Neutron and Photon Activation Analyses and Their Application in Geological, Geochemical and Environmental Research

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Geochemistry and Geochronology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 8771

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
1. Nuclear Physics Institute. Czech Academy of Sciences, 25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
2. Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18209 Prague, Czech Republic
Interests: neutron and photon activation analyses and accelerator mass spectrometry, and their application in geological, geochemical and environmental research; geochemistry of tektites and impact glasses; radiolytic alteration of organic matter in uraniferous environment

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Guest Editor
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assuit 71452, Egypt
Interests: instrumental neutron activation analysis and its applications in geological, geochemical, and environmental research; environmental radioactivity in different environmental media; radiation shielding
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In your geological and geochemical research or analytical practices, you may have experienced situations where standard, nowadays conventional analytical methods are ineffective in the assay of some elements or generally unsuitable for various reasons. You may have needed to analyze the bulk of your sample where the conventional nondestructive surface analysis would not provide a representative image of your sample while you may have wished to save your precious (and often tiny) sample for further analysis and not destroy it by fusion or dissolution. You may not have felt confident about the complete dissolution of your analyte, about its potential loss or contamination, and not quite acquainted with possible matrix effects and interferences in the final (usually spectrometric) analytical method. Some thirty years ago you would probably look no further than the nearest nuclear research center and ask for help from an activation analysis department. Nowadays, in the post-Chornobyl and post-Fukushima era, this may be not your first choice. You may need to look abroad for an activation analysis lab which is still in operation. In a worse case, if you are a student or junior scientist, you may not have been taught sufficiently to see the potential of these analytical methods.

This Special Issue invites you - geologists, geochemists, and radio analysts - who would like to share your experience in the application of activation techniques in your research and analytical practice. You may introduce your facilities and procedures and offer them to your colleagues. You may fill the educational gaps which should be appreciated by both teachers and students in the geoscience field. Although the title of the Special Issue is limited to neutron and photon activation, contributions on activation methods with other irradiation sources such as charged particles or on related radioanalytical methods (PGAA, ion beam techniques) are welcome as well. Also, environment-oriented studies, e.g., from the fields of environmental and urban geology and geochemistry, are welcome.

Dr. Jiří Mizera
Prof. Dr. Atef El-Taher
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • INAA
  • IPAA
  • RNAA
  • PGAA
  • geochemical analysis
  • multielement analysis
  • Major and trace element analysis
  • ultra-trace analysis
  • nondestructive analysis
  • bulk sample analysis
  • in situ exploration
  • borehole activation analysis
  • comparator method
  • CCQM primary ratio method
  • self-validating potential
  • environmental geology and geochemistry
  • urban geology and geochemistry

