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11 pages, 5089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deformation Mechanisms of Magnesium Alloys with Rare-Earth and Zinc Additions under Plane Strain Compression

by Xun Zeng and Sangbong Yi

Materials 2024, 17(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010033 - 21 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1260

Abstract

The introduction of rare-earth (RE) elements into magnesium (Mg) alloys can significantly improve their ductility, thereby extending the applications of Mg products. However, the impacts of their chemical composition, temperature and processing methods on the mechanical properties of Mg products are highly debatable. [...] Read more.

The introduction of rare-earth (RE) elements into magnesium (Mg) alloys can significantly improve their ductility, thereby extending the applications of Mg products. However, the impacts of their chemical composition, temperature and processing methods on the mechanical properties of Mg products are highly debatable. In this work, we systematically investigate the deformation behaviors of Mg–Nd and Mg–Zn–Nd alloys using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) characterization. The samples were deformed to different stress levels to study the microstructure and texture development during channel die compression. The results reveal that the room temperature formability of the Mg–Nd alloy can be enhanced with the addition of Zn. This is attributed to the higher activities of prismatic slip and tensile twinning in the Mg–Zn–Nd alloy as compared to the binary counterpart, facilitating strain accommodation. When the strain increases, the growing and merging of the same twin variant rapidly consumes the parent grain, which is responsible for the texture modification from the transverse to the basal direction. At elevated temperatures, the twinning is suppressed in both alloys due to the decreased critical resolved shear stress of the non-basal slip systems. Additionally, an obvious sigmoidal yielding phenomenon is observed due to the multiple activation of the different deformation modes. These findings offer valuable insights into the evolution of the microstructure and texture during plane strain compression, elucidating the connections between material chemical composition, processing and mechanical properties, which are important for the advancement of Mg alloy application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Advanced Materials)

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20 pages, 9529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examination of the Corrosion Behavior of Shape Memory NiTi Material for Biomedical Applications

by Aboujaila A. M. Soltan, İsmail Esen, Seyit Ali Kara and Hayrettin Ahlatçı

Materials 2023, 16(11), 3951; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16113951 - 25 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1418

Abstract

In this study, corrosion and wear tests of NiTi alloy (Ni 55%–Ti 45%) samples, known as shape memory alloy, which offer a shape recovery memory effect between memory temperatures ranging from 25 to 35 °C, have been carried out. The standard metallographically prepared [...] Read more.

In this study, corrosion and wear tests of NiTi alloy (Ni 55%–Ti 45%) samples, known as shape memory alloy, which offer a shape recovery memory effect between memory temperatures ranging from 25 to 35 °C, have been carried out. The standard metallographically prepared samples’ microstructure images were obtained using an optical microscope device and SEM with an EDS analyzer. For the corrosion test, the samples are immersed with a net into the beaker of synthetic body fluid, whose contact with the standard air is cut off. Electrochemical corrosion analyses were performed after potentiodynamic testing in synthetic body fluid and at room temperature. The wear tests of the investigated NiTi superalloy were carried out by performing reciprocal wear tests under 20 N and 40 N loads in a dry environment and body fluid. During wear, a 100CR6-quality steel ball of the counter material was rubbed on the sample surface for a total of 300 m with a unit line length of 13 mm and a sliding speed of 0.04 m/s. As a result of both the potentiodynamic polarization and immersion corrosion tests in the body fluid, an average of 50% thickness reduction in the samples was observed in proportion to the change in the corrosion current values. In addition, the weight loss of the samples in corrosive wear is 20% less than that in dry wear. This can be attributed to the protective effect of the oxide film on the surface at high loads and the effect of reducing the friction coefficient of the body fluid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Advanced Materials)

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12 pages, 4343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fractal Characterization of the Mass Loss of Bronze by Erosion–Corrosion in Seawater

by Alina Bărbulescu

Materials 2023, 16(10), 3877; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16103877 - 22 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1289

Abstract

The fractal approach is one of the nondestructive techniques for analyzing corrosion’s effects on different materials. This article utilizes it to analyze the erosion–corrosion produced by cavitation on two types of bronze introduced into an ultrasonic cavitation field to investigate the differences between [...] Read more.

