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Green Chemistry - both precursors and processes - to Hierarchical...
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Green Chemistry - both precursors and processes - to Hierarchical Materials

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2017) | Viewed by 27434

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Francisco Del Monte

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Leads the Group of Bioinspired Materials at the ICMM-CSIC, CSIC - Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
Interests: water-in-salt electrolytes; deep eutectic solvents; hierarchical materials; porous carbons; super capacitor cells
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. María Concepción Gutiérrez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Assembling nanoparticles into hierarchical porous materials is challenging because the resulting materials would offer a desirable combination of a high internal reactive surface area and straightforward molecular transport through broad “highways” leading to such a surface, which is of special relevance to any of the above applications. Therefore, materials chemists should be able, not only to make nanostructures of any size and shape, but also to assemble them in any form and to control their final structure at different space levels (e.g., hierarchically organized) so that their chemical natures and dimensions ensure accessibility to the inner interfaces.

In materials science and from a green chemistry point of view, progress in the preparation of advanced materials with controlled structure and/or unprecedented functionality de- pends largely on the core competence of materials chemists to design and develop new synthetic strategies that, at any stage of the synthesis, limit the use of chemical reagents—e.g., reducing and/or cross-linking agents, solvents or surfactants, among others—that may eventually be difficult to eliminate from the reaction batch. This issue has, lately, attracted a great deal of attention for preparation of nanoparticles and nanocomposites, useful in catalysis/biocatalysis and biomedicine. It is worth noting that the absence of undesired byproducts can be of help in either reducing nanoparticles poisoning in catalytic/biocatalytic reactions or preventing denaturation of biological entities (due to biocompatibility enhancement) in biomedical applications.

Moreover, besides the utilization of environmentally benign chemicals and solvents, the in situ preparation of nanocomposites into the required hierarchical structure (e.g., spheres, nanospheres, capsules, or scaffolds, among others) is another key issue that merits important consideration. This is because the reduction or full elimination of processing steps that may eventually give rise to contamination can also be of help for the final performance of any catalytic or biomedical device.

Based on this, the current Special Issue will include papers dealing with the “Application of Green Chemistry for the Design of Precursors and Processes of Potential Interest for the Preparation of Hierarchically Organized Materials”.

Dr. Francisco del Monte
Dr. María Concepción Gutiérrez
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • green chemistry
  • sustainable reagents and processes
  • hierarchical materials
  • porous materials

