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Inorganics
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New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides, 2nd Edition
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New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Inorganics (ISSN 2304-6740). This special issue belongs to the section "Inorganic Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 13802

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Roberto Nisticò

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
Interests: biomaterials; catalysis; cement and concrete; ceramics; composites; coatings; copper; energy; iron oxides; magnetic materials; nanomaterials; photocatalysis; porous materials; sol-gel; surface functionalization; templating
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Silvia Mostoni

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
Interests: catalysis; composites; elastomeric materials; inorganic chemistry; luminescence; metal oxides; nanocomposites; nanomaterials; photocatalysis; photoluminescence; polymeric materials; radioluminescence; sol-gel; surface functionalization; zinc oxide

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The first edition of this Special Issue “New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides”, published in Inorganics in 2022, collected 13 interesting papers (i.e., 1 editorial, 9 articles, and 3 reviews), attracting many potential authors and readers with more than 14,000 views. Due to the large success of the first volume and the high interest on this topic, we decided to propose a second edition of this Special Issue, entitled “New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides II”, with the aim of continuing the discussion on this important class of inorganic materials.

In recent years, inorganic oxidic nanomaterials have been extensively investigated for their outstanding properties that allow their use within a large variety of raising fields of interest, ranging from (photo)catalysis to the development of functional nanocomposites. Nanoscopic metal (eventually mixed) oxides are often fabricated following soft-chemistry approaches (e.g., sol-gel processes), characterized by the possibility of favouring specific morphologies, particles dimensions, and surface porosities through different synthetic methods and templating processes. In this context, surface functionalities and reactivity play a major role in the determination of nanomaterials final properties. For this reason, further surface functionalization with specific chemical moieties is often recommended to extend their field of application. This Special Issue aims at extending the comprehension of the mechanisms involved in the synthesis and templating of inorganic oxidic nanomaterials, as well as in their surface functionalization and reactivity. Additionally, this Special Issue aims at increasing the knowledge on the latest advances of these systems in (photo)catalysis, environmental clean-up processes, energy storage, controlled transport and/or release, biomedicine, sensing, development of smart-materials, stimuli-responsive materials, and nanocomposites. Nanomaterials of interest include (but are not limited to): silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, zinc oxide, aluminosilicates (e.g., clays, zeolites), iron oxides, perovskites and titanates, rare earth oxides, composites. Furthermore, particular attention will be dedicated toward studies describing alternative ecofriendly preparation methods.

Therefore, we invite you to contribute with original, high-quality papers and review articles discussing significant achievements in the synthesis, characterization, structure-property relationship comprehension, and (recent) advanced applications involving inorganic oxidic nanomaterials.

Dr. Roberto Nisticò
Dr. Silvia Mostoni
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Inorganics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • adsorption
  • Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
  • aerogels
  • biomaterials
  • biomedicine
  • catalysis
  • controlled transport and/or release
  • drug-delivery systems
  • energy storage
  • environmental remediation
  • heterogeneous catalysis
  • inorganic chemistry
  • magnetic materials
  • membrane and separation technology
  • mesoporous materials
  • metal oxides
  • microporous materials
  • mixed-metal oxides
  • monoliths
  • nanocomposites
  • photocatalysis
  • sensing
  • smart materials
  • sol-gel
  • solid-state characterization
  • stimuli-responsive materials
  • surface functionalization
  • templating processes
  • wastewater treatments
  • zeolites

