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17 pages, 4736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exogenous Brassinolide Ameliorates the Adverse Effects of Gamma Radiation Stress and Increases the Survival Rate of Rice Seedlings by Modulating Antioxidant Metabolism

by Yanting Lu, Bingkui Wang, Mengchao Zhang, Wenxin Yang, Mingming Wu, Jing Ye, Shenghai Ye and Guofu Zhu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(21), 11523; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111523 - 26 Oct 2024

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Abstract

Gamma irradiation-based mutant creation is one of the most important methods for rice plant mutagenesis breeding and molecular biology research. Although median lethal dose irradiation severely damages rice seedlings, applying brassinolide (BR) can increase the survival rate of irradiated seedlings. In this study, [...] Read more.

Gamma irradiation-based mutant creation is one of the most important methods for rice plant mutagenesis breeding and molecular biology research. Although median lethal dose irradiation severely damages rice seedlings, applying brassinolide (BR) can increase the survival rate of irradiated seedlings. In this study, we investigated the effects of soaking seeds in solutions containing different BR concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 5.0 μmol/L) and then spraying the resulting seedlings twice with 0.1 μmol/L BR. The combined BR treatments markedly decreased the superoxide anion (O₂^•−), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and malondialdehyde contents but increased the chlorophyll content. An appropriate BR treatment of gamma-irradiated samples substantially increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase as well as the proline, ascorbic acid, and glutathione contents in rice seedling shoots. The BR treatment also promoted the growth of seedlings derived from irradiated seeds and increased the shoot and root fresh and dry weights. Most notably, soaking seeds in 0.01 or 0.1 μmol/L BR solutions and then spraying seedlings twice with 0.1 μmol/L BR significantly increased the final seedling survival rate and decreased mutant loss. The study results suggest that exogenous BR treatments can protect rice seedlings from gamma irradiation stress by enhancing antioxidant metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulatory Mechanism and Network of Abiotic Stress-Response in Plants 2.0)

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17 pages, 3475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome Provides Insights in Response Mechanism under Heat Stress in Avocado (Persea americana Mill.)

by Xinyi Zheng, Qing Zhu, Yi Liu, Junxiang Chen, Lingxia Wang, Yu Xiu, Haoyue Zheng, Shanzhi Lin, Peng Ling and Minqiang Tang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10312; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910312 - 25 Sep 2024

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Abstract

Plants generate a range of physiological and molecular responses to sustain their growth and development when suffering heat stress. Avocado is a type of tropical fruit tree with high economic value. Most avocado cultivars delete, wither, or even die when exposed to heat [...] Read more.

Plants generate a range of physiological and molecular responses to sustain their growth and development when suffering heat stress. Avocado is a type of tropical fruit tree with high economic value. Most avocado cultivars delete, wither, or even die when exposed to heat stress for a long time, which seriously restricts the introduction and cultivation of avocados. In this study, samples of a heat-intolerant variety (‘Hass’) were treated under heat stress, and the transcriptomics and metabolomics were analyzed, with the expectation of providing information on the variety improvement and domestication of avocados. The differentially expressed genes identified using transcriptome analysis mainly involved metabolic pathways such as plant hormone signal transduction, plant–pathogen interaction, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. Combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis indicated that the down-regulation of Hass.g03.10206 and Hass.g03.10205 in heat shock-like proteins may result in the reduced Trehalose and Sinapoyl aldehyde content. Metabolomics analysis results indicated that the decrease in Trehalose and Sinapoyl aldehyde content may be an important factor for heat intolerance. These results provide important clues for understanding the physiological mechanisms of adaptation to heat stress in avocados. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulatory Mechanism and Network of Abiotic Stress-Response in Plants 2.0)

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17 pages, 11620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Plant Stress Tolerance: The Role of LcWRKY40 Gene in Drought and Alkaline Salt Resistance in Tobacco and Yeast

by Jianan Guo, Yipeng Zhao, Huihui Cheng, Ruiqiang Yu, Baoxiang Gu, Qiuhui Wang, Jitao Zhang, Shenglin Li and Qingjie Guan

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(18), 10149; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810149 - 21 Sep 2024

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Abstract

Leymus chinensis, a halophytic perennial grass belonging to the Poaceae family, thrives in saline-alkali grasslands and harbors a rich repository of resistance-related genetic resources. This study focused on deciphering the stress-responsive mechanisms of L. chinensis by conducting transcriptomic sequencing under NaHCO₃ [...] Read more.

