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Ceramic Materials: Processing, Properties and Applications

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced and Functional Ceramics and Glasses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2022) | Viewed by 22493

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Dr. Lucjan Kozielski

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
Interests: processing of ceramics; multiferroics; ferroelectrics; piezoelectrics; energy storage; thermoelectrics; sensors; actuators; photoferroelectrics; perovskite oxides; lead-free ceramics; AC impedance

Prof. Dr. Zbigniew Pędzich

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
Interests: manufacturing and properties of structural ceramic materials and composites containing ceramic phases; ceramic matrix composites for structural applications; refractories and ceramifiable composites with polymer matrix

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ceramic materials are understood to mean thermally stable inorganic and non-metallic materials. These materials are dominated by first-order covalent and ionic atomic bonds, which usually form a spatial network which gives the materials high melting points, high stiffness and hardness, and resistance to aggressive environments.

From the second half of the twentieth century, it is becoming increasingly important to use the properties of ceramic materials related to their electronic structure.

One class of these ceramic functional materials consists of dielectrics, where the electric field only causes polarization, i.e., a slight separation of negative and positive charges (anions and cations, and electrons and positively charged atom cores). Dielectrics are also incapable of absorbing photons of visible light and are transparent (if free from pores and impurities).

In the second class of functional ceramics, semiconductors, light photons can be absorbed, giving their energy back to electrons. In an electric field, this entails a flow of current or voltage generation (which is used, for example, in solar cells), and in other cases, the emission of light due to the release of the energy of excited electrons (as in the case of LEDs). Tc and other properties related to the electronic structure of ceramic materials are exploited in the production of electronic and optoelectronic devices of modern advanced technologies. These advanced ceramics are produced in various forms (solid shapes, thin films, fibers) using a wide range of macro- and microtechnologies.

The scope of this Special Issue is recent advances in the production and processing of ceramics for various applications.

It is my pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript for this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews on the manufacturing and properties of ceramics are welcome.

Dr. Lucjan Kozielski
Prof. Dr. Zbigniew Pędzich
Guest Editors

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Keywords

SOFC materials and technology
energy harvesting systems
high-temperature ceramic filters and membranes
advanced structural ceramics for energy and environmental technology
ceramic materials and systems for energy conversion and storage
bioceramics and medical applications
novel, green and energy efficient processing and manufacturing technologies
advanced functional ceramic materials: multiferroics, ferroelectrics, piezoelectrics, thermoelectrics
nanoscaled ceramic powders and fibers, their properties and applications
precursor derived ceramics
ceramic matrix composites (CMC)
additive manufacturing

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 3507 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Enhanced Catalytic Effect of Ti₂CT_x-MXene on Thermal Decomposition Behavior of Ammonium Perchlorate

by Jingxiao Li, Yulei Du, Xiaoyong Wang and Xuge Zhi

Materials 2023, 16(1), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010344 - 30 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2603

Abstract

Transition metal carbonitrides (MXenes) are promising catalysts due to their special structures. Recently, many studies have shown that MXenes have a catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP). However, the catalytic effects have not been extensively investigated. Therefore, it is important to illustrate the catalytic mechanisms of pure MXene in AP thermal decomposition. Herein, the catalytic properties of Ti₂CT_x for ammonium perchlorate (AP) thermal decomposition were investigated by numerous catalytic experiments. The results showed that the high-temperature decomposition (HTD) decreased by 83 °C, and the decomposition heat of AP mixed with Ti₂CT_x increased by 1897.3 J/g. Moreover, the mass spectrum (MS) data showed that the NH₃, H₂O, O₂, N₂O, NO, HCl, and NO₂ were formed. In addition, according to the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrum, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) results, the Ti₂CT_x nanosheets can adsorb the gaseous products and react with them in-situ, generating anatase-TiO₂ and carbon layers. The Ti₂CT_x, as-resulted anatase-TiO₂, and carbon can synergize and further catalyze the thermal decomposition of AP when both electron and proton transfers are accelerated during AP decomposition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Materials: Processing, Properties and Applications)

