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Nanomaterials
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The Interaction of Electron Phenomena on the Mesoscopic Scale
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The Interaction of Electron Phenomena on the Mesoscopic Scale

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 December 2024 | Viewed by 6564

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Kai Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
Interests: dielectric physics and condensed matter physics
Prof. Dr. Laijun Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
Interests: materials science

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

“More is different”. Interacting electrons on the mesoscopic scale present emerging phenomena of multi-body systems in condensed matters. The Special Issue covers cutting-edge studies on the mechanics, thermology, optics, electricity, and magnetism of nanomaterials. These studies include not only novel phenomena in new nanomaterials but also fundamental phenomena in the “old” ones.

We hope that the Special Issue will shed light on the theoretical limitations of weak, medium, and strong interactions among electrons, and, importantly, provide insights on the future development of material synthesis methods, structural and property characterizations, and scientific strategies.

Dr. Kai Chen
Prof. Dr. Laijun Liu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • nanomaterial
  • interacting electron phenomena
  • mechanics
  • thermology
  • optics
  • electricity
  • magnetism

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 4429 KiB  
Article
Self-Powered Deep-Ultraviolet Photodetector Driven by Combined Piezoelectric/Ferroelectric Effects
by Vo Pham Hoang Huy and Chung Wung Bark
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(23), 1903; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231903 - 27 Nov 2024
Viewed by 409
Abstract
In this study, in situ piezoelectricity was incorporated into the photoactive region to prepare a self-powered deep-ultraviolet photodetector based on a mixture of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)@Ga2O3 and polyethyleneimine (PEI)/carbon quantum dots (CQDs). A ferroelectric composite layer was prepared using β-Ga [...] Read more.
In this study, in situ piezoelectricity was incorporated into the photoactive region to prepare a self-powered deep-ultraviolet photodetector based on a mixture of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)@Ga2O3 and polyethyleneimine (PEI)/carbon quantum dots (CQDs). A ferroelectric composite layer was prepared using β-Ga2O3 as a filler, and the β-phase of PVDF was used as the polymer matrix. The strong piezoelectricity of β-PVDF can facilitate the separation and transport of photogenerated carriers in the depletion region and significantly reduce the dark current when the device is biased with an external bias, resulting in a high on/off ratio and high detection capability. The self-powered PD exhibited specific detectivity (D* = 3.5 × 1010 Jones), an on/off ratio of 2.7, and a response speed of 0.11/0.33 s. Furthermore, the prepared PD exhibits excellent photoresponse stability under continuous UV light, with the photocurrent retaining 83% of its initial value after about 500 s of irradiation. Our findings suggest a new approach for developing cost-effective UV PDs for optoelectronic applications in related fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction of Electron Phenomena on the Mesoscopic Scale)
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17 pages, 6110 KiB  
Article
Simulation Study of High-Precision Characterization of MeV Electron Interactions for Advanced Nano-Imaging of Thick Biological Samples and Microchips
by Xi Yang, Liguo Wang, Victor Smaluk, Timur Shaftan, Tianyi Wang, Nathalie Bouet, Gabriele D’Amen, Weishi Wan and Pietro Musumeci
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1797; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221797 - 8 Nov 2024
Viewed by 536
Abstract
The resolution of a mega-electron-volt scanning transmission electron microscope (MeV-STEM) is primarily governed by the properties of the incident electron beam and angular broadening effects that occur within thick biological samples and microchips. A precise understanding and mitigation of these constraints require detailed [...] Read more.
The resolution of a mega-electron-volt scanning transmission electron microscope (MeV-STEM) is primarily governed by the properties of the incident electron beam and angular broadening effects that occur within thick biological samples and microchips. A precise understanding and mitigation of these constraints require detailed knowledge of beam emittance, aberrations in the STEM column optics, and energy-dependent elastic and inelastic critical angles of the materials being examined. This simulation study proposes a standardized experimental framework for comprehensively assessing beam intensity, divergence, and size at the sample exit. This framework aims to characterize electron-sample interactions, reconcile discrepancies among analytical models, and validate Monte Carlo (MC) simulations for enhanced predictive accuracy. Our numerical findings demonstrate that