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Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle in the Onset, Prevention, and Management of Noncommunicable Diseases

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutritional Epidemiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 53908

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. William B. Grant

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Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA
Interests: Alzheimer’s disease; cancer; COVID-19; dietary components and patterns; UVB; Vitamin D
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Ronan Lordan

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Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA
Interests: cardiovascular diseases; inflammation; circadian rhythms; dietary supplements; nutraceuticals; aging; exercise; preventative medicine
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Dear Colleagues,

Noncommunicable diseases are a significant burden on global health systems. According to the World Health Organization, the top ten causes of death globally in 2019 were, in order, ischemic heart disease (9 million deaths/year), stroke (6 million), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3 million), lower respiratory tract infections, neonatal conditions, trachea, bronchus, lung cancers, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, diarrheal diseases, diabetes mellitus, and kidney diseases. Noncommunicable diseases account for the majority of the deaths worldwide; however, COVID-19 is now also a leading cause of death worldwide.

Decades of research show that dietary and lifestyle factors can contribute to the onset and progression of many noncommunicable diseases. This Special Issue is particularly focused on receiving submissions of research that investigate detrimental dietary patterns, such as the “Western diet” and its major components (added sugar, highly processed food, meat, etc.), or lifestyle factors including air pollution/smoke exposure and low physical activity that contribute to the onset or worsening of chronic noncommunicable diseases and COVID-19. Equally, research that considers approaches that alter diet or lifestyle, which in turn modify pre-existing risk factors to reduce the risk of noncommunicable diseases and COVID-19 are also welcome. Submissions of research involving animal studies, human trials, epidemiological research or metabolomics are encouraged.

Dr. William B. Grant
Dr. Ronan Lordan
Guest Editors

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Keywords

dietary patterns
lifestyle
exercise
cardiovascular diseases
metabolic syndrome
obesity
chronic respiratory diseases
cancer
human trials
epidemiological studies
human health
bioactive nutrients
COVID-19

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review, Other

4 pages, 217 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle in the Onset, Prevention, and Management of Noncommunicable Diseases

by Ronan Lordan and William B. Grant

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2540; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112540 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2066

Abstract

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are on the rise due to population growth and aging, which will cause a significant burden on global health systems [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle in the Onset, Prevention, and Management of Noncommunicable Diseases)

Research

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12 pages, 975 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Genetic Predisposition, Fruit Intake and Incident Stroke: A Prospective Chinese Cohort Study

by Jun Wang, Jianxin Li, Fangchao Liu, Keyong Huang, Xueli Yang, Xiaoqing Liu, Jie Cao, Shufeng Chen, Chong Shen, Ling Yu, Fanghong Lu, Liancheng Zhao, Ying Li, Dongsheng Hu, Jianfeng Huang, Dongfeng Gu and Xiangfeng Lu

Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 5056; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235056 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3208

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between fruit intake and stroke risk considering the genetic predisposition. We used data from 34,871 participants from the project of Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China (China-PAR project) from 2007 to 2020. A polygenic risk score comprising 534 genetic variants associated with stroke and its related factors was constructed to categorize individuals into low, intermediate, and high genetic risk groups. The associations of genetic and fruit intake with incident stroke were assessed by the Cox proportional hazard regression. We documented 2586 incident strokes during a median follow-up of 11.2 years. Compared with fruit intake < 200 g/week, similar relative risk reductions in stroke with adherence to fruit intake > 100 g/day across the genetic risk categories were observed (28–32%), but the absolute risk reductions were relatively larger in the highest genetic risk group (p for trend = 0.03). In comparison to those with a fruit intake < 200 g/week, those with a fruit intake >100 g/day in the low, intermediate, and high genetic risk groups had an average of 1.45 (95% CI, 0.61–2.31), 2.12 (1.63–2.59), and 2.19 (1.13–3.22) additional stroke-free years at aged 35, respectively. Our findings suggest that individuals with a high genetic risk could gain more absolute risk reductions and stroke-free years than those with a low genetic risk from increasing fruit intake for the stroke primary prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle in the Onset, Prevention, and Management of Noncommunicable Diseases)

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20 pages, 970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 and Incident Non-Communicable Diseases: Findings from a 15-Year Follow Up of Women from the 1973–78 Cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health

by Hlaing Hlaing-Hlaing, Xenia Dolja-Gore, Meredith Tavener, Erica L. James and Alexis J. Hure

Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4403; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204403 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2691