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9 pages, 2670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Repeated Pressing on the Flexural Strength, Color Stability, Vickers Hardness, and Surface Topography of Heat-Pressed Lithium Disilicate

by Tariq S. AbuHaimed, Saeed J. Alzahrani, Sami A. Farsi, Lulwa E. AL-Turki and Maher S. Hajjaj

Materials 2022, 15(19), 6787; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196787 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1803

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of repressing leftover heat-pressed lithium disilicate material on its mechanical and optical properties. A lithium disilicate ingot (IPS e.max^® Press, IvoclarVivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) shade (A1) low translucency was first heat-pressed to yield ceramic bars and disks. Then, the second and third presses were fabricated from the leftovers of the previous pressing cycles. A total of 36 bars and 15 disk specimens were fabricated and divided into three groups according to the number of pressing cycles (n = 12 bars and n = 5 disks): P1: first press (control), P2: second press, and P3: third press. The specimens were tested for flexural strength, color change, Vickers hardness, and surface topography under scanning electron microscopy. One-way ANOVA testing was used to evaluate flexural strength and hardness, while an independent t-test was performed to evaluate color change. There was no significant difference in flexural strength as the number of heat-pressed cycles increased (p = 0.283). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the microhardness values between all groups (p = 0.220). The overall color change ∆E between P1–P2 and P1–P3 were 2.01 and 2.14, respectively. The SEM images showed evenly distributed and densely packed lithium disilicate crystals in the P1 group. However, larger and less densely packed crystals were noticeable in P2 and P3. The IPS e.max Press could be repressed up to two times without an adverse effect on mechanical properties or color stability. These results may support the reuse of pressed lithium disilicate for economical purposes, but further clinical evaluation should be conducted to confirm these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Materials: Processing, Properties and Applications)

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23 pages, 36441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Properties of Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ Ceramics Modified with Fe and Mn

by Jan Suchanicz, Marcin Wąs, Michalina Nowakowska-Malczyk, Dorota Sitko, Kamila Kluczewska-Chmielarz, Krzysztof Konieczny, Grzegorz Jagło, Piotr Czaja, Bartosz Handke, Zofia Kucia, Patryk Zając and Klaudia Łyszczarz

Materials 2022, 15(18), 6204; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186204 - 7 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2125

Abstract

Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ (NBT) and Fe- and Mn-modified NBT (0.5 and 1 mol%) ceramics were synthesized by the solid-state reaction method. The crystal structure, dielectric and thermal properties of these ceramics were measured in both unpoled and poled states. Neither the addition of iron/manganese to NBT nor poling changed the average crystal structure of the material; however, changes were observed in the short-range scale. The changes in shapes of the Bragg peaks and in their 2Θ-position and changes in the Raman spectra indicated a temperature-driven structural evolution similar to that in pure NBT. It was found that both substitutions led to a decrease in the depolarization temperature T_d and an increase in the piezoelectric coefficient d₃₃. In addition, applying an electric field reactivated and extended the ferroelectric state to higher temperatures (T_d increased). These effects could be the result of: crystal structure disturbance; changes in the density of defects; the appearance of (Fe_Tiˈ-), (Mn′_Ti-V^••_O) and (Mn″_Tii-V^••_O )—microdipoles; improved domain reorientation conditions and instability of the local polarization state due to the introduction of Fe and Mn into the NBT; reinforced polarization/domain ordering; and partial transformation of the rhombohedral regions into tetragonal ones by the electric field, which supports a long-range ferroelectric state. The possible occupancy of A- and/or B-sites by Fe and Mn ions is discussed based on ionic radius/valence/electronegativity principles. The doping of Fe/Mn and E-poling offers an effective way to modify the properties of NBT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Materials: Processing, Properties and Applications)

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15 pages, 5178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorite-Type La₂Ce₂O₇ Plasma Sprayable Powder for TBCs Application

by Ivana Parchovianská, Milan Parchovianský, Beáta Pecušová, Ondrej Hanzel and Amirhossein Pakseresht