Leymus chinensis, a halophytic perennial grass belonging to the Poaceae family, thrives in saline-alkali grasslands and harbors a rich repository of resistance-related genetic resources. This study focused on deciphering the stress-responsive mechanisms of L. chinensis by conducting transcriptomic sequencing under NaHCO₃ stress, which resulted in the annotation of a segment corresponding to the 51WRKY gene. The alkali-induced gene LcWRKY40 (QIG37591) was identified by phylogenetic analysis. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis was performed on L. chinensis plants subjected to PEG6000 and alkaline salt (NaHCO₃) stress, and the results indicated that the LcWRKY40 gene was upregulated in both the leaves and roots. The localization of the LcWRKY40 protein was confirmed by the use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion technology in transformed rice protoplast cells. The GAL4-driven transformation of the LcWRKY40 gene in INVScI yeast cells, which exhibited enhanced tolerance upon overexpression of the LcWRKY40 gene under mannitol and alkaline salt (NaHCO₃) stress conditions. Under drought stress using mannitol, the fresh weight of Nicotiana tabacum overexpressing the LcWRKY40 gene was significantly higher than that of wild-type(WT) tobacco. Through drought and salt alkali stress, we found that overexpressed tobacco at different stages always outperformed the wild type in terms of fresh weight, SOD, MDA, and Fv/Fm. This study provides preliminary insights into the involvement of the LcWRKY40 gene in responding to drought and alkaline salt stresses, highlighting its role in enhancing plant resistance to drought and saline-alkaline conditions. These findings lay the foundation for future molecular breeding strategies aimed at improving grass resistance from different aspects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulatory Mechanism and Network of Abiotic Stress-Response in Plants 2.0)

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17 pages, 3773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Exogenous Ascorbic Acid Enhances Cold Tolerance in Tomato Seedlings through Molecular and Physiological Responses

by Xinman Wang, Chunxia Ran, Yuandi Fu, Liyuan Han, Xuedong Yang, Weimin Zhu, Hui Zhang and Yingying Zhang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(18), 10093; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810093 - 19 Sep 2024

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Abstract

Ascorbic acid (AsA), an essential non-enzymatic antioxidant in plants, regulates development growth and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, research on AsA’s role in cold tolerance remains largely unknown. Here, our study uncovered the positive role of AsA in improving cold stress [...] Read more.

Ascorbic acid (AsA), an essential non-enzymatic antioxidant in plants, regulates development growth and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, research on AsA’s role in cold tolerance remains largely unknown. Here, our study uncovered the positive role of AsA in improving cold stress tolerance in tomato seedlings. Physiological analysis showed that AsA significantly enhanced the enzyme activity of the antioxidant defense system in tomato seedling leaves and increased the contents of proline, sugar, abscisic acid (ABA), and endogenous AsA. In addition, we found that AsA is able to protect the photosynthetic system of tomato seedlings, thereby relieving the declining rate of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that AsA significantly increased the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and involved in AsA synthesis, ABA biosynthesis/signal transduction, and low-temperature responses in tomato. In conclusion, the application of exogenous AsA enhances cold stress tolerance in tomato seedlings through various molecular and physiological responses. This provides a theoretical foundation for exploring the regulatory mechanisms underlying cold tolerance in tomato and offers practical guidance for enhancing cold tolerance in tomato cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulatory Mechanism and Network of Abiotic Stress-Response in Plants 2.0)

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16 pages, 4295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Disruption of Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation Improves Plant Tolerance to Methyl Viologen-Mediated Oxidative Stress via Induction of ROS Scavenging Enzymes

by Natalia O. Kalinina, Nadezhda Spechenkova, Irina Ilina, Viktoriya O. Samarskaya, Polina Bagdasarova, Sergey K. Zavriev, Andrew J. Love and Michael Taliansky

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(17), 9367; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179367 - 29 Aug 2024

Viewed by 3421

Abstract

ADP-ribosylation (ADPRylation) is a mechanism which post-translationally modifies proteins in eukaryotes in order to regulate a broad range of biological processes including programmed cell death, cell signaling, DNA repair, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Poly(ADP-ribosyl) polymerases (PARPs) play a key role [...] Read more.

