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Food Toxicants 2.0
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Food Toxicants 2.0

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Toxicology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2022) | Viewed by 19884

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Soo-Jin Choi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Applied Food Science, Major of Food Science & Technology, Seoul Women's University, 621 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
Interests: nanoparticles; food toxicants; toxicity; toxicokinetics; mechanism; interactions
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

There are many food toxicants that can be harmful to human health. Food toxicants can be man-made, naturally occurring, or produced during food processing or preservation.

This Special Issue will focus on both man-made and naturally occurring toxicants in foods, including mycotoxins, heavy metals, pesticides, food additives, byproducts produced during food processing or preservation, nanomaterials, and any other toxicants present in foods. Chemical, analytical, molecular biological, and biochemical approaches for food toxicants will be welcome. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo mechanistic and toxicity studies will be also welcome.

Prof. Dr. Soo-Jin Choi
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • toxicants
  • mycotoxins
  • heavy metals
  • pesticides
  • food additives
  • byproducts
  • nanomaterials
  • mechanism
  • toxicity
  • in vitro
  • in vivo

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 1519 KiB  
Article
Bioenergetic Status of the Intestinal and Hepatic Cells after Short Term Exposure to Fumonisin B1 and Aflatoxin B1
by Xiangrong Chen, Mohamed F. Abdallah, Charlotte Grootaert and Andreja Rajkovic
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(13), 6945; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136945 - 22 Jun 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2968
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are frequent contaminants of staple foods such as maize. Oral exposure to these toxins poses health hazards by disrupting cellular signaling. However, little is known regarding the multifaced mitochondrial dysfunction-linked toxicity of FB1 and AFB1. Here, [...] Read more.
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are frequent contaminants of staple foods such as maize. Oral exposure to these toxins poses health hazards by disrupting cellular signaling. However, little is known regarding the multifaced mitochondrial dysfunction-linked toxicity of FB1 and AFB1. Here, we show that after exposure to FB1 and AFB1, mitochondrial respiration significantly decreased by measuring the oxygen consumption rate (OCR), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The current work shows that the integrity of mitochondria (MMP and ROS), that is the central component of cell apoptosis, is disrupted by FB1 and AFB1 in undifferentiated Caco-2 and HepG2 cells as in vitro models for human intestine and liver, respectively. It hypothesizes that FB1 and AFB1 could disrupt the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) to induce mitochondrial dysfunction and break the balance of transferring H+ between the mitochondrial inner membrane and mitochondrial matrix, however, the proton leak is not increasing and, as a result, ATP synthesis is blocked. At the sub-toxic exposure of 1.0 µg/mL for 24 h, i.e., a viability of 95% in Caco-2 and HepG2 cells, the mitochondrial respiration was, however, stimulated. This suggests that the treated cells could reserve energy for mitochondrial respiration with the exposure of FB1 and AFB1, which could be a survival advantage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Toxicants 2.0)
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15 pages, 5103 KiB  
Article
Effect of Acrylamide Treatment on Cyp2e1 Expression and Redox Status in Rat Hepatocytes
by Jelena Marković Filipović, Marko Miler, Danijela Kojić, Jelena Karan, Ivana Ivelja, Jovana Čukuranović Kokoris and Milica Matavulj
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(11), 6062; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116062 - 28 May 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2535
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) toxicity is associated with oxidative stress. During detoxification, AA is either coupled to gluthatione or biotransformed to glycidamide by the enzyme cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). The aim of our study was to examine the hepatotoxicity of AA in vivo and in [...] Read more.