Materials 2022, 15(11), 4007; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15114007 - 5 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2473

Abstract

This work focuses on the fabrication of lanthanum cerate (La₂Ce₂O₇, LC) powders via two chemical routes: modified Pechini sol-gel method and solid-state synthesis. The synthesized LC powders were heat treated in the temperature range of 1000–1400 °C for 6 h and investigated as a material for thermal barrier coating (TBC) applications. For this purpose, the powder morphology, chemical composition, crystal structure and thermal stability were studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the synthesized powders revealed an agglomerated structure consisting of fine and uniformly distributed grains. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) indicated that the chemical compositions of the LC powders were similar to the stoichiometric ratio of La₂Ce₂O₇. A cubic fluorite structure was observed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) after calcining the LC powder prepared by solid-state synthesis at 1300 °C. In contrast, there was always a fluorite structure in the LC powder synthesized by the Pechini sol-gel method after heat treatment over the entire temperature range. The thermal behavior of the LC powders was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) in the temperature range of 25–1300 °C. Neither an obvious mass change nor a visible energy change was observed within the tested temperature range, indicating high phase stability of the LC powder and its suitability for TBC applications. Spheroidization on the prepared LC powders was also investigated, revealing that powder size and morphology had a significant impact on the spheroidization efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Materials: Processing, Properties and Applications)

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12 pages, 5654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fe-Doped Barium Lanthanum Titanate as a Competitor to Other Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics

by Beata Wodecka-Duś, Lucjan Kozielski, Jolanta Makowska, Mateusz Bara and Małgorzata Adamczyk-Habrajska

Materials 2022, 15(3), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15031089 - 30 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2352

Abstract

Multiferroic solid solutions of Ba_1−xLa_xTi_1−x/4O₃ and iron (BLFT) were synthesized using the conventional mixed oxide method. The dependence of the piezoelectric coefficients on Fe content in BLFT ceramics was determined by the quasi-static and resonance method. The results indicate that 0.3 mol% addition of Fe³⁺ ions to the ceramic structure increased the value of the piezoelectric parameter d₃₃ to the maximum of 159 pC/N. This puts BLFT ceramics among other good-quality and lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. A major enhancement of dielectric properties related to the manipulation of Fe content in the barium lanthanum titanate (BLT) ceramics system is reported as well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Materials: Processing, Properties and Applications)

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14 pages, 4482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of Pr³⁺-Doped Ba_0.5Ca_0.5Ti_xZr_(1-x)O₃ Perovskite Diphasic Ceramics Obtained by the Modified Pechini Method

by Agnieszka Wilk, Lucjan Kozielski, Daniel Michalik, Dawid Kozień, Jolanta Makowska and Zbigniew Pędzich

Materials 2022, 15(3), 1058; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15031058 - 29 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1749

Abstract

The Pr³⁺-doped solid solutions from (Ba,Ca)(Ti,Zr)O₃ (BCTZO) system were successfully synthesized using an efficient and low-energy consuming route—the Pechini method combined with the sintering at relatively low temperature (1450 °C). The obtained materials were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The dielectric properties were systematically studied. The Pr³⁺-doped BCTZO diphasic material generates intense and broad red photoluminescence (PL) emission at room temperature. The optical properties were significantly improved with the Ti⁴⁺ substitution by Zr⁴⁺ ions. As a result, the Pr³⁺-doped (Ba,Ca)(Ti,Zr)O₃ ceramics is a promising candidate for environmentally friendly, multifunctional material by combining good dielectric and photoluminescent properties with prognosis for the manifestation of strong photoluminescent and mechanoluminescent effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Materials: Processing, Properties and Applications)

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13 pages, 6066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dielectric and Electric Properties of Ba_0.996La_0.004Ti_0.999O₃ Ceramics Doped with Europium and Hafnium Ions

by Małgorzata Adamczyk-Habrajska, Beata Wodecka-Duś, Tomasz Goryczka, Diana Szalbot, Mateusz Bara and Łukasz Ciepły

Materials 2022, 15(2), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15020413 - 6 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1667

