiran Chen, Yiping Wang and Xiaogang Qiu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040609 - 27 Mar 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4806

Abstract

Chemical production activities in industrial districts pose great threats to the surrounding atmospheric environment and human health. Therefore, developing appropriate and intelligent pollution controlling strategies for the management team to monitor chemical production processes is significantly essential in a chemical industrial district. The [...] Read more.

Chemical production activities in industrial districts pose great threats to the surrounding atmospheric environment and human health. Therefore, developing appropriate and intelligent pollution controlling strategies for the management team to monitor chemical production processes is significantly essential in a chemical industrial district. The literature shows that playing a chemical plant environmental protection (CPEP) game can force the chemical plants to be more compliant with environmental protection authorities and reduce the potential risks of hazardous gas dispersion accidents. However, results of the current literature strictly rely on several perfect assumptions which rarely hold in real-world domains, especially when dealing with human adversaries. To address bounded rationality and limited observability in human cognition, the CPEP game is extended to generate robust schedules of inspection resources for inspection agencies. The present paper is innovative on the following contributions: (i) The CPEP model is extended by taking observation frequency and observation cost of adversaries into account, and thus better reflects the industrial reality; (ii) Uncertainties such as attackers with bounded rationality, attackers with limited observation and incomplete information (i.e., the attacker’s parameters) are integrated into the extended CPEP model; (iii) Learning curve theory is employed to determine the attacker’s observability in the game solver. Results in the case study imply that this work improves the decision-making process for environmental protection authorities in practical fields by bringing more rewards to the inspection agencies and by acquiring more compliance from chemical plants. Full article

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12 pages, 1927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geochemical Assessment and Spatial Analysis of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments in the Eastern Beibu Gulf: A Reflection on the Industrial Development of the South China Coast

by Fajin Chen, Jing Lin, Bihua Qian, Zhai Wu, Peng Huang, Kai Chen, Tianyao Li and Minggang Cai

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(3), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030496 - 12 Mar 2018

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 5871

Abstract

The Beibu Gulf (also named the Gulf of Tonkin), located in the northwest of the South China Sea, is representative of a bay suffering from turbulence and contamination associated with rapid industrialization and urbanization. In this study, we aim to provide the novel [...] Read more.

The Beibu Gulf (also named the Gulf of Tonkin), located in the northwest of the South China Sea, is representative of a bay suffering from turbulence and contamination associated with rapid industrialization and urbanization. In this study, we aim to provide the novel baseline levels of heavy metals for the research area. Concentrations of five heavy metals (i.e., Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr) were determined in surface sediments from 35 sites in the eastern Beibu Gulf. The heavy metal content varied from 6.72 to 25.95 mg/kg for Cu, 16.99 to 57.98 mg/kg for Pb, 73.15 to 112.25 mg/kg for Zn, 0.03 to 0.12 mg/kg for Cd, and 20.69 to 56.47 mg/kg for Cr, respectively. With respect to the Chinese sediment quality criteria, sediments in the eastern Beibu Gulf have not been significantly affected by coastal metal pollutions. The results deduced from the geoaccumulation index (I_geo) showed that the study area has been slightly polluted by Pb, which might be caused by non-point sources. Relatively high concentrations of Cu, Pb and Cd were found around the coastal areas of Guangxi province, the Leizhou Peninsula and the northwest coast of Hainan Island, whereas the highest concentrations of Zn and Cr were found on the northwest coast of Hainan Island. Spatial distribution patterns of the heavy metals showed that bioavailable fractions of Pb were higher than in the residual fractions, while Cu and Cd concentrations in exchangeable and carbonate fractions were relatively higher than those in the bioavailable fractions. Hierarchical clustering analysis suggested that the sampling stations could be separated into three groups with different geographical distributions. Accompanying their similar spatial distribution in the study area, significant correlation coefficients among Cu, Cd and Pb were also found, indicating that these three metals might have had similar sources. Overall, the results indicated that the distribution of these heavy metals in the surface sediments collected from the Beibu Gulf was complex. Full article

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13 pages, 5357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Metalloid and Metal Contamination in Soils from Hainan, China

by Xiangjun Liao, Chao Zhang, Guangyi Sun, Zhonggen Li, Lihai Shang, Yangrong Fu, Yusheng He and Yi Yang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(3), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030454 - 6 Mar 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5062

Abstract

The characterization of the concentrations and sources of metals and metalloids in soils is necessary to establish quality standards on a regional level and to assess the potential threat of metals to food safety and human health. A total of 8713 soil samples [...] Read more.

