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2D Structured Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications

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A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "2D and Carbon Nanomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 May 2024) | Viewed by 24560

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Prof. Dr. Shanshan Chen

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Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
Interests: 2D materials; physics of low-dimensional materials; thermal and optical properties
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Yanping Liu

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School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Interests: 2D materials; vdW heterostructure; twistronics; spintronics; valleytronics

Dr. Li Lin

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Guest Editor

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Interests: structure-controlled CVD synthesis of graphene films; frontier sciences and industrial applications of graphene and graphene-based heterostructures

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The successful preparation of graphene in 2004 rapidly aroused a global upsurge of research into 2D structured materials. The emergence of a large number of new 2D materials in low-dimensional systems has attracted the continuous attention of many researchers. The unique planar crystal structure of 2D materials endows them with versatile physical properties, and the 2D material family covers almost all the electrical, optical, mechanical, thermal and magnetic properties involved in bulk materials, providing a host of questions for future research to explore novel physical phenomena and applications.

We are pleased to invite researchers to contribute to this Special Issue concerning the synthesis, properties, and application of 2D structured materials. The purpose of this Special Issue is to discuss the properties and structures of these materials, and to widen the community’s fundamental understanding of their use. Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

Novel synthesis methods and developments related to 2D materials and their heterostructure;
Experimental and theoretical exploration of the growth mechanism for 2D materials;
Electrical, optical, mechanical, thermal and magnetic properties of 2D materials and structures;
Device applications of 2D materials and their heterostructures in electronics, optoelectronics, energy, flexible sensors, transistors and other functional devices;
Electronic, magnetic, and structural phase transitions of 2D materials under extreme conditions;
Novel applications of 2D structured materials;
Moiré superlattices and related moiré excitons in twisted van der Waals heterostructures.

Prof. Dr. Shanshan Chen
Prof. Dr. Yanping Liu
Dr. Li Lin
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

2D materials
heterostructures
crystal structure
synthesis
functional devices
phase transition
transport properties
theoretical simulation
twisted heterostructure/homostructure

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Related Special Issue

2D Structured Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications (2nd Edition) in Nanomaterials

Published Papers (13 papers)

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13 pages, 13772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution of the Surface Wettability of Vertically Oriented Multilayer Graphene Sheets Deposited by Plasma Technology

by Domen Paul, Rok Zaplotnik, Gregor Primc, Alenka Vesel and Miran Mozetič

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(12), 1023; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14121023 - 13 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 739

Abstract

Carbon deposits consisting of vertically oriented multilayer graphene sheets on metallic foils represent an interesting alternative to activated carbon in electrical and electrochemical devices such as super-capacitors because of the superior electrical conductivity of graphene and huge surface–mass ratio. The graphene sheets were deposited on cobalt foils by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition using propane as the carbon precursor. Plasma was sustained by an inductively coupled radiofrequency discharge in the H mode at a power of 500 W and a propane pressure of 17 Pa. The precursor effectively dissociated in plasma conditions and enabled the growth of porous films consisting of multilayer graphene sheets. The deposition rate varied with time and peaked at 100 nm/s. The evolution of surface wettability was determined by the sessile drop method. The untreated substrates were moderately hydrophobic at a water contact angle of about 110°. The contact angle dropped to about 50° after plasma treatment for less than a second and increased monotonously thereafter. The maximal contact angle of 130° appeared at a treatment time of about 30 s. Thereafter, it slowly decreased, with a prolonged deposition time. The evolution of the wettability was explained by surface composition and morphology. A brief treatment with oxygen plasma enabled a super-hydrophilic surface finish of the films consisting of multilayer graphene sheets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Structured Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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8 pages, 3197 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Impact of Sapphire Step Height on the Growth of Monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide

by Jie Lu, Miaomiao Zheng, Jinxin Liu, Yufeng Zhang, Xueao Zhang and Weiwei Cai

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(23), 3056; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13233056 - 30 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1456

Abstract

Although the synthesis of molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) on sapphire has made a lot of progress, how the substrate surface affects the growth still needs to be further studied. Herein, the impact of the sapphire step height on the growth of monolayer MoS₂ through chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is studied. The results show that MoS₂ exhibits a highly oriented triangular grain on a low-step (0.44–1.54 nm) substrate but nanoribbons with a consistent orientation on a high-step (1.98–3.30 nm) substrate. Triangular grains exhibit cross-step growth, with one edge parallel to the step edge, while nanoribbons do not cross steps and possess the same orientation as the step. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that nanoribbons are formed by splicing multiple grains, and the consistency of the orientation of these grains is demonstrated with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and second-harmonic generation (SHG). Furthermore, our CP2K calculations, conducted using the generalized gradient approximation and the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) functional with D3 (BJ) correction, show that MoS₂ domains prefer to nucleate at higher steps, while climbing across a higher step is more difficult. This work not only sheds light on the growth mechanism of monolayer MoS₂ but also promotes its applications in electrical, optical, and energy-related devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Structured Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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22 pages, 15136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fractional Factorial Design to Evaluate the Synthesis and Electrochemical Transfer Parameters of h-BN Coatings

by Helen Figueroa, Juliet Aristizabal, Elías Reinoso-Guerra, Bárbara Arce, María José Vargas-Straube, Dana Gentil, Cristian Ramírez, José Cordero, Nelson P. Barrera and Carolina Parra