The fractal approach is one of the nondestructive techniques for analyzing corrosion’s effects on different materials. This article utilizes it to analyze the erosion–corrosion produced by cavitation on two types of bronze introduced into an ultrasonic cavitation field to investigate the differences between their behavior in saline water. The aim is to check the hypothesis that the fractal/multifractal measures significantly differ for the studied materials that belong to the same class (bronze) as a step in applying fractal techniques to distinguish between two materials. The study emphasizes the multifractal characteristics of both materials. While the fractal dimensions do not significantly differ, the highest multifractal dimensions correspond to the sample of bronze with Sn. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Advanced Materials)

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14 pages, 7940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phase Transformation Behaviors of Medium Carbon Steels Produced by Twin Roll Casting and Compact Strip Production Processes

by Shaohua Li, Haibo Feng, Shuize Wang, Junheng Gao, Haitao Zhao, Honghui Wu, Shuai Xu, Qingxiao Feng, Hualong Li, Xinyuan Liu and Guilin Wu

Materials 2023, 16(5), 1980; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051980 - 28 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2114

Abstract

Medium carbon steels have been widely used in the fields of tool and die manufacturing due to their outstanding hardness and wear resistance. In this study, microstructures of 50# steel strips fabricated by twin roll casting (TRC) and compact strip production (CSP) processes [...] Read more.

Medium carbon steels have been widely used in the fields of tool and die manufacturing due to their outstanding hardness and wear resistance. In this study, microstructures of 50# steel strips fabricated by twin roll casting (TRC) and compact strip production (CSP) processes were analyzed to investigate the influences of solidification cooling rate, rolling reduction, and coiling temperature on composition segregation, decarburization, and pearlitic phase transformation. The results show that a partial decarburization layer with a thickness of 13.3 μm and banded C-Mn segregation were observed in the 50# steel produced by CSP, leading to the banded distributions of ferrite and pearlite in the C-Mn poor regions and C-Mn rich regions, respectively. For the steel fabricated by TRC, owing to the sub-rapid solidification cooling rate and short processing time at high temperatures, neither apparent C-Mn segregation nor decarburization was observed. In addition, the steel strip fabricated by TRC has higher pearlite volume fractions, larger pearlite nodule sizes, smaller pearlite colony sizes and interlamellar spacings due to the co-influence of larger prior austenite grain size and lower coiling temperatures. The alleviated segregation, eliminated decarburization and large volume fraction of pearlite render TRC a promising process for medium carbon steel production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Advanced Materials)

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24 pages, 5008 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Experimental and Theoretical Tests on the Corrosion Protection of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Environment by the Use of Pyrazole Derivative

by Maria Boudalia, R. M. Fernández-Domene, L. Guo, S. Echihi, M. E. Belghiti, A. Zarrouk, A. Bellaouchou, A. Guenbour and J. García-Antón

Materials 2023, 16(2), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020678 - 10 Jan 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3130

Abstract

In this study, 1,5-diallyl-1H-pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidin-4 (5H)-one (PPD) was evaluated as an anticorrosion agent for mild steel (MS) in 1 M HCl. The analysis was performed by weight loss (WL), potentiodynamic polarization measurement, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The Tafel polarization showed that [...] Read more.