Abstract

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and multimorbidity (≥two chronic conditions), are increasing globally. Diet is a risk factor for some NCDs. We aimed to investigate the association between diet quality (DQ) and incident NCDs. Participants were from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health 1973–78 cohort with no NCD and completed dietary data at survey 3 (2003, aged 25–30 years) who responded to at least one survey between survey 4 (2006) and survey 8 (2018). DQ was measured by the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010). Outcomes included coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension (HT), asthma, cancer (excluding skin cancer), diabetes mellitus (DM), depression and/or anxiety, multimorbidity, and all-cause mortality. Repeated cross-sectional multivariate logistic regressions were performed to investigate the association between baseline DQ and NCDs over 15 years. The AHEI-2010 mean (±sd) for participants (n = 8017) was 51.6 ± 11.0 (range: 19–91). There was an inverse association between AHEI-2010 and incident asthma at survey 4 (OR_Q5–Q1: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.57, 0.99). Baseline DQ did not predict the occurrence of any NCDs or multimorbidity between the ages of 25–45 years. Further well-planned, large prospective studies conducted in young women are needed to explore dietary risk factors before the establishment of NCDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle in the Onset, Prevention, and Management of Noncommunicable Diseases)

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14 pages, 847 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urbanization and Unfavorable Changes in Metabolic Profiles: A Prospective Cohort Study of Indonesian Young Adults

by Farid Kurniawan, Mikhael D. Manurung, Dante S. Harbuwono, Em Yunir, Roula Tsonaka, Tika Pradnjaparamita, Dhanasari Vidiawati, Angelica Anggunadi, Pradana Soewondo, Maria Yazdanbakhsh, Erliyani Sartono and Dicky L. Tahapary

Nutrients 2022, 14(16), 3326; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163326 - 14 Aug 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2800

Abstract

The substantial increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases in Indonesia might be driven by rapid socio-economic development through urbanization. Here, we carried out a longitudinal 1-year follow-up study to evaluate the effect of urbanization, an important determinant of health, on metabolic profiles of young Indonesian adults. University freshmen/women in Jakarta, aged 16–25 years, who either had recently migrated from rural areas or originated from urban settings were studied. Anthropometry, dietary intake, and physical activity, as well as fasting blood glucose and insulin, leptin, and adiponectin were measured at baseline and repeated at one year follow-up. At baseline, 106 urban and 83 rural subjects were recruited, of which 81 urban and 66 rural were followed up. At baseline, rural subjects had better adiposity profiles, whole-body insulin resistance, and adipokine levels compared to their urban counterparts. After 1-year, rural subjects experienced an almost twice higher increase in BMI than urban subjects (estimate (95%CI): 1.23 (0.94; 1.52) and 0.69 (0.43; 0.95) for rural and urban subjects, respectively, P_int < 0.01). Fat intake served as the major dietary component, which partially mediates the differences in BMI between urban and rural group at baseline. It also contributed to the changes in BMI over time for both groups, although it does not explain the enhanced gain of BMI in rural subjects. A significantly higher increase of leptin/adiponectin ratio was also seen in rural subjects after 1-year of living in an urban area. In conclusion, urbanization was associated with less favorable changes in adiposity and adipokine profiles in a population of young Indonesian adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle in the Onset, Prevention, and Management of Noncommunicable Diseases)

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11 pages, 704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal Association of Reduced Serum Vitamin D with COVID-19 Infection: Two Single-Institution Case–Control Studies

by Diviya Gupta, Sahit Menon, Michael H. Criqui and Bryan K. Sun

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2757; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132757 - 2 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3161

Abstract

(1) Background: Vitamin D supplementation has been proposed for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, but it is not clear if reduced serum vitamin D predisposes individuals to COVID-19 and/or is a secondary consequence of infection. This study assessed the temporal association between serum vitamin D and COVID-19 with two single-institution case–control studies through the University of California San Diego (UCSD) Health System. (2) Methods: This study included patients who tested positive for COVID-19 from 1 January to 30 September 2020 with serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) measured within 180 days of diagnosis. Patients were separated based on whether 25(OH)D was measured before (n = 107 cases, 214 controls) or after (n = 203 cases, 406 controls) COVID-19 diagnosis. COVID-19 infection status was the outcome variable in the pre-diagnosis study, whereas serum 25(OH)D level was the outcome variable in the post-diagnosis study. (3) Results: Serum 25(OH)D levels were not associated with the odds of subsequent COVID-19 infection (OR 1.0, 95% CI: 1.0 to 1.0, p = 0.98). However, COVID-19-positive individuals had serum 25(OH)D measurements that were 2.7 ng/mL lower than the controls (95% CI: −5.2 to −0.2, p = 0.03). (4) Conclusions: In our study population, serum 25(OH)D levels were not associated with the risk of acquiring COVID-19 infection but were reduced in subjects after COVID-19 infection. These results support the possibility that reduced serum 25(OH)D is a consequence and not a cause of COVID-19 infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle in the Onset, Prevention, and Management of Noncommunicable Diseases)

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21 pages, 875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Exploration of How Solar Radiation Affects the Seasonal Variation of Human Mortality Rates and the Seasonal Variation in Some Other Common Disorders

by William B. Grant and Barbara J. Boucher

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2519; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122519 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5165