The characterization of the concentrations and sources of metals and metalloids in soils is necessary to establish quality standards on a regional level and to assess the potential threat of metals to food safety and human health. A total of 8713 soil samples throughout Hainan Island, China were collected at a density of one sample per 4 km², and concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn were analyzed. The geometric mean values of the elements were 2.17, 0.60, 26.5, 9.43, 0.033, 8.74, 22.2, 0.26, and 39.6 mg·· kg⁻¹ for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn, respectively, significantly lower than the background values of Chinese soils with the exception of Se. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that multiple anthropogenic sources regulated the elemental compositions of the Hainan environment. Coal combustion and mining are important anthropogenic sources of metals for Hainan. The geochemical maps of elements in Hainan soils were produced using the Geographic Information System (GIS) method, and several hot-spot areas were identified. The ecological impact of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Pb, Ni, and Zn pollution to the soils was extremely “low”. Full article

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16 pages, 1710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Toxic Metal Distribution Characteristics and Health Risk between Cultured and Wild Fish Captured from Honghu City, China

by Jingdong Zhang, Liyun Zhu, Fei Li, Chaoyang Liu, Zhenzhen Qiu, Minsi Xiao and Ying Cai

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(2), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020334 - 14 Feb 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5166

Abstract

Honghu Lake, which listed in the “Ramsar Convention”, is the seventh largest freshwater lake in China and is regarded as one of the biggest freshwater product output areas in China. The toxic element distribution in cultured and wild fish and the corresponding health [...] Read more.

Honghu Lake, which listed in the “Ramsar Convention”, is the seventh largest freshwater lake in China and is regarded as one of the biggest freshwater product output areas in China. The toxic element distribution in cultured and wild fish and the corresponding health risks through fish consumption from Honghu area were investigated. The mean concentration in the muscle of cultured and wild fish (Carassius auratus and Ctenopharyngodon idellus) decreased in the order: Zn (18.94) > Cu (0.8489) > Cr (0.2840) > Pb (0.2052) and Zn (16.30) > Cr (1.947) > Cu (0.4166) > Pb (0.0525) > Cd (0.0060) (mean; mg/kg, wet weight). Scales (Multi factor pollution index (MPI) = 3.342) and the liver (MPI = 1.276) were regarded as the main accumulation tissues for cultured fish, and the bladder (MPI = 0.640) and intestine (MPI = 0.477) were regarded as the main accumulation tissues for wild fish. There were no obvious health risks associated with the consumption of cultured and wild fish based on the calculated results of the target hazard quotient (THQ), carcinogenic risk (CR), and estimated weekly intake (EWI). Pb and Cr were recognized as the major health risk contributors for inhabitants through wild and cultured fish consumption. Cultured fish had a greater health risk than wild fish based on the calculation results of THQ and CR. Muscle consumption resulted in more health risks than mixed edible tissues for cultured fish, but for wild fish, the conclusion was the opposite. Mixed fish (cultured:wild = 1:1) muscle consumption had relatively lower risks than the consumption of cultured or wild fish muscle separately. Consuming no more than 465 g/day (wet wt) of cultured fish muscle, 68 g/day (wet wt) of wild fish muscle, 452 g/day (wet wt) of mixed cultured fish edible tissues or 186 g/day (wet wt) of mixed wild fish edible tissues from the Honghu area can assure human health. Full article

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19 pages, 566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PM Origin or Exposure Duration? Health Hazards from PM-Bound Mercury and PM-Bound PAHs among Students and Lecturers

by Grzegorz Majewski, Kamila Widziewicz, Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska, Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec, Karolina Kociszewska, Tomasz Rozbicki, Małgorzata Majder-Łopatka and Mariusz Niemczyk

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(2), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020316 - 12 Feb 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4463

Abstract

This study assessed inhalation exposure to particulate matter (PM₁)-bound mercury (Hg_p) and PM₁-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among university students. For this purpose, simultaneous indoor (I) and outdoor (O) measurements were taken from two Polish technical universities [...] Read more.