Abstract

Lanthanum-modified BaTiO₃ electroceramic materials have superior dielectric and piezoelectric properties. Ba_0.996La_0.004Ti_0.999O₃ (BLT4) seems to be a serious candidate for ultracondensator applications. This manuscript describes the results of hafnium and europium modification of BLT 4 ceramics. The pure and doped ceramic materials were synthesized by the conventional mixed oxide method. The microstructure of obtained samples was examined by scanning electron microscope. The investigations reveal strong correlations between the presence of admixture and the grain size, which was especially visible in the case of the hafnium dopant. The frequency and temperature dielectric characteristics measurements revealed a decrease in electric permittivity. Moreover, the impedance spectroscopy investigations showed severe changes in grains and grain-boundary resistivity, which was connected with changes in electric conductivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Materials: Processing, Properties and Applications)

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12 pages, 3443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Electromechanical Properties on 3-D Printed Piezoelectric Composite Scaffold Structures

by Tutu Sebastian, Miriam Bach, Andreas Geiger, Tony Lusiola, Lucjan Kozielski and Frank Clemens

Materials 2021, 14(20), 5927; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14205927 - 9 Oct 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2357

Abstract

Piezoelectric composites with 3-3 connectivity gathered attraction due to their potential application as an acoustic transducer in medical imaging, non-destructive testing, etc. In this contribution, piezoelectric composites were fabricated with a material extrusion-based additive manufacturing process (MEX), also well-known under the names fused deposition modeling (FDM), fused filament fabrication (FFF) or fused deposition ceramics (FDC). Thermoplastic filaments were used to achieve open and offset printed piezoelectric scaffold structures. Both scaffold structures were printed, debinded and sintered successfully using commercial PZT and BaTiO₃ powder. For the first time, it could be demonstrated, that using the MEX processing method, closed pore ferroelectric structure can be achieved without pore-former additive. After ceramic processing, the PZT scaffold structures were impregnated with epoxy resin to convert them into composites with 3-3 connectivity. A series of composites with varying ceramic content were achieved by changing the infill parameter during the 3D printing process systematically, and their electromechanical properties were investigated using the electromechanical aix PES device. Also, the Figure of merit (FOM) of these composites was calculated to assess the potential of this material as a candidate for transducer applications. A maximum for the FOM at 25 vol.% of PZT could be observed in this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Materials: Processing, Properties and Applications)

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11 pages, 6091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Heating Modes on Reactive Sintering of Ca₃Co₄O₉ Ceramics

by P. Ravi Teja, A. Raja Annamalai, Gecil Evangeline T., Muthe Srikanth, Dinesh K. Agrawal and Chun-Ping Jen

Materials 2021, 14(2), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14020273 - 7 Jan 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2719

Abstract

The traditional solid-state reaction method was employed to synthesize bulk calcium cobaltite (Ca349/Ca₃Co₄O₉) ceramics via ball milling the precursor mixture. The samples were compacted using conventional sintering (CS) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 850, 900, and 950 °C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicates the presence of the Ca349 phase for samples sintered at 850 and 900 °C. In addition, SPS fosters higher densification (81.18%) than conventional sintering (50.76%) at elevated sintering temperatures. The thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) performed on the precursor mixture reported a weight loss of ~25.23% at a temperature range of 600–820 °C. This current work aims to analyze the electrical properties (Seebeck coefficient (s), electrical resistivity (ρ), and power factor) of sintered samples as a function of temperature (35–500 °C). It demonstrates that the change in sintering temperature (conventional sintering) did not evince any significant change in the Seebeck coefficient (113–142 μV/K). However, it reported a low resistivity of 153–132 μΩ-m and a better power factor (82–146.4 μW/mK²) at 900 °C. On the contrary, the SPS sintered samples recorded a higher Seebeck coefficient of 121–181 μV/K at 900 °C. Correspondingly, the samples sintered at 950 °C delineated a low resistivity of 145–158 μΩ-m and a better power factor (97–152 μW/mK²). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Materials: Processing, Properties and Applications)

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