Acrylamide (AA) toxicity is associated with oxidative stress. During detoxification, AA is either coupled to gluthatione or biotransformed to glycidamide by the enzyme cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). The aim of our study was to examine the hepatotoxicity of AA in vivo and in vitro. Thirty male Wistar rats were treated with 25 or 50 mg/kg b.w. of AA for 3 weeks. Qualitative and quantitative immunohistochemical evaluation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), CYP2E1, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), and SOD2 expression in liver was carried out. Bearing in mind that the liver is consisted mainly of hepatocytes, in a parallel study, we used the rat hepatoma cell line H4IIE to investigate the effects of AA at IC20 and IC50 concentrations on the redox status and the activity of CAT, SOD, and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), their gene expression, and CYP2E1 and iNOS expression. Immunohistochemically stained liver sections showed that treatment with AA25mg induced a significant decrease of CYP2E1 protein expression (p < 0.05), while treatment with AA50mg led to a significant increase of iNOS protein expression (p < 0.05). AA treatment dose-dependently elevated SOD2 protein expression (p < 0.05), while SOD1 protein expression was significantly increased only at AA50mg (p < 0.05). CAT protein expression was not significantly affected by AA treatments (p > 0.05). In AA-treated H4IIE cells, a concentration-dependent significant increase in lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels was observed (p < 0.05), while GSH content and SOD activity significantly decreased in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.05). AA IC50 significantly enhanced GST activity (p < 0.05). The level of mRNA significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner for iNOS, SOD2, and CAT in AA-treated H4IIE cells (p < 0.05). AA IC50 significantly increased the transcription of SOD1, GSTA2, and GSTP1 genes (p < 0.05), while AA IC20 significantly decreased mRNA for CYP2E1 in H4IIE cells (p < 0.05). Obtained results indicate that AA treatments, both in vivo and in vitro, change hepatocytes; drug-metabolizing potential and disturb its redox status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Toxicants 2.0)
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18 pages, 25665 KiB  
Article
Oral Toxicokinetics, Tissue Distribution, and 28-Day Oral Toxicity of Two Differently Manufactured Food Additive Silicon Dioxides
by Na-Kyung Yoo, Su-Min Youn and Soo-Jin Choi
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(7), 4023; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23074023 - 5 Apr 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2382
Abstract
(1) Background: Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) is widely used as a food additive and contains nano-sized particles. SAS can be produced by fumed and precipitated methods, which may possess different physiochemical properties, toxicokinetics, and oral toxicity. (2) Methods: The toxicokinetics of fumed SAS [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) is widely used as a food additive and contains nano-sized particles. SAS can be produced by fumed and precipitated methods, which may possess different physiochemical properties, toxicokinetics, and oral toxicity. (2) Methods: The toxicokinetics of fumed SAS and precipitated SAS were evaluated following a single-dose oral administration in rats. The tissue distribution and fate of both SAS particles were assessed after repeated oral administration in rats for 28 d, followed by recovery period for 90 d. Their 28-d repeated oral toxicity was also evaluated. (3) Results: Precipitated SAS showed higher oral absorption than fumed SAS, but the oral absorption of both SAS particles was low (<4%), even at 2000 mg/kg. Our tissue-distribution study revealed that both SAS particles, at a high dose (2000 mg/kg), were accumulated in the liver after repeated administration for 28 d, but the increased concentrations returned to normal levels at 29 d, the first day of the recovery period. A higher distribution level of precipitated SAS than fumed SAS and decomposed particle fates of both SAS particles were found in the liver at 28 d. No significant toxicological findings were observed after 28-d oral administration, suggesting their low oral toxicity. (4) Conclusions: Different manufacturing methods of SAS can, therefore, affect its oral toxicokinetics and tissue distribution, but not oral toxicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Toxicants 2.0)
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Review