This study assessed inhalation exposure to particulate matter (PM₁)-bound mercury (Hg_p) and PM₁-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among university students. For this purpose, simultaneous indoor (I) and outdoor (O) measurements were taken from two Polish technical universities (in Gliwice and Warsaw) located in distinct areas with respect to ambient concentrations and major sources of PM. The indoor geometric mean concentrations of Hg_p were found to be 1.46 pg·m⁻³ and 6.38 pg·m⁻³ in Warsaw and Gliwice, while the corresponding outdoor concentrations were slightly lower at 1.38 pg·m⁻³ and 3.03 pg·m⁻³, respectively. A distinct pattern was found with respect to PAH concentrations with estimated I/O values of 22.2 ng·m⁻³/22.5 ng·m⁻³ in Gliwice and 10.9 ng·m⁻³/11.12 ng·m⁻³ in Warsaw. Hazard quotients (HQs) as a result of exposure to Hg_p for students aged 21 ranged from 3.47 × 10⁻⁵ (Warsaw) to 1.3 × 10⁻⁴ (Gliwice) in terms of reasonable maximum exposure (RME). The non-cancer human health risk value related to Hg_p exposure was thus found to be below the acceptable risk level value of 1.0 given by the US EPA. Daily exposure values for lecture hall occupants, adjusted to the benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) toxicity equivalent (BaP_eq), were 2.9 and 1.02 ng·m⁻³ for the Gliwice and Warsaw students, respectively. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values with respect to exposure to PM₁-bound PAHs during the students’ time of study were 5.49 × 10⁻⁸ (Warsaw) and 1.43 × 10⁻⁷ (Gliwice). Thus, students’ exposure to indoor PAHs does not lead to increased risk of lung cancer. Full article

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13 pages, 1008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining Exposure Factors of Anti-Fogging, Dye, Disinfectant, Repellent, and Preservative Products in Korea

by Daeyeop Lee, Joo-Hyon Kim, Taksoo Kim, Hyojung Yoon, Areum Jo, Byeongwoo Lee, Hyunwoo Lim, Pilje Kim and Jungkwan Seo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(2), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020232 - 30 Jan 2018

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4714

Abstract

Reliable exposure factors are essential to determine health risks posed by chemicals in consumer products. We analyzed five risk-concerned product categories (anti-fogging, dye, disinfectant, repellent, and preservative products) for 13 products (three car anti-fogging products, a lens anti-fogging product, two car dye products, [...] Read more.

Reliable exposure factors are essential to determine health risks posed by chemicals in consumer products. We analyzed five risk-concerned product categories (anti-fogging, dye, disinfectant, repellent, and preservative products) for 13 products (three car anti-fogging products, a lens anti-fogging product, two car dye products, two drain disinfectants, an air conditioner disinfectant, a chlorine-based disinfectant, a fabric repellent, an insect repellent for food, and a wood preservative) considered to be of high risk in order to determine exposure factors via web surveys and estimation of amount of product. Among the 3000 participants (1482 (49%) men) aged ≥19 years, drain disinfectants were used most frequently (38.2%); the rate of usage of the other products ranged between 1.1–24.0%. The usage rates for the consumer products differed by sex, age, income, and education. Some consumer products such as car and lens anti-fogging products, chlorine-based disinfectants, fabric repellents, and drain disinfectants were regularly used more than once a month, while car dye products, air conditioner disinfectants, insect repellents for food, and wood preservatives were not regularly used owing to the specific product purposes and seasonal needs. Our results could be used for managing or controlling chemical substances in consumer products and conducting accurate exposure assessments. Full article

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12 pages, 3172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trace Elements in Soils and Selected Agricultural Plants in the Tongling Mining Area of China

by Ziwei Ding, Yang Li, Qingye Sun and Haojie Zhang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(2), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020202 - 25 Jan 2018

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 4839

Abstract

The quality and safety of agricultural products from metal mining areas are of wide concern. In order to investigate the contents and health risks of trace elements in fruit vegetables planted in metal mining areas, 440 samples of fruit vegetables from 117 vegetable [...] Read more.