In this study, 1,5-diallyl-1H-pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidin-4 (5H)-one (PPD) was evaluated as an anticorrosion agent for mild steel (MS) in 1 M HCl. The analysis was performed by weight loss (WL), potentiodynamic polarization measurement, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The Tafel polarization showed that PPD is a mixed-type inhibitor and reaches 94% of the protective efficiency at 10⁻³ M. EIS results indicated that the resistance to charge transfer increases with increasing inhibitor concentration and the corrosion of MS is controlled by a charge transfer process. The inhibitor adsorption on the MS surface obeyed the Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated to elaborate the corrosion inhibition mechanism. The micrographic analysis revealed the existence of a barrier layer on the electrode surface with the presence of PPD. Theoretical examinations performed by electronic/atomic computer simulations confirmed that the obtained results were found to be consistent with experimental findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Advanced Materials)

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17 pages, 2796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Intelligence Models for the Mass Loss of Copper-Based Alloys under Cavitation

by Cristian Ștefan Dumitriu and Alina Bărbulescu

Materials 2022, 15(19), 6695; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196695 - 27 Sep 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1312

Abstract

Cavitation is a physical process that produces different negative effects on the components working in conditions where it acts. One is the materials’ mass loss by corrosion–erosion when it is introduced into fluids under cavitation. This research aims at modeling the mass variation [...] Read more.

Cavitation is a physical process that produces different negative effects on the components working in conditions where it acts. One is the materials’ mass loss by corrosion–erosion when it is introduced into fluids under cavitation. This research aims at modeling the mass variation of three samples (copper, brass, and bronze) in a cavitation field produced by ultrasound in water, using four artificial intelligence methods—SVR, GRNN, GEP, and RBF networks. Utilizing six goodness-of-fit indicators (R², MAE, RMSE, MAPE, CV, correlation between the recorded and computed values), it is shown that the best results are provided by GRNN, followed by SVR. The novelty of the approach resides in the experimental data collection and analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Advanced Materials)

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13 pages, 5718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical and Acoustic Properties of Alloys Used for Musical Instruments

by Mariana Domnica Stanciu, Mihaela Cosnita, Constantin Nicolae Cretu, Horatiu Draghicescu Teodorescu and Mihai Trandafir

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5192; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155192 - 26 Jul 2022

Viewed by 2148

Abstract

Music should be integrated into our daily activities due to its great effects on human holistic health, through its characteristics of melody, rhythm and harmony. Music orchestras use different instruments, with strings, bow, percussion, wind, keyboards, etc. Musical triangles, although not so well [...] Read more.

Music should be integrated into our daily activities due to its great effects on human holistic health, through its characteristics of melody, rhythm and harmony. Music orchestras use different instruments, with strings, bow, percussion, wind, keyboards, etc. Musical triangles, although not so well known by the general public, are appreciated for their crystalline and percussive sound. Even if it is a seemingly simple instrument being made of a bent metal bar, the problem of the dynamics of the musical triangle is complex. The novelty of the paper consists in the ways of investigating the elastic and dynamic properties of the two types of materials used for musical triangles. Thus, to determine the mechanical properties, samples of material from the two types of triangles were obtained and tested by the tensile test. The validation of the results was carried out by means of another method, based on the modal analysis of a ternary system; by applying the intrinsic transfer matrix, the difference between the obtained values was less than 5%. As the two materials behaved differently at rupture, one having a ductile character and the other brittle, the morphology of the fracture surface and the elementary chemical composition were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and analysis by X-ray spectroscopy with dispersion energy (EDX). The results were further transferred to the finite element modal analysis in order to obtain the frequency spectrum and vibration modes of the musical triangles. The modal analysis indicated that the first eigenfrequency differs by about 5.17% from one material to another. The first mode of vibration takes place in the plane of the triangle (transverse mode), at a frequency of 156 Hz and the second mode at 162 Hz, which occurs due to vibrations of the free sides of the triangle outside the plane, called the torsion mode. The highest dominant frequency of 1876 Hz and the sound speed of 5089 m/s were recorded for the aluminum sample with the ductile fracture in comparison with the dominant frequency of 1637 Hz and the sound speed of 4889 m/s in the case of the stainless steel sample, characterized by brittle fracture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Advanced Materials)