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(23), 2992; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13232992 - 22 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1273

Abstract

In this study, we present a fractional factorial design approach for exploring the effects and interactions of key synthesis and electrochemical transfer parameters on the roughness and wettability of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) coatings, due to their essential role in biofilm formation. The studied parameters for the synthesis process include precursor mass, growth time, and substrate conditioning, whereas for the transfer process, applied voltage and aqueous medium concentration were studied. Through this polynomial model, we confirmed the strong influence of precursor mass and medium concentration parameters on h-BN surface roughness and its resulting antibiofilm properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Structured Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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13 pages, 2304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Controllable Synthesis and Growth Mechanism of Interlayer-Coupled Multilayer Graphene

by Xudong Xue, Mengya Liu, Xiahong Zhou, Shan Liu, Liping Wang and Gui Yu

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(19), 2634; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13192634 - 25 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1166

Abstract

The potential applications of multilayer graphene in many fields, such as superconductivity and thermal conductivity, continue to emerge. However, there are still many problems in the growth mechanism of multilayer graphene. In this paper, a simple control strategy for the preparation of interlayer-coupled multilayer graphene on a liquid Cu substrate was developed. By adjusting the flow rate of a carrier gas in the CVD system, the effect for finely controlling the carbon source supply was achieved. Therefore, the carbon could diffuse from the edge of the single-layer graphene to underneath the layer of graphene and then interlayer-coupled multilayer graphene with different shapes were prepared. Through a variety of characterization methods, it was determined that the stacked mode of interlayer-coupled multilayer graphene conformed to AB-stacking structure. The small multilayer graphene domains stacked under single-layer graphene was first found, and the growth process and growth mechanism of interlayer-coupled multilayer graphene with winged and umbrella shapes were studied, respectively. This study reveals the growth mechanism of multilayer graphene grown by using a carbon source through edge diffusion, paving the way for the controllable preparation of multilayer graphene on a liquid Cu surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Structured Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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14 pages, 7912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Controlling the Surface Morphology of Two-Dimensional Nano-Materials upon Molecule-Mediated Crystal Growth

by Tetsuo Yamaguchi, Hyoung-Jun Kim, Hee Jung Park, Taeho Kim, Zubair Khalid, Jin Kuen Park and Jae-Min Oh

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(16), 2363; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13162363 - 18 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1583

Abstract

The surface morphology of Mg-Al-layered double hydroxide (LDH) was successfully controlled by reconstruction during systematic phase transformation from calcined LDH, which is referred to as layered double oxide (LDO). The LDH reconstructed its original phase by the hydration of LDO with expanded basal spacing when reacted with water, including carbonate or methyl orange molecules. During the reaction, the degree of crystal growth along the ab-plane and stacking along the c-axis was significantly influenced by the molecular size and the reaction conditions. The lower concentration of carbonate gave smaller particles on the surface of larger LDO (2000 nm), while the higher concentration induced a sand-rose structure. The reconstruction of smaller-sized LDH (350 nm) did not depend on the concentration of carbonate due to effective adsorption, and it gave a sand-rose structure and exfoliated the LDH layers. The higher the concentration of methyl orange and the longer the reaction time applied, the rougher the surface was obtained with a certain threshold point of the methyl orange concentration. The surface roughness generally increased with the loading mount of methyl orange. However, the degree of the surface roughness even increased after the methyl orange loading reached equilibrium. The result suggested that the surface roughening was mediated by not only the incorporation of guest molecules into the LDH but also a crystal arrangement after a sufficient amount of methyl orange was accommodated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Structured Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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10 pages, 2686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aluminum-Doping Effects on the Electronic States of Graphene Nanoflake: Diffusion and Hydrogen Storage Mechanism

by Hiroto Tachikawa, Yoshiki Izumi, Tetsuji Iyama, Shigeaki Abe and Ikuya Watanabe

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(14), 2046; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13142046 - 11 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1341