The quality and safety of agricultural products from metal mining areas are of wide concern. In order to investigate the contents and health risks of trace elements in fruit vegetables planted in metal mining areas, 440 samples of fruit vegetables from 117 vegetable plots were collected from Tongling mining area. Trace element contents in fruit vegetables and soil were measured. The results indicated that the total concentration of trace elements in some of the soil samples exceeded the Grade II national standard in China. Transfer factor (TF) of Cd was the highest (8.360), followed by Zn, Cu, As, and Pb. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of the trace elements, except Cd, were generally below the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI). The target hazard quotient (THQ) of Zn for children was more than 1 in some vegetables, suggesting potential health hazards for child population. Total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) of Cu and Zn were also more than 1 through consumption of all vegetables, indicating significant health risks. For both adults and children, hazard index (HI) was more than 1 for the consumption of vegetables. The findings reveal the health risks associated with the consumption of trace elements through the intake of selected vegetables in the population of Tongling. Full article

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16 pages, 2440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) Pollution at a Rural Industrial Wasteland in an Abandoned Metallurgy Factory in North China

by Zheng Sun and Jiajun Chen

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(1), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010085 - 6 Jan 2018

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 5842

Abstract

The potential toxic elements (PTEs) pollution problems in many rural industrial wastelands have been observed to be conspicuous. Therefore, 40 top soil samples were collected from the wasteland of a typical rural metallurgy factory in Baoding, China. The total concentrations of six key [...] Read more.

The potential toxic elements (PTEs) pollution problems in many rural industrial wastelands have been observed to be conspicuous. Therefore, 40 top soil samples were collected from the wasteland of a typical rural metallurgy factory in Baoding, China. The total concentrations of six key PTEs were measured. The soil properties and speciation of the PTEs were also identified. Extremely high concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn were observed in the surface soils. Using the PTEs concentration in the top soils of the rural industrial wasteland, the following indices of pollution were calculated: the pollution load index (PLI), the geo-accumulation Index (I_geo), the risk assessment code (RAC), and the health risk assessment (HRA). The analysis of the PLI and I_geo indicated that site #1 was relatively clean, while sites #2 and #3 were heavily polluted. The results of the RAC showed that PTEs in top soils at sites #2 and #3 were significantly increased (p < 0.05) for Cd and Zn. The HRA indicated that both As and Pb presented non-carcinogenic risks to children and adults at sites #2 and #3. Our findings can be a reference for risk prevention of industrially abandoned land in rural China. Full article

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2017

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1138 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heavy Metal Pollution and Ecological Assessment around the Jinsha Coal-Fired Power Plant (China)

by Xianfei Huang, Jiwei Hu, Fanxin Qin, Wenxuan Quan, Rensheng Cao, Mingyi Fan and Xianliang Wu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14(12), 1589; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121589 - 18 Dec 2017

Cited by 63 | Viewed by 6400

Abstract

Heavy metal pollution is a serious problem worldwide. In this study, 41 soil samples and 32 cabbage samples were collected from the area surrounding the Jinsha coal-fired power plant (JCFP Plant) in Guizhou Province, southwest China. Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cu and Cr [...] Read more.

Heavy metal pollution is a serious problem worldwide. In this study, 41 soil samples and 32 cabbage samples were collected from the area surrounding the Jinsha coal-fired power plant (JCFP Plant) in Guizhou Province, southwest China. Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cu and Cr concentrations in soil samples and cabbage samples were analysed to study the pollution sources and risks of heavy metals around the power plant. The results indicate that the JCFP Plant contributes to the Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Cu, and Cr pollution in nearby soils, particularly Hg pollution. Cu and Cr in soils from both croplands and forestlands in the study area derive mainly from crustal materials or natural processes. Pb, Cd and As in soils from croplands arise partly through anthropogenic activities, but these elements in soils from forestlands originate mainly from crustal materials or natural processes. Hg pollution in soils from both croplands and forestlands is caused mainly by fly ash from the JCFP Plant. The cabbages grown in the study area were severely contaminated with heavy metals, and more than 90% of the cabbages had Pb concentrations exceeding the permissible level established by the Ministry of Health and the Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. Additionally, 30% of the cabbages had As concentrations exceeding the permissible level. Because forests can protect soils from heavy metal pollution caused by atmospheric deposition, close attention should be given to the Hg pollution in soils and to the concentrations of Pb, As, Hg and Cr in vegetables from the study area. Full article