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 7984 KiB  
Article
Efficient Catalytic Reduction of Organic Pollutants Using Nanostructured CuO/TiO2 Catalysts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reusability
by Mariyem Abouri, Abdellah Benzaouak, Fatima Zaaboul, Aicha Sifou, Mohammed Dahhou, Mohammed Alaoui El Belghiti, Khalil Azzaoui, Belkheir Hammouti, Larbi Rhazi, Rachid Sabbahi, Mohammed M. Alanazi and Adnane El Hamidi
Inorganics 2024, 12(11), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12110297 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 554
Abstract
The catalytic reduction of organic pollutants in water is a critical environmental challenge due to the persistent and hazardous nature of compounds like azo dyes and nitrophenols. In this study, we synthesized nanostructured CuO/TiO2 catalysts via a combustion technique, followed by calcination [...] Read more.
The catalytic reduction of organic pollutants in water is a critical environmental challenge due to the persistent and hazardous nature of compounds like azo dyes and nitrophenols. In this study, we synthesized nanostructured CuO/TiO2 catalysts via a combustion technique, followed by calcination at 700 °C to achieve a rutile-phase TiO2 structure with varying copper loadings (5–40 wt.%). The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR–FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis-differential thermal analysis (TGA–DTA), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). The XRD results confirmed the presence of the crystalline rutile phase in the CuO/TiO2 catalysts, with additional peaks indicating successful copper oxide loading onto TiO2. The FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of all the functional groups in the prepared samples. SEM images revealed irregularly shaped copper oxide and agglomerated TiO2 particles. The DRS results revealed improved optical properties and a decreased bandgap with increased Cu content, and 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP) and methyl orange (MO), which were chosen for their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and nonbiodegradable properties, were used as model organic pollutants. Catalytic activities were tested by reducing 4-NP and MO with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in the presence of a CuO/TiO2 catalyst. Following the in situ reduction of CuO/TiO2, Cu (NPs)/TiO2 was formed, achieving 98% reduction of 4-NP in 480 s and 98% reduction of MO in 420 s. The effects of the NaBH4 concentration and catalyst mass were investigated. The catalysts exhibited high stability over 10 reuse cycles, maintaining over 96% efficiency for MO and 94% efficiency for 4-NP. These findings demonstrate the potential of nanostructured CuO/TiO2 catalysts for environmental remediation through efficient catalytic reduction of organic pollutants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides, 2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 4663 KiB  
Article
Core/Shell ZnO/TiO2, SiO2/TiO2, Al2O3/TiO2, and Al1.9Co0.1O3/TiO2 Nanoparticles for the Photodecomposition of Brilliant Blue E-4BA
by Mahboubeh Dolatyari, Mehdi Tahmasebi, Sudabeh Dolatyari, Ali Rostami, Armin Zarghami, Ashish Yadav and Axel Klein
Inorganics 2024, 12(11), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12110281 - 30 Oct 2024
Viewed by 661
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of ZnO/TiO2, SiO2/TiO2, Al2O3/TiO2, and Al1.9Co0.1O3/TiO2 core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) is reported. The NPs were used for photocatalytic degradation of brilliant [...] Read more.
The synthesis and characterization of ZnO/TiO2, SiO2/TiO2, Al2O3/TiO2, and Al1.9Co0.1O3/TiO2 core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) is reported. The NPs were used for photocatalytic degradation of brilliant blue E-4BA under UV and visible light irradiation, monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The size of the NPs ranged from 10 to 30 nm for the core and an additional 3 nm for the TiO2 shell. Al2O3/TiO2 and Al1.9Co0.1O3/TiO2 showed superior degradation under UV and visible light compared to ZnO/TiO2 and SiO2/TiO2 with complete photodecomposition of 20 ppm dye in 20 min using a 10 mg/100 mL photocatalyst. The “Co-doped” Al1.9Co0.1O3/TiO2 NPs show the best performance under visible light irradiation, which is due to increased absorption in the visible range. DFT-calculated band structure calculations confirm the generation of additional electronic levels in the band gap of γ-Al2O3 through Co3+ ions. This indicates that Co-doping enhances the generation of electron–hole pairs after visible light irradiation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides, 2nd Edition)
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18 pages, 5368 KiB  
Article
Mesoporous Titania Nanoparticles for a High-End Valorization of Vitis vinifera Grape Marc Extracts
by Anil Abduraman, Ana-Maria Brezoiu, Rodica Tatia, Andreea-Iulia Iorgu, Mihaela Deaconu, Raul-Augustin Mitran, Cristian Matei and Daniela Berger
Inorganics 2024, 12(10), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12100263 - 3 Oct 2024
Viewed by 672
Abstract