Abstract

Graphene nanoflakes are widely utilized as high-performance molecular devices due to their chemical stability and light weight. In the present study, the interaction of aluminum species with graphene nanoflake (denoted as GR-Al) has been investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) method to elucidate the doping effects of Al metal on the electronic states of GR. The mechanisms of the diffusion of Al on GR surface and the hydrogen storage of GR-Al were also investigated in detail. The neutral, mono-, di-, and trivalent Al ions (expressed as Al, Al⁺, Al²⁺, and Al³⁺, respectively) were examined as the Al species. The DFT calculations showed that the charge transfer interaction between Al and GR plays an important role in the binding of Al species to GR. The diffusion path of Al on GR surface was determined: the barrier heights of Al diffusion were calculated to be 2.1–2.8 kcal mol⁻¹, which are lower than Li⁺ on GR (7.2 kcal/mol). The possibility of using GR-Al for hydrogen storage was also discussed on the basis of the theoretical results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Structured Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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14 pages, 5655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photoluminescence of Two-Dimensional MoS₂ Nanosheets Produced by Liquid Exfoliation

by Mikhail Y. Lukianov, Anna A. Rubekina, Julia V. Bondareva, Andrey V. Sybachin, George D. Diudbin, Konstantin I. Maslakov, Dmitry G. Kvashnin, Olga G. Klimova-Korsmik, Evgeny A. Shirshin and Stanislav A. Evlashin

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(13), 1982; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13131982 - 30 Jun 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2407

Abstract

Extraordinary properties of two-dimensional materials make them attractive for applications in different fields. One of the prospective niches is optical applications, where such types of materials demonstrate extremely sensitive performance and can be used for labeling. However, the optical properties of liquid-exfoliated 2D materials need to be analyzed. The purpose of this work is to study the absorption and luminescent properties of MoS₂ exfoliated in the presence of sodium cholate, which is the most often used surfactant. Ultrasound bath and mixer-assisted exfoliation in water and dimethyl sulfoxide were used. The best quality of MoS₂ nanosheets was achieved using shear-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation as a production method and sodium cholate (SC) as a surfactant. The photoluminescent properties of MoS₂ nanosheets varied slightly when changing the surfactant concentrations in the range C(SC) = 0.5–2.5 mg/mL. This work is of high practical importance for further enhancement of MoS₂ photoluminescent properties via chemical functionalization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Structured Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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9 pages, 2023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Growth of Graphene on Polyimide for High-Responsivity Flexible PbS–Graphene Photodetectors

by Liangchen Hu, Jun Deng, Yiyang Xie, Fengsong Qian, Yibo Dong and Chen Xu

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(8), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13081339 - 12 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1980

Abstract

Graphene is an ideal material for flexible optoelectronic devices due to its excellent electrical and optical properties. However, the extremely high growth temperature of graphene has greatly limited the direct fabrication of graphene-based devices on flexible substrates. Here, we have realized in situ growth of graphene on a flexible polyimide substrate. Based on the multi-temperature-zone chemical vapor deposition cooperated with bonding a Cu-foil catalyst onto the substrate, the growth temperature of graphene was controlled at only 300 °C, enabling the structural stability of polyimide during growth. Thus, large-area high-quality monolayer graphene film was successfully in situ grown on polyimide. Furthermore, a PbS–graphene flexible photodetector was fabricated using the graphene. The responsivity of the device reached 10⁵ A/W with 792 nm laser illumination. The in-situ growth ensures good contact between graphene and substrate; therefore, the device performance can remain stable after multiple bending. Our results provide a highly reliable and mass-producible path for graphene-based flexible devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Structured Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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14 pages, 3096 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CrPS₄ Nanoflakes as Stable Direct-Band-Gap 2D Materials for Ultrafast Pulse Laser Applications

by Wenyao Zhang, Yu Zhang, Xudong Leng, Qun Jing and Qiao Wen

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(6), 1128; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13061128 - 22 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2833

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted considerable attention due to their potential for generating ultrafast pulsed lasers. Unfortunately, the poor stability of most layered 2D materials under air exposure leads to increased fabrication costs; this has limited their development for practical applications. In this paper, we describe the successful preparation of a novel, air-stable, and broadband saturable absorber (SA), the metal thiophosphate CrPS₄, using a simple and cost-effective liquid exfoliation method. The van der Waals crystal structure of CrPS₄ consists of chains of CrS₆ units interconnected by phosphorus. In this study, we calculated the electronic band structures of CrPS₄, revealing a direct band gap. The nonlinear saturable absorption properties, which were investigated using the P-scan technique at 1550 nm, revealed that CrPS₄-SA had a modulation depth of 12.2% and a saturation intensity of 463 MW/cm². Integration of the CrPS₄-SA into Yb-doped fiber and Er-doped fiber laser cavities led to mode-locking for the first time, resulting in the shortest pulse durations of 298 ps and 500 fs at 1 and 1.5 µm, respectively. These results indicate that CrPS₄ has great potential for broadband ultrafast photonic applications and could be developed into an excellent candidate for SA devices, providing new directions in the search for stable SA materials and for their design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Structured Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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12 pages, 5975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tunable Electronic Properties of Two-Dimensional GaSe_1−xTe_x Alloys

by Hsin-Yi Liu and Jhao-Ying Wu

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(5), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13050818 - 23 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1353

Abstract

In this work, we performed a theoretical study on the electronic properties of monolayer GaSe

_{1 - x}

_{x}

alloys using the first-principles calculations. The substitution of Se by Te results in the modification of a geometric structure, charge redistribution, and bandgap [...] Read more.