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27 pages, 5458 KiB  
Review
Aldehyde Accumulation in Aged Alcoholic Beer: Addressing Acetaldehyde Impacts on Upper Aerodigestive Tract Cancer Risks
by Mariana Toledo Gonçalves Moreira, Patricia Ribeiro Pereira, Adriano Aquino, Carlos Adam Conte-Junior and Vania Margaret Flosi Paschoalin
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(22), 14147; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214147 - 16 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2770
Abstract
Aldehydes, particularly acetaldehyde, are carcinogenic molecules and their concentrations in foodstuffs should be controlled to avoid upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) and liver cancers. Highly reactive, acetaldehyde forms DNA and protein adducts, impairing physiological functions and leading to the development of pathological conditions. The [...] Read more.
Aldehydes, particularly acetaldehyde, are carcinogenic molecules and their concentrations in foodstuffs should be controlled to avoid upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) and liver cancers. Highly reactive, acetaldehyde forms DNA and protein adducts, impairing physiological functions and leading to the development of pathological conditions. The consumption of aged beer, outside of the ethanol metabolism, exposes habitual drinkers to this carcinogen, whose concentrations can be over-increased due to post-brewing chemical and biochemical reactions. Storage-related changes are a challenge faced by the brewing industry, impacting volatile compound formation and triggering flavor instability. Aldehydes are among the volatile compounds formed during beer aging, recognized as off-flavor compounds. To track and understand aldehyde formation through multiple pathways during beer storage, consequent changes in flavor but particularly quality losses and harmful compound formation, this systematic review reunited data on volatile compound profiles through gas chromatography analyses from 2011 to 2021. Conditions to avoid flavor instability and successful methods for reducing beer staling, and consequent acetaldehyde accumulation, were raised by exploring the dynamic conversion between free and bound-state aldehydes. Future research should focus on implementing sensory analyses to investigate whether adding aldehyde-binding agents, e.g., cysteine and bisulfite, would contribute to consumer acceptance, restore beer flavor, and minimize acetaldehyde-related health damage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Toxicants 2.0)
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18 pages, 3374 KiB  
Review
Acrylamide and Potential Risk of Diabetes Mellitus: Effects on Human Population, Glucose Metabolism and Beta-Cell Toxicity
by Jelena Marković Filipović, Jelena Karan, Ivana Ivelja, Milica Matavulj and Milena Stošić
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(11), 6112; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116112 - 30 May 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3264
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a frequent endocrine disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Acrylamide (AA) is food contaminant formed during the high-temperature processing of food rich in carbohydrates and low in proteins. Recent human epidemiological studies have shown a potential association between AA exposure and the [...] Read more.
Diabetes mellitus is a frequent endocrine disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Acrylamide (AA) is food contaminant formed during the high-temperature processing of food rich in carbohydrates and low in proteins. Recent human epidemiological studies have shown a potential association between AA exposure and the prevalence of diabetes in the general population. In male rats, AA treatment promoted pancreatic islet remodeling, which was determined by alpha-cell expansion and beta-cell reduction, while in female rats AA caused hyperglycemia and histopathological changes in pancreatic islets. In vitro and in vivo rodent model systems have revealed that AA induces oxidative stress in beta cells and that AA impairs glucose metabolism and the insulin signaling pathway. Animal studies have shown that diabetic rodents are more sensitive to acrylamide and that AA aggravates the diabetic state. In this review, we provide an overview of human epidemiological studies that examined the relation between AA exposure and glucose disorders. In addition, the effects of AA treatment on pancreatic islet structure, beta-cell function and glucose metabolism in animal models are comprehensively analyzed with an emphasis on sex-related responses. Furthermore, oxidative stress as a putative mechanism of AA-induced toxicity in beta cells is explored. Finally, we discuss the effects of AA on diabetics in a rodent model system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Toxicants 2.0)
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18 pages, 1946 KiB  
Review
Food Additive Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Dissolution, Interaction, Fate, Cytotoxicity, and Oral Toxicity
by Su-Min Youn and Soo-Jin Choi
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(11), 6074; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116074 - 28 May 2022
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 4440
Abstract
Food additive zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used as a Zn supplement in the food and agriculture industries. However, ZnO NPs are directly added to complex food-matrices and orally taken through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract where diverse matrices are present. Hence, [...] Read more.
Food additive zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used as a Zn supplement in the food and agriculture industries. However, ZnO NPs are directly added to complex food-matrices and orally taken through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract where diverse matrices are present. Hence, the dissolution properties, interactions with bio- or food-matrices, and the ionic/particle fates of ZnO NPs in foods and under physiological conditions can be critical factors to understand and predict the biological responses and oral toxicity of ZnO NPs. In this review, the solubility of ZnO NPs associated with their fate in foods and the GI fluids, the qualitative and quantitative determination on the interactions between ZnO NPs and bio- or food-matrices, the approaches for the fate determination of ZnO NPs, and the interaction effects on the cytotoxicity and oral toxicity of ZnO NPs are discussed. This information will be useful for a wide range of ZnO applications in the food industry at safe levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Toxicants 2.0)
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