Mesoporous titania nanoparticles (NPs) can be used for encapsulation polyphenols, with applications in the food industry, cosmetics, or biomedicine. TiO2 NPs were synthesized using the sol-gel method combined with solvothermal treatment. TiO2 NPs were characterized through X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, the [...] Read more.
Mesoporous titania nanoparticles (NPs) can be used for encapsulation polyphenols, with applications in the food industry, cosmetics, or biomedicine. TiO2 NPs were synthesized using the sol-gel method combined with solvothermal treatment. TiO2 NPs were characterized through X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, the N2 adsorption method, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and thermal analysis. The sample prepared using Pluronic F127 presented a higher surface area and less agglomerated NPs than the samples synthesized with Pluronic P123. Grape marc (GM), a by-product from wine production, can be exploited for preparing extracts with good antioxidant properties. In this regard, we prepared hydroethanolic and ethanolic GM extracts from two cultivars, Feteasca Neagra (FN) and Pinot Noir. The extract components were determined by spectrometric analyses and HPLC. The extract with the highest radical scavenging activity, the hydroethanolic FN extract, was encapsulated in titania (FN@TiO2) and compared with SBA-15 silica support. Both resulting materials showed biocompatibility on the NCTC fibroblast cell line in a 50–300 µg/mL concentration range after 48 h of incubation and even better radical scavenging potential than the free extract. Although titania has a lower capacity to host polyphenols than SBA-15, the FN@TiO2 sample shows better cytocompatibility (up to 700 µmg/mL), and therefore, it could be used for skin-care products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides, 2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 9835 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Annealing Temperature on the Microstructure and Electrical Properties of Sputtered ZnO Thin Films
by Adil Alshoaibi
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090236 - 29 Aug 2024
Viewed by 784
Abstract
Thin films are the backbone of the electronics industry, and their widespread application in heat sensors, solar cells, and thin-film transistors has attracted the attention of researchers. The current study involves the deposition of a hetero-structured (ZnO/Zn/ZnO) thin film on a well-cleaned glass [...] Read more.
Thin films are the backbone of the electronics industry, and their widespread application in heat sensors, solar cells, and thin-film transistors has attracted the attention of researchers. The current study involves the deposition of a hetero-structured (ZnO/Zn/ZnO) thin film on a well-cleaned glass substrate using the DC magnetron sputtering technique. The samples were then annealed at 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 °C. The structural, morphological, and electrical characteristics of the annealed samples as well as one as-deposited sample were then examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a Hall effect measuring apparatus. XRD analysis showed a hexagonal ZnO crystal structure for the samples annealed at 300 and 400 °C, whereas the samples annealed at 100 and 200 °C showed metallic zinc and hexagonal ZnO, and the crystallinity decreased for the sample annealed at 500 °C with pure hexagonal crystal symmetry. According to the AFM study, as the annealing temperature increases, the average roughness (Ra) decreases. Temperature has an inverse relationship with particle size. The optimal annealing temperature was determined to be 400 °C. Over this temperature range, the average roughness and particle size increased. Similarly, when Ra decreased, the conductivity increased and the resistance decreased. A fundamental difficulty is that the heating of the heterostructure to 400 °C melts the Zn-based intermediate layer, which alters the Zn phase and disrupts the sample homogeneity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides, 2nd Edition)
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24 pages, 37699 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Redox Properties of Iron and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Obtained by Exsolution from Perovskite Ferrites Promoted by Auxiliary Reactions
by Dmitrii Filimonov, Marina Rozova, Sergey Maksimov and Denis Pankratov
Inorganics 2024, 12(8), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12080223 - 16 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1007
Abstract
Nanoparticles of iron and iron oxides, as well as their composites, are of great scientific and technological interest. However, their properties and sustainability strongly depend on the preparation methods. Here, we present an original approach to synthesizing Fe and FeNix metal nanoparticles [...] Read more.