ADP-ribosylation (ADPRylation) is a mechanism which post-translationally modifies proteins in eukaryotes in order to regulate a broad range of biological processes including programmed cell death, cell signaling, DNA repair, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Poly(ADP-ribosyl) polymerases (PARPs) play a key role in the process of ADPRylation, which modifies target proteins by attaching ADP-ribose molecules. Here, we investigated whether and how PARP1 and PARylation modulate responses of Nicotiana benthamiana plants to methyl viologen (MV)-induced oxidative stress. It was found that the burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death, and loss of tissue viability invoked by MV in N. benthamiana leaves was significantly delayed by both the RNA silencing of the PARP1 gene and by applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) to inhibit PARylation activity. This in turn reduced the accumulation of PARylated proteins and significantly increased the gene expression of major ROS scavenging enzymes including SOD (NbMnSOD; mitochondrial manganese SOD), CAT (NbCAT2), GR (NbGR), and APX (NbAPX5), and inhibited cell death. This mechanism may be part of a broader network that regulates plant sensitivity to oxidative stress through various genetically programmed pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulatory Mechanism and Network of Abiotic Stress-Response in Plants 2.0)

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30 pages, 6819 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermopriming Induces Time-Limited Tolerance to Salt Stress

by Tobias Körner, Jana Zinkernagel and Simone Röhlen-Schmittgen

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(14), 7698; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147698 - 13 Jul 2024

Viewed by 564

Abstract

Implementing sustainable crop protection practices is crucial to protect global harvests and ensure high-quality food supplies. While priming is an established method in seed production for the fortification of plants against various stresses, it is not yet a standard practice in transplant cultivation. [...] Read more.

Implementing sustainable crop protection practices is crucial to protect global harvests and ensure high-quality food supplies. While priming is an established method in seed production for the fortification of plants against various stresses, it is not yet a standard practice in transplant cultivation. Thus, we evaluated the long-term effects of thermopriming—a heat-based priming technique—on the growth, development, and fruit yield of tomato plants. Following a recovery period of about six weeks for thermoprimed plants without stress inducers, we subjected them to subsequent salt stress to ascertain the persistence of the priming effects. Additionally, we compared the efficacy of thermopriming with benzothiadiazole (BTH), a chemical elicitor, in enhancing plant resilience to abiotic stress. While BTH application negatively impacted both plant growth and fruit health, thermopriming showed no such adverse effects on these parameters. Instead, thermopriming initially enhanced the plant defense mechanisms by increasing the accumulation of protective phenols and flavonoids in the leaves. Interestingly, while thermopriming did not alter the response to salt stress, it notably strengthened the overall resilience of the plants. Our findings underscore both the potential and temporal constraints of thermopriming memory. Nonetheless, primed plants exhibited temporarily increased stress tolerance, offering a means to safeguard the offspring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulatory Mechanism and Network of Abiotic Stress-Response in Plants 2.0)

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19 pages, 18203 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The RopGEF Gene Family and Their Potential Roles in Responses to Abiotic Stress in Brassica rapa

by Meiqi Zhang, Xiaoyu Wu, Luhan Chen, Lin Yang, Xiaoshuang Cui and Yunyun Cao

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(6), 3541; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063541 - 21 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1369

Abstract

Guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) genes play key roles in plant root and pollen tube growth, phytohormone responses, and abiotic stress responses. RopGEF genes in Brassica rapa have not yet been explored. Here, GEF genes were found to be distributed across eight [...] Read more.

Guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) genes play key roles in plant root and pollen tube growth, phytohormone responses, and abiotic stress responses. RopGEF genes in Brassica rapa have not yet been explored. Here, GEF genes were found to be distributed across eight chromosomes in B. rapa and were classified into three subfamilies. Promoter sequence analysis of BrRopGEFs revealed the presence of cis-elements characteristic of BrRopGEF promoters, and these cis-elements play a role in regulating abiotic stress tolerance and stress-related hormone responses. Organ-specific expression profiling demonstrated that BrRopGEFs were ubiquitously expressed in all organs, especially the roots, suggesting that they play a role in diverse biological processes. Gene expression analysis revealed that the expression of BrRopGEF13 was significantly up-regulated under osmotic stress and salt stress. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the expression of BrRopGEF13 was significantly down-regulated under various types of abiotic stress. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed interactions between RopGEF11, the homolog of BrRopGEF9, and the VPS34 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana, as well as interactions between AtRopGEF1, the homolog of BrRopGEF13 in Arabidopsis, and the ABI1, HAB1, PP2CA, and CPK4 proteins. VPS34, ABI1, HAB1, PP2CA, and CPK4 have previously been shown to confer resistance to unfavorable environments. Overall, our findings suggest that BrRopGEF9 and BrRopGEF13 play significant roles in regulating abiotic stress tolerance. These findings will aid future studies aimed at clarifying the functional characteristics of BrRopGEFs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulatory Mechanism and Network of Abiotic Stress-Response in Plants 2.0)

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21 pages, 5821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of bZIP Transcription Factors That Regulate the Development of Leaf Epidermal Cells in Arabidopsis thaliana by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing

by Rui Wu, Zhixin Liu, Susu Sun, Aizhi Qin, Hao Liu, Yaping Zhou, Weiqiang Li, Yumeng Liu, Mengke Hu, Jincheng Yang, Jean-David Rochaix, Guoyong An, Luis Herrera-Estrella, Lam-Son Phan Tran and Xuwu Sun

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(5), 2553; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052553 - 22 Feb 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2472

Abstract

Epidermal cells are the main avenue for signal and material exchange between plants and the environment. Leaf epidermal cells primarily include pavement cells, guard cells, and trichome cells. The development and distribution of different epidermal cells are tightly regulated by a complex transcriptional [...] Read more.

Epidermal cells are the main avenue for signal and material exchange between plants and the environment. Leaf epidermal cells primarily include pavement cells, guard cells, and trichome cells. The development and distribution of different epidermal cells are tightly regulated by a complex transcriptional regulatory network mediated by phytohormones, including jasmonic acid, and transcription factors. How the fate of leaf epidermal cells is determined, however, is still largely unknown due to the diversity of cell types and the complexity of their regulation. Here, we characterized the transcriptional profiles of epidermal cells in 3-day-old true leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana using single-cell RNA sequencing. We identified two genes encoding BASIC LEUCINE-ZIPPER (bZIP) transcription factors, namely bZIP25 and bZIP53, which are highly expressed in pavement cells and early-stage meristemoid cells. Densities of pavement cells and trichome cells were found to increase and decrease, respectively, in bzip25 and bzip53 mutants, compared with wild-type plants. This trend was more pronounced in the presence of jasmonic acid, suggesting that these transcription factors regulate the development of trichome cells and pavement cells in response to jasmonic acid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulatory Mechanism and Network of Abiotic Stress-Response in Plants 2.0)

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22 pages, 2970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Response to Cadmium in Silene vulgaris Ecotypes Is Distinctly Affected by Priming-Induced Changes in Oxidation Status of Macromolecules

by Alina Wiszniewska, Mateusz Labudda and Ewa Muszyńska

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(22), 16075; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216075 - 8 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1061

Abstract

This study investigated the impact of several priming agents on metal-tolerant and sensitive Silene vulgaris ecotypes exposed to environmentally relevant cadmium dose. We analyzed how priming-induced changes in the level of lipid, protein, and DNA oxidation contribute to calamine (Cal) and non-calamine (N-Cal) [...] Read more.