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 1454 KiB  
Article
An Evaluation of Three Halogens (Cl, Br, and I) Data from a Geological Survey of Japan Geochemical Reference Materials by Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis
by Naoki Shirai, Shun Sekimoto and Mitsuru Ebihara
Minerals 2024, 14(3), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14030213 - 20 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1015
Abstract
Fifteen Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) geochemical reference materials were analyzed to determine the contents of three halogens (Cl, Br, and I) by using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and/or radiochemical NAA (RNAA). Two reference materials (JCp-1 and JSO-1) were analyzed using both [...] Read more.
Fifteen Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) geochemical reference materials were analyzed to determine the contents of three halogens (Cl, Br, and I) by using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and/or radiochemical NAA (RNAA). Two reference materials (JCp-1 and JSO-1) were analyzed using both INAA and RNAA. Although there were discrepancies in Cl and Br for JCp-1 between the INAA and RNAA data, probably due to sample heterogeneity, the INAA and RNAA data for JSO-1 were consistent with each other, within less than 7%, indicating that our RNAA data are reliable. With the repeated analyses of JR-3, the external repeatability of the data obtained using RNAA was evaluated to be 18% for Cl, 11% for Br, and 19% for I. Our RNAA data are in agreement with literature values using NAA for the three halogens, as well as those using isotope dilution mass spectrometry and ion chromatography for Cl. Systematically lower values when using neutron irradiation noble gas mass spectrometry (NI-NGMS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with pyrohydrolysis can be observed, implying that there are losses for noble gas nuclides produced through the beta-decay of the neutron capture halogen nuclides in NI-NGMS and the non-quantitative recovery of Br and I during procedures in ICP-MS, respectively. Full article
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13 pages, 3192 KiB  
Article
Neutron Activation Analysis in Urban Geochemistry: Impact of Traffic Intensification after Opening the Blanka Tunnel Complex in Prague
by Jiří Mizera, Martina Havelcová, Vladimír Machovič, Lenka Borecká and Dominik Vöröš
Minerals 2022, 12(3), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12030281 - 24 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1752
Abstract
Opening of the Blanka Tunnel Complex (BTC) in Prague, Czech Republic, the longest city tunnel in Europe, significantly increased traffic on a connected main road, the V Holešovičkách street (VHS). To study environmental changes in VHS connected with BTC opening, sampling of road [...] Read more.
Opening of the Blanka Tunnel Complex (BTC) in Prague, Czech Republic, the longest city tunnel in Europe, significantly increased traffic on a connected main road, the V Holešovičkách street (VHS). To study environmental changes in VHS connected with BTC opening, sampling of road dust and airborne particulate matter in the VHS vicinity started 3 years before BTC opening and continued until BTC pilot operation. The enrichment factors calculated for the collected samples from elemental compositions determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) have shown significant enrichment for Se, Sb, Hg, Br, Mo, Zn, As, W, Cr, Ba, and Fe, but not their increase after starting BTC operation. The Principal Component Analysis allowed distinguishing between detrital and anthropogenic, probably traffic related, origin of the elements determined in samples. The study demonstrated a potential of INAA for multielement trace analysis of minute samples (28 elements determined in samples down to 20 μg, with detection limits down to sub-ng level) and its application in urban geochemistry studies. Full article
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13 pages, 2505 KiB  
Article
Instrumental Photon Activation Analysis with Short-Time Irradiation for Geochemical Research
by Ivana Krausová, Jiří Mizera, Zdeněk Řanda, David Chvátil and Pavel Krist
Minerals 2021, 11(6), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11060617 - 9 Jun 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2307
Abstract
This paper introduces instrumental photon activation analysis (IPAA) utilizing short-lived products of photonuclear reactions, mainly (γ, n) and (γ, p), initiated by bremsstrahlung from the MT-25 microtron. A rapid nondestructive IPAA method for geochemical major element analysis is introduced as a tool for [...] Read more.
This paper introduces instrumental photon activation analysis (IPAA) utilizing short-lived products of photonuclear reactions, mainly (γ, n) and (γ, p), initiated by bremsstrahlung from the MT-25 microtron. A rapid nondestructive IPAA method for geochemical major element analysis is introduced as a tool for the basic geochemical characterization of rocks. Procedures were developed and parameters such as beam energy and irradiation-decay-counting times optimized with a representative set of geochemical reference materials, and an optimized scheme was applied in analysis of various geological samples. A complete analytical scheme combined with long-time irradiation IPAA and the possibility of utilization of photoexcitation reactions (γ, γ′) are briefly outlined. Full article
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12 pages, 4029 KiB  
Article
Kilogram Sample Analysis by Nuclear Analytical Techniques: Complementary Opportunities for the Mineral and Geosciences
by Peter Bode
Minerals 2021, 11(5), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11050443 - 22 Apr 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2086
Abstract
Sample-size reduction including homogenization is often required to obtain a test portion for element compositional analysis. Analyses of replicate test portions may provide insight into the sampling constant, and often much larger quantities are needed to limit the contribution of sampling error. In [...] Read more.
Sample-size reduction including homogenization is often required to obtain a test portion for element compositional analysis. Analyses of replicate test portions may provide insight into the sampling constant, and often much larger quantities are needed to limit the contribution of sampling error. In addition, it cannot be demonstrated that the finally obtained test portion is truly representative of the originally collected material. Nuclear analytical techniques such as neutron and photon activation analysis and (neutron-induced) prompt gamma activation analyses can now be used to study and overcome these analytical problems. These techniques are capable of obtaining multi-element measurements from irregularly shaped objects with masses ranging from multiple grams to multiple kilograms. Prompt gamma analysis can be combined with neutron tomography, resulting in position-sensitive information. The analysis of large samples provides unprecedented complementary opportunities for the mineral and geosciences. It enables the experimental assessment of the representativeness of test portions of the originally collected material, as well as the analysis of samples that are not allowed to be sub-sampled or dissolved, the analysis of materials that are difficult to be homogenized at large, and studies on the location of inhomogeneities. Examples of such applications of large-sample analyses are described herein. Full article
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