precise measurements of these parameters, especially angular broadening, are not only feasible but also essential for optimizing imaging resolution in thick biological samples and microchips. By utilizing an electron source with minimal emittance and tailored beam characteristics, along with amorphous ice and silicon samples as biological proxies and microchip materials, this research seeks to optimize electron beam energy by focusing on parameters to improve the resolution in MeV-STEM/TEM. This optimization is particularly crucial for in situ imaging of thick biological samples and for examining microchip defects with nanometer resolutions. Our ultimate goal is to develop a comprehensive mapping of the minimum electron energy required to achieve a nanoscale resolution, taking into account variations in sample thickness, composition, and imaging mode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction of Electron Phenomena on the Mesoscopic Scale)
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9 pages, 3634 KiB  
Article
Influence of PCBM Nanocrystals on the Donor-Acceptor Polymer Ultraviolet Phototransistors
by Hong Zhu, Quanhua Chen, Lijian Chen, Rozalina Zakaria, Min-Su Park, Chee Leong Tan, Li Zhu and Yong Xu
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(21), 1748; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14211748 - 30 Oct 2024
Viewed by 603
Abstract
Organic phototransistors, renowned for their exceptional biocompatibility, hold promise in phototherapy for tracking the efficacy of photosensitive drugs within treatment areas. Nevertheless, it has been found that organic semiconductors are less effective in detecting ultraviolet (UV) light because of their narrow bandgap. Here, [...] Read more.
Organic phototransistors, renowned for their exceptional biocompatibility, hold promise in phototherapy for tracking the efficacy of photosensitive drugs within treatment areas. Nevertheless, it has been found that organic semiconductors are less effective in detecting ultraviolet (UV) light because of their narrow bandgap. Here, we show that UV photodetection in phototransistors using donor-acceptor (D-A) polymer semiconductors can be significantly enhanced by incorporating PCBM nanocrystals. This integration results in a band mismatch between the nanocrystals and the D-A polymer at the interface. These nanocrystals also demonstrate a notable capability of modulating threshold voltage under UV light. The devices incorporating nanocrystals exhibit a photoresponsivity of 0.16 A/W, surpassing the photoresponsivity of the devices without nanocrystals by 50%. The specific detection rate of devices with nanocrystals is around 2.00 × 1010 Jones, which is twice as high as that of devices without nanocrystals. The presented findings offer a potential avenue to improve the efficiency of polymer phototransistors for UV detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction of Electron Phenomena on the Mesoscopic Scale)
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13 pages, 3477 KiB  
Article
Facile Preparation of Three-Dimensional Cubic MnSe2/CNTs and Their Application in Aqueous Copper Ion Batteries
by Junjun Wang, Linlin Tai, Wei Zhou, Han Chen, Jingxiong Liu and Shaohua Jiang
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(20), 1621; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14201621 - 10 Oct 2024
Viewed by 587
Abstract
Transition metal sulfide compounds with high theoretical specific capacity and excellent electronic conductivity that can be used as cathode materials for secondary batteries attract great research interest in the field of electrochemical energy storage. Among these materials, MnSe2 garners significant interest from [...] Read more.
Transition metal sulfide compounds with high theoretical specific capacity and excellent electronic conductivity that can be used as cathode materials for secondary batteries attract great research interest in the field of electrochemical energy storage. Among these materials, MnSe2 garners significant interest from researchers due to its unique three-dimensional cubic structure and inherent stability. However, according to the relevant literature, the performance and cycle life of MnSe2 are not yet satisfactory. To address this issue, we synthesize MnSe2/CNTs composites via a straightforward hydrothermal method. MnSO4·H2O, Se, and N2H4·H2O are used as reactants, and CNTs are incorporated during the stirring process. The experimental outcomes indicate that the fabricated electrode demonstrates an initial discharge specific capacity that reaches 621 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1. Moreover, it exhibits excellent rate capability, delivering a discharge specific capacity of 476 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1. The electrode is able to maintain a high discharge specific capacity of 545 mAh g−1 after cycling for 1000 times at a current density of 2 A g−1. The exceptional electrochemical performance of the MnSe2/CNTs composites can be ascribed to their three-dimensional cubic architecture and the 3D CNT network. This research aids in the progression of aqueous Cu-ion cathode materials with significant potential, offering a viable route for their advancement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction of Electron Phenomena on the Mesoscopic Scale)