This study investigated the impact of several priming agents on metal-tolerant and sensitive Silene vulgaris ecotypes exposed to environmentally relevant cadmium dose. We analyzed how priming-induced changes in the level of lipid, protein, and DNA oxidation contribute to calamine (Cal) and non-calamine (N-Cal) ecotype response to Cd toxicity, and whether the oxidative modifications interrelate with Cd tolerance. In non-primed ecotypes, the levels of DNA and protein oxidation were similar whereas Cal Cd tolerance was manifested in reduced lipid peroxidation. In both ecotypes protective action of salicylic acid (SA) and nitric oxide (NO) priming was observed. SA stimulated growth and reduced lipid and DNA oxidation at most, while NO protected DNA from fragmentation. Priming with hydrogen peroxide reduced biomass and induced DNA oxidation. In N-Cal, priming diminished Cd accumulation and oxidative activity, whereas in Cal, it merely affected Cd uptake and induced protein carbonylation. The study showed that priming did not stimulate extra stress resistance in the tolerant ecotype but induced metabolic remodeling. In turn, the lack of adaptive tolerance made the sensitive ecotype more responsive to the benefits of the primed state. These findings could facilitate priming exploitation with a view of enhancing metallophyte and non-metallophyte suitability for phytoremediation and land revegetation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulatory Mechanism and Network of Abiotic Stress-Response in Plants 2.0)

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22 pages, 1302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Involvement of Dynamic Adjustment of ABA, Proline and Sugar Levels in Rhizomes in Effective Acclimation of Solidago gigantea to Contrasting Weather and Soil Conditions in the Country of Invasion

by Renata Bączek-Kwinta, Franciszek Janowiak, Magdalena Simlat and Jacek Antonkiewicz

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(20), 15368; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015368 - 19 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1181

Abstract

Giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Aiton) is one of the most invasive plant species occurring in Europe. Since little is known about the molecular mechanisms contributing to its invasiveness, we examined the natural dynamics of the content of rhizome compounds, which can be [...] Read more.

Giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Aiton) is one of the most invasive plant species occurring in Europe. Since little is known about the molecular mechanisms contributing to its invasiveness, we examined the natural dynamics of the content of rhizome compounds, which can be crucial for plant resistance and adaptation to environmental stress. We focused on rhizomes because they are the main vector of giant goldenrod dispersion in invaded lands. Water-soluble sugars, proline, and abscisic acid (ABA) were quantified in rhizomes, as well as ABA in the rhizosphere from three different but geographically close natural locations in Poland (50°04′11.3″ N, 19°50′40.2″ E) under extreme light, thermal, and soil conditions, in early spring, late summer, and late autumn. The genetic diversity of plants between locations was checked using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Sugar and proline content was assayed spectrophotometrically, and abscisic acid (ABA) with the ELISA immunomethod. It can be assumed that the accumulation of sugars in giant goldenrod rhizomes facilitated the process of plant adaptation to adverse environmental conditions (high temperature and/or water scarcity) caused by extreme weather in summer and autumn. The same was true for high levels of proline and ABA in summer. On the other hand, the lowering of proline and ABA in autumn did not confirm the previous assumptions about their synthesis in rhizomes during the acquisition of frost resistance by giant goldenrod. However, in the location with intensive sunlight and most extreme soil conditions, a constant amount of ABA in rhizomes was noticed as well as its exudation into the rhizosphere. This research indicates that soluble sugars, proline, and ABA alterations in rhizomes can participate in the mechanism of acclimation of S. gigantea to specific soil and meteorological conditions in the country of invasion irrespective of plant genetic variation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulatory Mechanism and Network of Abiotic Stress-Response in Plants 2.0)

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15 pages, 4208 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of BrGeBP Genes Reveal Their Potential Roles in Cold and Drought Stress Tolerance in Brassica rapa

by Ruolan Wang, Xiaoyu Wu, Ziwen Wang, Xiaoyu Zhang, Luhan Chen, Qiaohong Duan and Jiabao Huang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(17), 13597; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713597 - 2 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1454

Abstract

The GLABROUS1 Enhancer Binding Protein (GeBP) gene family is pivotal in regulating plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, the role of GeBP in Brassica rapa remains unclear. This study identifies 20 BrGeBP genes distributed across 6 chromosomes, categorized into 4 subfamilies. Analysis [...] Read more.