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

1995 KiB  
Article
Study of Superbase-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents as the Catalyst in the Chemical Fixation of CO2 into Cyclic Carbonates under Mild Conditions
by Sara García-Argüelles, Maria Luisa Ferrer, Marta Iglesias, Francisco Del Monte and María Concepción Gutiérrez
Materials 2017, 10(7), 759; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10070759 - 7 Jul 2017
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 6435
Abstract
Superbases have shown high performance as catalysts in the chemical fixation of CO2 to epoxides. The proposed reaction mechanism typically assumes the formation of a superbase, the CO2 adduct as the intermediate, most likely because of the well-known affinity between superbases [...] Read more.
Superbases have shown high performance as catalysts in the chemical fixation of CO2 to epoxides. The proposed reaction mechanism typically assumes the formation of a superbase, the CO2 adduct as the intermediate, most likely because of the well-known affinity between superbases and CO2, i.e., superbases have actually proven quite effective for CO2 absorption. In this latter use, concerns about the chemical stability upon successive absorption-desorption cycles also merits attention when using superbases as catalysts. In this work, 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to get further insights about (1) whether a superbase, the CO2 adduct, is formed as an intermediate and (2) the chemical stability of the catalyst after reaction. For this purpose, we proposed as a model system the chemical fixation of CO2 to epichlorohydrin (EP) using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of a superbase, e.g., 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidine (TBD) or 2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10-octahydropyrimido[1,2-a]azepine (DBU), as a hydrogen acceptor and an alcohol as a hydrogen bond donor, e.g., benzyl alcohol (BA), ethylene glycol (EG), and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), as the catalyst. The resulting carbonate was obtained with yields above 90% and selectivities approaching 100% after only two hours of reaction in pseudo-mild reaction conditions, e.g., 1.2 bars and 100 °C, and after 20 h if the reaction conditions of choice were even milder, e.g., 1.2 bars and 50 °C. These results were in agreement with previous works using bifunctional catalytic systems composed of a superbase and a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) also reporting good yields and selectivities, thus confirming the suitability of our choice to perform this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry - both precursors and processes - to Hierarchical Materials)
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4846 KiB  
Article
Macroporous Calcium Phosphate/Chitosan Composites Prepared via Unidirectional Ice Segregation and Subsequent Freeze-Drying
by Inmaculada Aranaz, Enrique Martínez-Campos, Carolina Moreno-Vicente, Ana Civantos, Sara García-Arguelles and Francisco Del Monte
Materials 2017, 10(5), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10050516 - 8 May 2017
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5049
Abstract
Calcium phosphate chitosan-based composites have gained much interest in recent years for biomedical purposes. In this paper, three-dimensional calcium phosphate chitosan-based composites with different mineral contents were produced using a green method called ice segregation induced self-assembly (ISISA). In this methodology, ice crystals [...] Read more.
Calcium phosphate chitosan-based composites have gained much interest in recent years for biomedical purposes. In this paper, three-dimensional calcium phosphate chitosan-based composites with different mineral contents were produced using a green method called ice segregation induced self-assembly (ISISA). In this methodology, ice crystals were used as a template to produce porous structures from an aqueous solution of chitosan (CS) and hydroxyapatite (Hap) also containing acetic acid (pH = 4.5). For better characterization of the nature of the inorganic matter entrapped within the resulting composite, we performed either oxygen plasma or calcination processes to remove the organic matter. The nature of the phosphate salts was studied by XRD and NMR studies. Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) was identified as the mineral phase in the composites submitted to oxygen plasma, whereas crystalline Hap was obtained after calcination. SEM microscopy revealed the formation of porous structures (porosity around 80–85%) in the original composites, as well as in the inorganic matrices obtained after calcination, with porous channels of up to 50 µm in diameter in the former case and of up to 20 µm in the latter. The biocompatibility of the composites was assessed using two different cell lines: C2C12GFP premyoblastic cells and MC3T3 preosteoblastic cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry - both precursors and processes - to Hierarchical Materials)
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3837 KiB  
Article
Photoactive Nanomaterials Inspired by Nature: LTL Zeolite Doped with Laser Dyes as Artificial Light Harvesting Systems
by Leire Gartzia-Rivero, Jorge Bañuelos and Iñigo López-Arbeloa
Materials 2017, 10(5), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10050495 - 4 May 2017
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5512
Abstract
The herein reported work describes the development of hierarchically-organized fluorescent nanomaterials inspired by plant antenna systems. These hybrid materials are based on nanostructured zeolitic materials (LTL zeolite) doped with laser dyes, which implies a synergism between organic and inorganic moieties. The non-interconnected channeled [...] Read more.