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2004 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heavy Metal Contamination and Health Risk Assessment in the Vicinity of a Tailing Pond in Guangdong, China

by Yaya Liang, Xiaoyun Yi, Zhi Dang, Qin Wang, Houmei Luo and Jie Tang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14(12), 1557; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121557 - 12 Dec 2017

Cited by 163 | Viewed by 8680

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to assess heavy metal contamination and health risks for residents in the vicinity of a tailing pond in Guangdong, southern China. Water, soil, rice, and vegetable samples were collected from the area in the vicinity of the [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to assess heavy metal contamination and health risks for residents in the vicinity of a tailing pond in Guangdong, southern China. Water, soil, rice, and vegetable samples were collected from the area in the vicinity of the tailing pond. Results showed that surface water was just polluted by Ni and As, while groundwater was not contaminated by heavy metals. The concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, and As in the paddy soil exceeded the standard values but not those of Cr. In vegetable soils, the concentration of heavy metals was above the standard values except for Ni and As. Soil heavy metal concentrations generally decreased with increasing distance from the polluting source. Leafy vegetables were contaminated by Pb, Cr, Cd, and Ni, while the non-leafy vegetables were contaminated only by Cr. There was a significant difference in heavy metal concentrations between leafy vegetables and non-leafy vegetables. Almost all the rice was polluted by heavy metals. Diet was the most significant contributor to non-carcinogenic risk, which was significantly higher than the safe level of 1. The total cancer risk was also beyond the safe range (10⁻⁶–10⁻⁴). Results revealed that there is a risk of potential health problems to residents in the vicinity of the tailing pond. Full article

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807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Risk Assessment of Tidal−Induced Urban Flooding in Can Tho City (Mekong Delta, Vietnam)

by Hong Quan Nguyen, Thi Thao Nguyen Huynh, Assela Pathirana and Peter Van der Steen

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14(12), 1485; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121485 - 30 Nov 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6279

Abstract

Public health risks from urban flooding are a global concern. Contaminated floodwater may expose residents living in cities as they are in direct contact with the water. However, the recent literature does not provide much information about this issue, especially for developing countries. [...] Read more.

Public health risks from urban flooding are a global concern. Contaminated floodwater may expose residents living in cities as they are in direct contact with the water. However, the recent literature does not provide much information about this issue, especially for developing countries. In this paper, the health risk due to a flood event occurred in Can Tho City (Mekong Delta, Vietnam) on 7 October 2013 was investigated. The Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment method was used in this study. The data showed that the pathogen concentrations were highly variable during the flood event and exceeded water standards for surface water. Per 10,000 people in contact with the floodwater, we found Salmonella caused the highest number of infections to adults and children (137 and 374, respectively), while E. coli caused 4 and 12 cases, per single event, respectively. The results show that further investigations on health risk related to flood issues in Can Tho City are required, especially because of climate change and urbanization. In addition, activities to raise awareness- about floods, e.g., “living with floods”, in the Mekong Delta should also consider health risk issues. Full article

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2974 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Experimental and Modelling Strategy for Nanoparticle Toxicity Testing Enabling the Use of Small Quantities

by Marinda Van Pomeren, Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg, Nadja R. Brun and Martina G. Vijver

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14(11), 1348; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111348 - 6 Nov 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5174

Abstract

Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) differ from other metal forms with respect to their large surface to volume ratio and subsequent inherent reactivity. Each new modification to a nanoparticle alters the surface to volume ratio, fate and subsequently the toxicity of the particle. Newly-engineered NPs [...] Read more.

Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) differ from other metal forms with respect to their large surface to volume ratio and subsequent inherent reactivity. Each new modification to a nanoparticle alters the surface to volume ratio, fate and subsequently the toxicity of the particle. Newly-engineered NPs are commonly available only in low quantities whereas, in general, rather large amounts are needed for fate characterizations and effect studies. This challenge is especially relevant for those NPs that have low inherent toxicity combined with low bioavailability. Therefore, within our study, we developed new testing strategies that enable working with low quantities of NPs. The experimental testing method was tailor-made for NPs, whereas we also developed translational models based on different dose-metrics allowing to determine dose-response predictions for NPs. Both the experimental method and the predictive models were verified on the basis of experimental effect data collected using zebrafish embryos exposed to metallic NPs in a range of different chemical compositions and shapes. It was found that the variance in the effect data in the dose-response predictions was best explained by the minimal diameter of the NPs, whereas the data confirmed that the predictive model is widely applicable to soluble metallic NPs. The experimental and model approach developed in our study support the development of (eco)toxicity assays tailored to nano-specific features. Full article

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3350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Changes in Fine Particulate Matter Pollution and the Associated Mortality Burden in China between 2015 and 2016

by Luwei Feng, Bo Ye, Huan Feng, Fu Ren, Shichun Huang, Xiaotong Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Qingyun Du and Lu Ma

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14(11), 1321; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111321 - 30 Oct 2017

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 6634

Abstract

In recent years, research on the spatiotemporal distribution and health effects of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) has been conducted in China. However, the limitations of different research scopes and methods have led to low comparability between regions regarding the mortality burden [...] Read more.

In recent years, research on the spatiotemporal distribution and health effects of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) has been conducted in China. However, the limitations of different research scopes and methods have led to low comparability between regions regarding the mortality burden of PM_2.5. A kriging model was used to simulate the distribution of PM_2.5 in 2015 and 2016. Relative risk (RR) at a specified PM_2.5 exposure concentration was estimated with an integrated exposure–response (IER) model for different causes of mortality: lung cancer (LC), ischaemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (stroke) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The population attributable fraction (PAF) was adopted to estimate deaths attributed to PM_2.5. 72.02% of cities experienced decreases in PM_2.5 from 2015 to 2016. Due to the overall decrease in the PM_2.5 concentration, the total number of deaths decreased by approximately 10,658 per million in 336 cities, including a decrease of 1400, 1836, 6312 and 1110 caused by LC, IHD, stroke and COPD, respectively. Our results suggest that the overall PM_2.5 concentration and PM_2.5-related deaths exhibited decreasing trends in China, although air quality in local areas has deteriorated. To improve air pollution control strategies, regional PM_2.5 concentrations and trends should be fully considered. Full article

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3257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Risk Assessment Strategy for Nanomaterials

by Janeck J. Scott‐Fordsmand, Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg, Elena Semenzin, Bernd Nowack, Neil Hunt, Danail Hristozov, Antonio Marcomini, Muhammad‐Adeel Irfan, Araceli Sánchez Jiménez, Robert Landsiedel, Lang Tran, Agnes G. Oomen, Peter M. J. Bos and Kerstin Hund‐Rinke

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14(10), 1251; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101251 - 19 Oct 2017

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 7909

Abstract

An Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) for nanomaterials (NMs) is outlined in this paper. Contrary to other recent papers on the subject, the main data requirements, models and advancement within each of the four risk assessment domains are described, i.e., in the: (i) materials, [...] Read more.

An Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) for nanomaterials (NMs) is outlined in this paper. Contrary to other recent papers on the subject, the main data requirements, models and advancement within each of the four risk assessment domains are described, i.e., in the: (i) materials, (ii) release, fate and exposure, (iii) hazard and (iv) risk characterisation domains. The material, which is obviously the foundation for any risk assessment, should be described according to the legislatively required characterisation data. Characterisation data will also be used at various levels within the ERA, e.g., exposure modelling. The release, fate and exposure data and models cover the input for environmental distribution models in order to identify the potential (PES) and relevant exposure scenarios (RES) and, subsequently, the possible release routes, both with regard to which compartment(s) NMs are distributed in line with the factors determining the fate within environmental compartment. The initial outcome in the risk characterisation will be a generic Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC), but a refined PEC can be obtained by applying specific exposure models for relevant media. The hazard information covers a variety of representative, relevant and reliable organisms and/or functions, relevant for the RES and enabling a hazard characterisation. The initial outcome will be hazard characterisation in test systems allowing estimating a Predicted No-Effect concentration (PNEC), either based on uncertainty factors or on a NM adapted version of the Species Sensitivity Distributions approach. The risk characterisation will either be based on a deterministic risk ratio approach (i.e., PEC/PNEC) or an overlay of probability distributions, i.e., exposure and hazard distributions, using the nano relevant models. Full article

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659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concentration Levels, Pollution Characteristics and Potential Ecological Risk of Dust Heavy Metals in the Metropolitan Area of Beijing, China

by Qiulin Xiong, Wenji Zhao, Jiayin Zhao, Wenhui Zhao and Lei Jiang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14(10), 1159; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101159 - 30 Sep 2017

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4342

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the concentration levels, pollution characteristics and the associated potential ecological risks of the heavy metals found in dust in the metropolitan area of Beijing, China during the winter. Dust samples were collected at 49 different spatial locations of [...] Read more.

This study aims to investigate the concentration levels, pollution characteristics and the associated potential ecological risks of the heavy metals found in dust in the metropolitan area of Beijing, China during the winter. Dust samples were collected at 49 different spatial locations of Beijing’s metropolitan area from November 2013 to January 2014, in which the concentration levels of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, V, Bi and Mo were measured by Elan DRC II type inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Test results showed that the concentrations of dust heavy metals Pb, Cr, Cu and Zn in the urban areas (147.1 mg·kg⁻¹, 195.9 mg·kg⁻¹, 239.2 mg·kg⁻¹ and 713.2 mg·kg⁻¹) were significantly higher than those in the suburbs (91.6 mg·kg⁻¹, 125.1 mg·kg⁻¹, 131.9 mg·kg⁻¹ and 514.5 mg·kg⁻¹). Enrichment factors and the geo-accumulation index were used to describe the pollution characteristics of dust heavy metals in urban and suburban areas. Results indicated that Zn and Cu were moderately polluting in both urban and suburban areas, Cd was severely polluting in urban areas and heavily polluting in the suburbs. Furthermore, potential ecological risk assessment revealed that the degrees of ecological harm of dust heavy metals were very strong in both urban and suburban areas, but especially in urban areas. The potential ecological risk of heavy metal Cd, whose single factor of ecological damage was extremely strong, accounted for about 90% of the total ecological risk. Full article

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2315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Playing Chemical Plant Environmental Protection Games with Historical Monitoring Data

by Zhengqiu Zhu, Bin Chen, Genserik Reniers, Laobing Zhang, Sihang Qiu and Xiaogang Qiu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14(10), 1155; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101155 - 29 Sep 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4395

Abstract

The chemical industry is very important for the world economy and this industrial sector represents a substantial income source for developing countries. However, existing regulations on controlling atmospheric pollutants, and the enforcement of these regulations, often are insufficient in such countries. As a [...] Read more.

The chemical industry is very important for the world economy and this industrial sector represents a substantial income source for developing countries. However, existing regulations on controlling atmospheric pollutants, and the enforcement of these regulations, often are insufficient in such countries. As a result, the deterioration of surrounding ecosystems and a quality decrease of the atmospheric environment can be observed. Previous works in this domain fail to generate executable and pragmatic solutions for inspection agencies due to practical challenges. In addressing these challenges, we introduce a so-called Chemical Plant Environment Protection Game (CPEP) to generate reasonable schedules of high-accuracy air quality monitoring stations (i.e., daily management plans) for inspection agencies. First, so-called Stackelberg Security Games (SSGs) in conjunction with source estimation methods are applied into this research. Second, high-accuracy air quality monitoring stations as well as gas sensor modules are modeled in the CPEP game. Third, simplified data analysis on the regularly discharging of chemical plants is utilized to construct the CPEP game. Finally, an illustrative case study is used to investigate the effectiveness of the CPEP game, and a realistic case study is conducted to illustrate how the models and algorithms being proposed in this paper, work in daily practice. Results show that playing a CPEP game can reduce operational costs of high-accuracy air quality monitoring stations. Moreover, evidence suggests that playing the game leads to more compliance from the chemical plants towards the inspection agencies. Therefore, the CPEP game is able to assist the environmental protection authorities in daily management work and reduce the potential risks of gaseous pollutants dispersion incidents. Full article