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13 pages, 4975 KiB  
Article
Electrical Quantum Coupling of Subsurface-Nanolayer Quasipolarons
by Yihan Zeng, Ruichen Li, Shengyu Fang, Yuting Hu, Hongxin Yang, Junhao Chen, Xin Su, Kai Chen and Laijun Liu
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(18), 1540; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14181540 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 559
Abstract
We perform dielectric and impedance spectrums on the compressively-strained ceramics of multiferroic bismuth ferrite. The subsurface-nanolayer quasipolarons manifest the step-like characteristic of pressure-dependent transient frequency and, furthermore, pressure-dependency fails in the transformation between complex permittivity and electrical impedance, which is well-known in classic [...] Read more.
We perform dielectric and impedance spectrums on the compressively-strained ceramics of multiferroic bismuth ferrite. The subsurface-nanolayer quasipolarons manifest the step-like characteristic of pressure-dependent transient frequency and, furthermore, pressure-dependency fails in the transformation between complex permittivity and electrical impedance, which is well-known in classic dielectric physics, as well as the bulk dipole chain at the end of the dissipation peak. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction of Electron Phenomena on the Mesoscopic Scale)
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15 pages, 3799 KiB  
Article
Optimize Electron Beam Energy toward In Situ Imaging of Thick Frozen Bio-Samples with Nanometer Resolution Using MeV-STEM
by Xi Yang, Liguo Wang, Victor Smaluk and Timur Shaftan
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090803 - 5 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1201
Abstract
To optimize electron energy for in situ imaging of large biological samples up to 10 μm in thickness with nanoscale resolutions, we implemented an analytical model based on elastic and inelastic characteristic angles. This model has been benchmarked by Monte Carlo simulations and [...] Read more.
To optimize electron energy for in situ imaging of large biological samples up to 10 μm in thickness with nanoscale resolutions, we implemented an analytical model based on elastic and inelastic characteristic angles. This model has been benchmarked by Monte Carlo simulations and can be used to predict the transverse beam size broadening as a function of electron energy while the probe beam traverses through the sample. As a result, the optimal choice of the electron beam energy can be realized. In addition, the impact of the dose-limited resolution was analysed. While the sample thickness is less than 10 μm, there exists an optimal electron beam energy below 10 MeV regarding a specific sample thickness. However, for samples thicker than 10 μm, the optimal beam energy is 10 MeV or higher depending on the sample thickness, and the ultimate resolution could become worse with the increase in the sample thickness. Moreover, a MeV-STEM column based on a two-stage lens system can be applied to reduce the beam size from one micron at aperture to one nanometre at the sample with the energy tuning range from 3 to 10 MeV. In conjunction with the state-of-the-art ultralow emittance electron source that we recently implemented, the maximum size of an electron beam when it traverses through an up to 10 μm thick bio-sample can be kept less than 10 nm. This is a critical step toward the in situ imaging of large, thick biological samples with nanometer resolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction of Electron Phenomena on the Mesoscopic Scale)
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11 pages, 2028 KiB  
Article
Large Polaron Condensation in a Pseudo-Bilayer Quantum Hall Composite
by Bo Dai, Changyue Wang, Junhao Chen, Xin Su, Yuning Shi, Yihan Zeng, Ying Wang and Kai Chen
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080688 - 16 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1087
Abstract
There is much interest regarding the “coupled ferroelectricity and superconductivity” in the two-dimensional material, bilayer Td-MoTe2; however, the value and the type of electric polarization are unknown. The device structure and the measurement method show that the measured material [...] Read more.
There is much interest regarding the “coupled ferroelectricity and superconductivity” in the two-dimensional material, bilayer Td-MoTe2; however, the value and the type of electric polarization are unknown. The device structure and the measurement method show that the measured material is the composite of the pseudo-bilayer quantum Hall system, with a thickness of about thirty-six nanometers. The derived dielectric hysteresis loops and the calculated electronic structure reveal that the condensed large polarons are responsible for the reverse ferroelectricity and the coupled superconductivity. The maximum value of polaron-type electric polarization is ~12 nC/μm2 or 1.2 × 104 μc/cm2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction of Electron Phenomena on the Mesoscopic Scale)
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Review