The herein reported work describes the development of hierarchically-organized fluorescent nanomaterials inspired by plant antenna systems. These hybrid materials are based on nanostructured zeolitic materials (LTL zeolite) doped with laser dyes, which implies a synergism between organic and inorganic moieties. The non-interconnected channeled structure and pore dimensions (7.1 Å) of the inorganic host are ideal to order and align the allocated fluorophores inside, inferring also high thermal and chemical stability. These artificial antennae harvest a broad range of chromatic radiation and convert it into predominant red-edge or alternatively white-light emission, just choosing the right dye combination and concentration ratio to modulate the efficiency of the ongoing energy transfer hops. A further degree of organization can be achieved by functionalizing the channel entrances of LTL zeolite with specific tailor-made (stopcock) molecules via a covalent linkage. These molecules plug the channels to avoid the leakage of the guest molecules absorbed inside, as well as connect the inner space of the zeolite with the outside thanks to energy transfer processes, making the coupling of the material with external devices easier. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry - both precursors and processes - to Hierarchical Materials)
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5060 KiB  
Article
Ice as a Green-Structure-Directing Agent in the Synthesis of Macroporous MWCNTs and Chondroitin Sulphate Composites
by Stefania Nardecchia, María Concepción Serrano, Sara García-Argüelles, Marcelo E. H. Maia Da Costa, María Luisa Ferrer and María C. Gutiérrez
Materials 2017, 10(4), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10040355 - 28 Mar 2017
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4026
Abstract
The incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into chondroitin sulphate-based scaffolds and the effect on the structural, mechanical, conductive, and thermal properties of the resulting scaffolds is investigated. Three-dimensional hierarchical materials are prepared upon the application of the ice segregation-induced self-assembly (ISISA) process. [...] Read more.
The incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into chondroitin sulphate-based scaffolds and the effect on the structural, mechanical, conductive, and thermal properties of the resulting scaffolds is investigated. Three-dimensional hierarchical materials are prepared upon the application of the ice segregation-induced self-assembly (ISISA) process. The use of ice as structure-directing agents avoids chemicals typically used for this purpose (e.g., surfactants, block copolymers, etc.), hence, emphasising the green features of this soft-templating approach. We determine the critical parameters that control the morphology of the scaffolds formed upon ice-templating (i.e., MWCNTs type, freezing conditions, polymer and MWCNT concentration). MWCNTs are surface functionalized by acidic treatment. MWCNT functionalization is characterized by Raman, Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) and X-ray Photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopies. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and porosity studies reveal that MWCNT content modifies the morphology of the macroporous structure, which decreases by increasing MWCNT concentration. Differences in scaffold morphology should be translated into their conductivity and mechanical properties. As a general trend, the Young’s modulus and the electrical conductivity of the scaffolds increase with the MWCNT content. Preliminary biocompatibility tests with human osteoblast-like cells also reveal the capability of these structures to support cell growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry - both precursors and processes - to Hierarchical Materials)
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2613 KiB  
Article
Peanut Shell-Derived Carbon Solid Acid with Large Surface Area and Its Application for the Catalytic Hydrolysis of Cyclohexyl Acetate
by Wei Xue, Lijun Sun, Fang Yang, Zhimiao Wang and Fang Li
Materials 2016, 9(10), 833; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9100833 - 15 Oct 2016
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5540
Abstract
A carbon solid acid with large surface area (CSALA) was prepared by partial carbonization of H3PO4 pre-treated peanut shells followed by sulfonation with concentrated H2SO4. The structure and acidity of CSALA were characterized by N2 [...] Read more.
A carbon solid acid with large surface area (CSALA) was prepared by partial carbonization of H3PO4 pre-treated peanut shells followed by sulfonation with concentrated H2SO4. The structure and acidity of CSALA were characterized by N2 adsorption–desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), 13C cross polarization (CP)/magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), titration, and elemental analysis. The results demonstrated that the CSALA was an amorphous carbon material with a surface area of 387.4 m2/g. SO3H groups formed on the surface with a density of 0.46 mmol/g, with 1.11 mmol/g of COOH and 0.39 mmol/g of phenolic OH. Densities of the latter two groups were notably greater than those observed on a carbon solid acid (CSA) with a surface area of 10.1 m2/g. The CSALA catalyst showed better performance than the CSA for the hydrolysis of cyclohexyl acetate to cyclohexanol. Under optimal reaction conditions, cyclohexyl acetate conversion was 86.6% with 97.3% selectivity for cyclohexanol, while the results were 25.0% and 99.4%, respectively, catalyzed by CSA. The high activity of the CSALA could be attributed to its high density of COOH and large surface area. Moreover, the CSALA showed good reusability. Its catalytic activity decreased slightly during the first two cycles due to the leaching of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-containing SO3H groups, and then remained constant during following uses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry - both precursors and processes - to Hierarchical Materials)
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