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3310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Assessment of Metals in Urban Soils from a Typical Industrial City, Suzhou, Eastern China

by Gang Wang, Hou-Qi Liu, Yu Gong, Yang Wei, Ai-Jun Miao, Liu-Yan Yang and Huan Zhong

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14(9), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14091025 - 7 Sep 2017

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 5465

Abstract

Risk of metals in urban soils is less studied, compared to that in other types of soils, hindering accurate assessment of human exposure to metals. In this study, the concentrations of five metals (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg) were analyzed in 167 [...] Read more.

Risk of metals in urban soils is less studied, compared to that in other types of soils, hindering accurate assessment of human exposure to metals. In this study, the concentrations of five metals (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg) were analyzed in 167 surface soil samples collected from Suzhou city and their potential ecological and human health risks were assessed. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, and Hg except Cr, were higher than the background values in Jiangsu Province. Metal concentrations varied among districts, where sites of high contamination showed a punctate distribution. Principal components and correlation analyses revealed that As, Pb, and Cd could originate from the same sources. The geo-accumulation (I_geo) and potential ecological risk indices (RI) were calculated and the relatively low values of I_geo (<0) and RI (<150) suggested generally low ecological risk. The noncarcinogenic risks of the metals were relatively low for Suzhou residents (i.e., average hazard index or HI: 0.1199 for adults and 0.5935 for children, <1), while the total carcinogenic risks (TCR) of Cr and As were acceptable (TCR in the range of 1.0 × 10⁻⁶ to 1.0 × 10⁻⁴). Children faced a higher threat than adults. Results of Monte-Carlo simulations were lower than those obtained from models using deterministic parameters. Of all the uncertain parameters, the ingestion rate and body weight were the most sensitive for adults and children, respectively, while As was an important factor for both. The results as well as the factors controlling risks of metals could help better understand the risks of metals in urban soils of industrial cities in China. Full article

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1277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health Risks and Contamination Levels of Heavy Metals in Dusts from Parks and Squares of an Industrial City in Semi-Arid Area of China

by Xiufeng Han, Xinwei Lu, Qinggeletu and Yongfu Wu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14(8), 886; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080886 - 7 Aug 2017

Cited by 79 | Viewed by 5593

Abstract

The contamination characteristics and health risk of barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) in samples of dust gathered from squares and parks of Baotou [...] Read more.

The contamination characteristics and health risk of barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) in samples of dust gathered from squares and parks of Baotou city, an industrial city situated in a semi-arid location of the northwest China were investigated. The contents of Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, V, Pb, and Zn in the collected dust samples were determined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, while the contents of As and Hg in the dust were investigated by use of the ICP-MS. Further, cadmium was quantified through the atomic absorption spectrometry. Levels of contamination of heavy metals analyzed in the dust samples were evaluated using the Geo-Accumulation index (I_geo) as well as through a Pollution Load Index (PLI). Their health risks to children and adults were evaluated based on the US EPA model of health risk. The findings portrayed that the mean concentrations of Ba, Co Cr, Cu, Pb, V, Cd, and Hg were elevated as compared with their local soil background values. Mean values of I_geo illustrate the order of Co > Cr> Cd > Hg > Pb > Cu > Ba > V > Ni > Mn > Zn > As. It was evident that dusts from the parks and squares were “unpolluted” to “moderately polluted”. Assessment of health risk depicts that ingestion is the foremost route of exposure in regard to the heavy metals, then the dermal adsorption follows. Hg exposure from dust might also set impending health threats to children. Besides, the cancer risks of Co, Cr, Ni, Cd, and As are considered to be within the presently tolerable range. Full article

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