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23 pages, 5110 KiB  
Review
Blood Cell Membrane-Coated Nanomaterials as a Versatile Biomimetic Nanoplatform for Antitumor Applications
by Hanchun Shen, Yongliang Ouyang, Liang Zhang, Jing Li and Shige Wang
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(21), 1757; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14211757 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 623
Abstract
The application of nanomaterials in tumor therapy is increasingly widespread, offering more possibilities for enhanced tumor therapy. However, the unclear biological distribution and metabolism of nanomaterials may lead to immune rejection or inflammatory reactions, posing numerous challenges to their clinical translation. The rich [...] Read more.
The application of nanomaterials in tumor therapy is increasingly widespread, offering more possibilities for enhanced tumor therapy. However, the unclear biological distribution and metabolism of nanomaterials may lead to immune rejection or inflammatory reactions, posing numerous challenges to their clinical translation. The rich diversity and multifaceted functions of blood cells offer promising biological avenues for enhancing the application of nanoparticles in cancer therapy. Blood cell membranes, being made of naturally found components in the body, exhibit significant biocompatibility, which can reduce the body’s immune rejection response, extend the drug’s residence time in the bloodstream, and enhance its bioavailability. Integrating blood cell membranes with nanomaterials enhances tumor therapy by improving targeted delivery, prolonging circulation time, and evading immune responses. This review summarizes recent advancements in the application of blood cell membrane-coated nanomaterials for antitumor therapy, with a particular focus on their use in photodynamic and photothermal treatments. Additionally, it explores their potential for synergistic effects when combined with other therapeutic modalities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction of Electron Phenomena on the Mesoscopic Scale)
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Title: Random Sequential Adsorption and Percolation on Discrete Substrates
Authors: Dijana Dujak1, Ljuba Budinski-Petković2 and Ivana Lončarević2,
Affiliation: 1 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, 72000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; 2 Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
Abstract: Random sequential adsorption (RSA) is a broadly used model for irreversible deposition on substrates. Over the last decades a huge number of works have been published concerning this topic. Here we give a brief review of the results for irreversible deposition on two-dimensional discrete substrates. Depositing objects randomly and sequentially adsorbed onto the substrate and they are not allowed to overlap, so the jamming coverage θjam is less than in close packing. Kinetics of the process is described by the time-dependence of the coverage fraction θ(t) and for the discrete substrates this dependence was found to be of the form: θ(t) = θjam − Ae−t/σ. Another topic of interest is the percolation of the deposit that can occur at a certain coverage. The coverage of the surface is increased through the RSA process up to the percolation threshold, when a cluster that extends through the whole system appears. A percolating cluster arises in the system when the opposite edges of the system are connected via some path of nearest neighbor sites occupied by the particles. Studying percolation is of great interest due to its relevance to conductivity in composite materials, flow through porous media, polymerization, the properties of nanomaterials, etc.

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