In this work, we performed a theoretical study on the electronic properties of monolayer GaSe

_{1 - x}

_{x}

alloys using the first-principles calculations. The substitution of Se by Te results in the modification of a geometric structure, charge redistribution, and bandgap variation. These remarkable effects originate from the complex orbital hybridizations. We demonstrate that the energy bands, the spatial charge density, and the projected density of states (PDOS) of this alloy are strongly dependent on the substituted Te concentration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Structured Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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10 pages, 2830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of N-Doped Few-Layer Graphene through Shock-Induced Carbon Fixation from CO₂

by Hao Yin, Xin Gao, Jianjun Liu and Pengwan Chen

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(1), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13010109 - 26 Dec 2022

Viewed by 2052

Abstract

In this study, graphene and N-doped graphene nanosheets were synthesized through the shock-induced reduction of CO₂ using a cylindrical shock-loading apparatus. The mixture of solid CO₂ and Mg powder was filled in the pre-cooled sample tube and then impacted by a shock-driven cylindrical flyer tube. The impact generated a shockwave that propagated into the mixed precursor, inducing a chemical reaction between CO₂ and Mg at a high shock pressure and high shock temperature. The recovered black powders were characterized via various techniques, confirming the presences of few-layer graphene. The mechanism is carefully shown to be that CO₂ was reduced by Mg to form few-layer graphene under shock-induced high pressure and high temperature. By adding carbamide as an N source, this synthetic route was also applied to synthesize N-doped graphene nanosheets. Moreover, the yield and mass of the graphene materials in this study are up to 40% and 0.5 g, respectively. This study showed an efficient and easy-to-scale-up route to prepare few-layer graphene and N-doped few-layer graphene through shock synthesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Structured Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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Review

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20 pages, 7695 KiB

Open AccessReview

Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Nanoscrolls: Preparation and Applications

by Shilong Yu, Pinyi Wang, Huihui Ye, Hailun Tang, Siyuan Wang, Zhikang Wu, Chengjie Pei, Junhui Lu and Hai Li

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(17), 2433; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13172433 - 27 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2143

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) nanosheets have shown extensive applications due to their excellent physical and chemical properties. However, the low light absorption efficiency limits their application in optoelectronics. By rolling up 2D TMDCs nanosheets, the one-dimensional (1D) TMDCs nanoscrolls are formed with spiral tubular structure, tunable interlayer spacing, and opening ends. Due to the increased thickness of the scroll structure, the light absorption is enhanced. Meanwhile, the rapid electron transportation is confined along the 1D structure. Therefore, the TMDCs nanoscrolls show improved optoelectronic performance compared to 2D nanosheets. In addition, the high specific surface area and active edge site from the bending strain of the basal plane make them promising materials for catalytic reaction. Thus, the TMDCs nanoscrolls have attracted intensive attention in recent years. In this review, the structure of TMDCs nanoscrolls is first demonstrated and followed by various preparation methods of the TMDCs nanoscrolls. Afterwards, the applications of TMDCs nanoscrolls in the fields of photodetection, hydrogen evolution reaction, and gas sensing are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Structured Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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9 pages, 40105 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

LAB-to-FAB Transition of 2D FETs: Available Strategies and Future Trends

by Yury Illarionov, Yezhu Lv, Yehao Wu and Yajing Chai

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(15), 1237; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14151237 - 23 Jul 2024

Viewed by 2906

Abstract

The last decade has seen dramatic progress in research on FETs with 2D channels. Starting from the single devices fabricated using exfoliated flakes in the early 2010s, by the early 2020s, 2D FETs being trialed for mass production and vertical stacking of 2D channels made by leading semiconductor companies. However, the industry is focused solely on transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) channels coupled with conventional 3D oxide insulators such as Al₂O₃ and HfO₂. This has resulted in numerous challenges, such as poor-quality interfaces and reliability limitations due to oxide traps. At the same time, the alternative routes for 2D FETs offered by laboratory (LAB) research have not been appreciated until now, even though the use of the native oxides of 2D channels has recently resulted in the first 2D FinFETs. Considering the research progress achieved in the last decade, from this perspective, we will discuss the main challenges for industry integration of 2D FETs and also suggest possible future steps which could propel these emerging technologies towards market applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Structured Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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