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12 pages, 5427 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Solar Sintering on Copper Heat Exchanger Parts with Controlled 3D-Printed Morphology

by Mihai Alin Pop, Cătălin Croitoru, Tibor Bedo, Virgil Geamăn, Irinel Radomir, Aurel Crișan, Emmanuel Guillot, Ioan Miloșan, Sebastian Marian Zaharia and Lucia Antoaneta Chicoș

Materials 2022, 15(9), 3324; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093324 - 5 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2020

Abstract

From a scientific point of view, heat transfer is different in solar furnaces compared with classical ones and the influence of direct concentrated solar radiation on sintered parts needs to be studied in detail to determine the feasibility of solar furnaces in manufacturing [...] Read more.

From a scientific point of view, heat transfer is different in solar furnaces compared with classical ones and the influence of direct concentrated solar radiation on sintered parts needs to be studied in detail to determine the feasibility of solar furnaces in manufacturing small workpieces. This study was performed on cylindrical samples with controlled morphology obtained by a powder metallurgy 3D printing technique. All samples were heated with a heating rate of 120 ± 10 °C/minute, with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 min holding times at 900 °C and 930 °C. The morphology of the samples was analyzed microscopically, the microhardness was determined before and after sintering, and the results were correlated with the sintering parameters (temperature, heating rate and holding time). The best results were obtained at 930 °C with 5 min holding time from the microhardness value and microstructure point of view. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Advanced Materials)

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Review

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24 pages, 402 KiB

Open AccessReview

Efficiency of Expired Drugs Used as Corrosion Inhibitors: A Review

by Nicolae Vaszilcsin, Andrea Kellenberger, Mircea Laurentiu Dan, Delia Andrada Duca and Valentin Laurentiu Ordodi

Materials 2023, 16(16), 5555; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165555 - 10 Aug 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2585

Abstract

Corrosion inhibitors represent one of the most commonly used methods for significantly reducing the corrosion rate of metals and alloys. Adsorption inhibitors have a wide range of applications in cooling water systems, deicing solutions for aircrafts, airports and ways, etching and degreasing solutions, [...] Read more.

Corrosion inhibitors represent one of the most commonly used methods for significantly reducing the corrosion rate of metals and alloys. Adsorption inhibitors have a wide range of applications in cooling water systems, deicing solutions for aircrafts, airports and ways, etching and degreasing solutions, oil pipelines, paints and coatings and metal processing solutions. Adsorption corrosion inhibitors of metals and alloys are generally organic compounds that contain structures with heteroatoms (N, P, S, As, O) in their molecules, having lone pair electrons or π electrons in aromatic rings or multiple bonds. They enable relatively strong interactions between the metal atoms and organic molecules, resulting in a protective layer of organic molecules adsorbed at the metal–corrosive solution interface. Most molecules of active substances from drugs contain similar structures, which is why many drugs have been already tested as corrosion inhibitors. One of the major disadvantages of using drugs for this purpose is their particularly high price. To overcome this impediment, the possibility of using expired drugs as corrosion inhibitors has been investigated since 2009. The present paper is an exhaustive compilation of the scientific published papers devoted to the use of expired drugs as corrosion inhibitors in various aggressive solutions. The inhibitory efficiencies of expired drugs are presented as a function of the studied metal or alloy and the nature of the aggressive solution, as well as the concentration of the inhibitor in such a solution. Research has especially been focused on mild and carbon steel and less on stainless steel, as well as on some metals such as copper, zinc, nickel, tin and aluminum and its alloys. The experimental methods used to assess the inhibitory efficiencies of expired drugs are briefly discussed. Also, the available information on the stability of the active substances in the drugs is presented, although most authors were not concerned with this aspect. Finally, several actions are revealed that must be undertaken by researchers so that the results obtained in the study of the anticorrosive action of expired drugs can be applied at the industrial level and not remain only an academic concern. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Advanced Materials)

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