Nanoparticles of iron and iron oxides, as well as their composites, are of great scientific and technological interest. However, their properties and sustainability strongly depend on the preparation methods. Here, we present an original approach to synthesizing Fe and FeNix metal nanoparticles by exsolution, in a reducing environment at elevated temperatures from perovskite ferrites (La1−xCaxFeO3−γ, CaFeO2.5, etc.). This approach is made possible by the auxiliary reactions of non-reducible A-site cations (in ABO3 notation) with the constituents of reducing compounds (h-BN etc.). The nanoparticles exsolved by our process are embedded in oxide matrices in individual voids formed in situ. They readily undergo redox cycling at moderate temperatures, while maintaining their localization. Fe nanoparticles can be obtained initially and after redox cycling in the high-temperature γ-form at temperatures below equilibrium. Using their redox properties, a new route to producing hollow and layered oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4, Fe3O4/La1−xCaxFeO3−γ), by separating the oxidized exsolved particles, was developed. Our approach provides greater flexibility in controlling exsolution reactions and matrix compositions, with a variety of possible starting compounds and exsolution degrees, from minimal up to ~100% (in some cases). The described strategy is highly important for the development of a wide range of new functional materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides, 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 6506 KiB  
Article
Significantly Enhanced Self-Cleaning Capability in Anatase TiO2 for the Bleaching of Organic Dyes and Glazes
by Tiangui Zhao, Tihao Cao, Qifu Bao, Weixia Dong, Ping Li, Xingyong Gu, Yunzi Liang and Jianer Zhou
Inorganics 2023, 11(8), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11080341 - 18 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1276
Abstract
In this study, the Mg2+-doped anatase TiO2 phase was synthesized via the solvothermal method by changing the ratio of deionized water and absolute ethanol Vwater/Vethanol). This enhances the bleaching efficiency under visible light. The crystal structure, [...] Read more.
In this study, the Mg2+-doped anatase TiO2 phase was synthesized via the solvothermal method by changing the ratio of deionized water and absolute ethanol Vwater/Vethanol). This enhances the bleaching efficiency under visible light. The crystal structure, morphology, and photocatalytic properties of Mg-doped TiO2 were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption, UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis, etc. Results showed that the photocatalytic activity of the Mg2+-doped TiO2 sample was effectively improved, and the morphology, specific surface area, and porosity of TiO2 could be controlled by Vwater/Vethanol. Compared with the Mg-undoped TiO2 sample, Mg-doped TiO2 samples have higher photocatalytic properties due to pure anatase phase formation. The Mg-doped TiO2 sample was synthesized at Vwater/Vethanol of 12.5:2.5, which has the highest bleaching rate of 99.5% for the rhodamine B dye during 80 min under visible light. Adding Mg2+-doped TiO2 into the phase-separated glaze is an essential factor for enhancing the self-cleaning capability. The glaze samples fired at 1180 °C achieved a water contact angle of 5.623° at room temperature and had high stain resistance (the blot floats as a whole after meeting the water). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides, 2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 3957 KiB  
Article
Precipitative Coating of Calcium Phosphate on Microporous Silica–Titania Hybrid Particles in Simulated Body Fluid
by Reo Kimura, Kota Shiba, Kanata Fujiwara, Yanni Zhou, Iori Yamada and Motohiro Tagaya
Inorganics 2023, 11(6), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11060235 - 28 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1543
Abstract
Titania and silica have been recognized as potential drug delivery system (DDS) carriers. For this application, controllable biocompatibility and the suppression of the initial burst are required, which can be provided by a calcium phosphate (CP) coating. However, it is difficult to control [...] Read more.
Titania and silica have been recognized as potential drug delivery system (DDS) carriers. For this application, controllable biocompatibility and the suppression of the initial burst are required, which can be provided by a calcium phosphate (CP) coating. However, it is difficult to control the morphology of a CP coating on the surface of carrier particles owing to the homogeneous nucleation of CP. In this study, we report the development of a CP-coating method that homogeneously corresponds to the shapes of silica–titania (SiTi) porous nanoparticles. We also demonstrate that controlled surface roughness of CP coatings could be achieved in SBF using SiTi nanoparticles with a well-defined spherical shape, a uniform size, and a tunable nanoporous structure. The precipitation of CP was performed on mono-dispersed porous SiTi nanoparticles with different Si/Ti molar ratios and pore sizes. The pore size distribution was found to significantly affect the CP coating in SBF immersion; the surfaces of the nanoparticles with bimodal pore sizes of 0.7 and 1.1–1.2 nm became rough after CP precipitation, while those with a unimodal pore size of 0.7 nm remained smooth, indicating that these two pore sizes serve as different nucleation sites that lead to different surface morphologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides, 2nd Edition)
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Review