The GLABROUS1 Enhancer Binding Protein (GeBP) gene family is pivotal in regulating plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, the role of GeBP in Brassica rapa remains unclear. This study identifies 20 BrGeBP genes distributed across 6 chromosomes, categorized into 4 subfamilies. Analysis of their promoter sequences reveals multiple stress-related elements, including those responding to drought, low temperature, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and gibberellin (GA). Gene expression profiling demonstrates wide expression of BrGeBPs in callus, stem, silique, and flower tissues. Notably, BrGeBP5 expression significantly decreases under low-temperature treatment, while BrGeBP3 and BrGeBP14 show increased expression during drought stress, followed by a decrease. Protein interaction predictions suggest that BrGeBP14 homolog, At5g28040, can interact with DES1, a known stress-regulating protein. Additionally, microRNA172 targeting BrGeBP5 is upregulated under cold tolerance. These findings underscore the vital role of BrGeBPs in abiotic stress tolerance. Specifically, BrGeBP3, BrGeBP5, and BrGeBP14 show great potential for regulating abiotic stress. This study contributes to understanding the function of BrGeBPs and provides valuable insights for studying abiotic stress in B. rapa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulatory Mechanism and Network of Abiotic Stress-Response in Plants 2.0)

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Review

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21 pages, 2042 KiB

Open AccessReview

Emerging Functions of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in Plants

by Jing Xin, Chuanling Li, Xiaoqian Liu, Xueke Shi, Yu Sun and Jian-Xiu Shang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(22), 12050; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212050 - 9 Nov 2024

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Abstract

Reversible protein phosphorylation, known as the “switch” of the cell, is controlled by protein kinases (PKs) and protein phosphatases (PPs). Based on substrate specificity, PPs are classified into protein serine/threonine phosphatases and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs can dephosphorylate phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine/phosphothreonine. In [...] Read more.

Reversible protein phosphorylation, known as the “switch” of the cell, is controlled by protein kinases (PKs) and protein phosphatases (PPs). Based on substrate specificity, PPs are classified into protein serine/threonine phosphatases and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs can dephosphorylate phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine/phosphothreonine. In plants, PTPs monitor plant physiology, growth, and development. This review summarizes an overview of the PTPs’ classification and describes how PTPs regulate various plant processes, including plant growth and development, plant hormone responses, and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Then, future research directions on the PTP family in plants are discussed. This summary will serve as a reference for researchers studying PTPs in plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulatory Mechanism and Network of Abiotic Stress-Response in Plants 2.0)

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17 pages, 2693 KiB

Open AccessReview

ROS as Signaling Molecules to Initiate the Process of Plant Acclimatization to Abiotic Stress

by Larisa Ivanovna Fedoreyeva

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(21), 11820; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111820 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 621

Abstract

During their life cycle, plants constantly respond to environmental changes. Abiotic stressors affect the photosynthetic and respiratory processes of plants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during aerobic metabolism and play an important role as regulatory mediators in signaling processes, activating the plant’s [...] Read more.

During their life cycle, plants constantly respond to environmental changes. Abiotic stressors affect the photosynthetic and respiratory processes of plants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during aerobic metabolism and play an important role as regulatory mediators in signaling processes, activating the plant’s protective response to abiotic stress and restoring “oxidation-reduction homeostasis”. Cells develop normally if the rates of ROS production and the ability to neutralize them are balanced. To implement oxidation-reduction signaling, this balance must be disrupted either by an increase in ROS concentration or a decrease in the activity of one or more antioxidant systems. Under abiotic stress, plants accumulate excessive amounts of ROS, and if the ROS content exceeds the threshold amount dangerous for living organisms, it can lead to damage to all major cellular components. Adaptive resistance of plants to abiotic stressors depends on a set of mechanisms of adaptation to them. The accumulation of ROS in the cell depends on the type of abiotic stress, the strength of its impact on the plant, the duration of its impact, and the recovery period. The aim of this review is to provide a general understanding of the processes occurring during ROS homeostasis in plants, oxidation-reduction processes in cellular compartments in response to abiotic stress, and the participation of ROS in signaling processes activating adaptation processes to abiotic stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulatory Mechanism and Network of Abiotic Stress-Response in Plants 2.0)

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