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19 pages, 6237 KiB  
Review
The Story, Properties and Applications of Bioactive Glass “1d”: From Concept to Early Clinical Trials
by Dilshat U. Tulyaganov, Simeon Agathopoulos, Konstantinos Dimitriadis, Hugo R. Fernandes, Roberta Gabrieli and Francesco Baino
Inorganics 2024, 12(8), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12080224 - 17 Aug 2024
Viewed by 940
Abstract
Bioactive glasses in the CaO–MgO–Na2O–P2O5–SiO2–CaF2 system are highly promising materials for bone and dental restorative applications. Furthermore, if thermally treated, they can crystallize into diopside–fluorapatite–wollastonite glass-ceramics (GCs), which exhibit appealing properties in terms of [...] Read more.
Bioactive glasses in the CaO–MgO–Na2O–P2O5–SiO2–CaF2 system are highly promising materials for bone and dental restorative applications. Furthermore, if thermally treated, they can crystallize into diopside–fluorapatite–wollastonite glass-ceramics (GCs), which exhibit appealing properties in terms of mechanical behaviour and overall bone-regenerative potential. In this review, we describe and critically discuss the genesis, development, properties and applications of bioactive glass “1d” and its relevant GC derivative products, which can be considered a good example of success cases in this class of SiO2/CaO-based biocompatible materials. Bioactive glass 1d can be produced by melt-quenching in the form of powder or monolithic pieces, and was also used to prepare injectable pastes and three-dimensional porous scaffolds. Over the past 15 years, it was investigated by the authors of this article in a number of in vitro, in vivo (with animals) and clinical studies, proving to be a great option for hard tissue engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides, 2nd Edition)
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23 pages, 5148 KiB  
Review
Research Progress of TiO2 Modification and Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants
by Tan Mao, Junyan Zha, Ying Hu, Qian Chen, Jiaming Zhang and Xueke Luo
Inorganics 2024, 12(7), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12070178 - 26 Jun 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2887
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts, characterized by exceptional photocatalytic activity, high photoelectric conversion efficiency, and economic viability, have found widespread application in recent years for azo dye degradation. However, inherent constraints, such as the material’s limited visible light absorption stemming from its [...] Read more.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts, characterized by exceptional photocatalytic activity, high photoelectric conversion efficiency, and economic viability, have found widespread application in recent years for azo dye degradation. However, inherent constraints, such as the material’s limited visible light absorption stemming from its bandgap and the swift recombination of charge carriers, have impeded its broader application potential. Encouragingly, these barriers can be mitigated through the modification of TiO2. In this review, the common synthesis methods of TiO2 are reviewed, and the research progress of TiO2 modification technology at home and abroad is discussed in detail, including precious metal deposition, transition metal doping, rare earth metal doping, composite semiconductors, and composite polymers. These modification techniques effectively enhance the absorption capacity of TiO2 in the visible region and reduce the recombination rate of carriers and electrons, thus significantly improving its photocatalytic performance. Finally, this paper looks forward to the future development direction of TiO2 photocatalytic materials, including the exploration of new modified materials, in-depth mechanism research, and performance optimization in practical applications, to provide useful references for further research and application of TiO2 photocatalytic materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides, 2nd Edition)
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35 pages, 21805 KiB  
Review
Morphological Dependence of Metal Oxide Photocatalysts for Dye Degradation
by Ahmed H. Naggar, Abdelaal S. A. Ahmed, Tarek A. Seaf El-Nasr, N. F. Alotaibi, Kwok Feng Chong and Gomaa A. M. Ali
Inorganics 2023, 11(12), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11120484 - 18 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2576
Abstract
There is no doubt that organic dyes currently play an indispensable role in our daily life; they are used in products such as furniture, textiles, and leather accessories. However, the main problems related to the widespread use of these dyes are their toxicity [...] Read more.
There is no doubt that organic dyes currently play an indispensable role in our daily life; they are used in products such as furniture, textiles, and leather accessories. However, the main problems related to the widespread use of these dyes are their toxicity and non-biodegradable nature, which mainly are responsible for various environmental risks and threaten human life. Therefore, the elimination of these toxic materials from aqueous media is highly recommended to save freshwater resources, as well as our health and environment. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a potential technique for dye degradation, in which a photocatalyst is used to absorb light (UV or visible) and produce electron–hole pairs that enable the reaction participants to undergo chemical changes. In the past, various metal oxides have been successfully applied as promising photocatalysts for the degradation of dyes and various organic pollutants due to their wide bandgap, optical, and electronic properties, in addition to their low cost, high abundance, and chemical stability in aqueous solutions. Various parameters play critical roles in the total performance of the photocatalyst during the photocatalytic degradation of dyes, including morphology, which is a critical factor in the overall degradation process. In our article, the recent progress on the morphological dependence of photocatalysts will be reviewed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides, 2nd Edition)
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