Abstract

Many diseases have large seasonal variations in which winter overall mortality rates are about 25% higher than in summer in mid-latitude countries, with cardiovascular diseases and respiratory infections and conditions accounting for most of the variation. Cancers, by contrast, do not usually have pronounced seasonal variations in incidence or mortality rates. This narrative review examines the epidemiological evidence for seasonal variations in blood pressure, cardiovascular disease rates and respiratory viral infections in relation to atmospheric temperature and humidity, and solar UV exposure through vitamin D production and increased blood concentrations of nitric oxide. However, additional mechanisms most likely exist by which solar radiation reduces the risk of seasonally varying diseases. Some studies have been reported with respect to temperature without considering solar UV doses, although studies regarding solar UV doses, such as for respiratory infections, often consider whether temperature can affect the findings. More research is indicated to evaluate the relative effects of temperature and sun exposure on the seasonality of mortality rates for several diseases. Since solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) doses decrease to vanishingly small values at higher latitudes in winter, the use of safe UVB lamps for indoor use in winter may warrant consideration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle in the Onset, Prevention, and Management of Noncommunicable Diseases)

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11 pages, 965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Obesity and Dyslipidemia in Chinese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study in Shanghai, China

by Junjie Zhu, Yue Zhang, Yiling Wu, Yu Xiang, Xin Tong, Yuting Yu, Yun Qiu, Shuheng Cui, Qi Zhao, Na Wang, Yonggen Jiang and Genming Zhao

Nutrients 2022, 14(11), 2321; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112321 - 31 May 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3795

Abstract

This study examined the association of obesity and dyslipidemia according to body measurements among Chinese adults in Shanghai, a place in the process of rapid urbanization. Using the baseline data of the Shanghai Suburban Adult Cohort and Biobank study (SSACB), the subjects completed questionnaires and physical examinations, and fasting blood was collected for biochemical assays. We estimated the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) by multivariable logistic regression. The prevalence was 12.9% and 28.8% in both general and central obesity, respectively. Compared with the non-obese, the general or central obesity participants had a higher level of TC, TG, LDL-C and lower level of HDL-C. The OR (95%CI) for dyslipidemia was 1.79 (1.69–1.91) and 1.91 (1.83–2.00) in general or central obesity, respectively. Positive associations were also observed between obesity and high TC, high LDL-C, low HDL-C and high TG, with the adjusted OR ranging from 1.11 to 2.00. Significant modifying effect of gender, age, hypertension, and diabetes were found in the association of obesity and different forms of dyslipidemia. The findings of our study indicated that participants with obesity, including general or central obesity, have a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia and gender, age, hypertension, and diabetes might be potential modifiers of the association. More effective attention and interventions should be directed to managing body weight to reduce the prevalence of dyslipidemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle in the Onset, Prevention, and Management of Noncommunicable Diseases)

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15 pages, 831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association of Soft Drink Consumption and the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines with Suicidality among Adolescents of the United States

by Bao-Peng Liu, Cun-Xian Jia and Shi-Xue Li

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1870; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091870 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3050

Abstract

Background: Evidence is lacking for the association of the behaviors of the 24 h movement guidelines including sleep duration, physical activity, screen time, and soft drink consumption with suicidality among adolescents. Methods: Data were extracted from a national representative sample of Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS) in the United States from 2011 to 2019. Binary logistic regression models with complex sampling designs were used to explore the association of the recommendations of the 24 h movement guidelines and soft drink consumption with suicidality. Results: The total prevalence of suicidal ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempt, and suicide attempt with medical treatment was higher among adolescents who did not meet all the recommendations in the 24 h movement guidelines and had a higher level of soft drink consumption. Totally, not meeting all the recommendations of the 24 h movement guidelines was significantly associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation (OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.30–2.19) and suicide plan (OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.34–2.33) compared with adolescents who meet all the recommendations. Soft drink consumption of ≥3 times/day was associated with an increased risk of suicidality including suicidal ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempt, and suicide attempt with medical treatment, regardless of sex. Soft drink consumption of ≥3 times/day was significantly associated with an increased risk of suicide attempt and suicide attempt with medical treatment, regardless of whether the recommendations of physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration were met. Conclusion: Age-appropriate sleep duration, no more than 2 h of screen time per day, at least 1 h of physical activity per day as contained in the 24 h movement guidelines and less than one soft drink consumption per day are good targets to prevent involvement in suicidality. More actions for intervening in the movement and dietary behaviors among adolescents are needed to maintain physical and mental health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle in the Onset, Prevention, and Management of Noncommunicable Diseases)

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Review

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26 pages, 1774 KiB

Open AccessReview

Targeting the Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor (PAF-R): Antithrombotic and Anti-Atherosclerotic Nutrients

by Rajendran Harishkumar, Sakshi Hans, Janelle E. Stanton, Andreas M. Grabrucker, Ronan Lordan and Ioannis Zabetakis

Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4414; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204414 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5723

Abstract

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a lipid mediator that interacts with its receptor (PAF-R) to carry out cell signalling. However, under certain conditions the binding of PAF to PAF-R leads to the activation of pro-inflammatory and prothrombotic pathways that have been implicated in the onset and development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and inflammatory diseases. Over the past four decades, research has focused on the identification and development of PAF-R antagonists that target these inflammatory diseases. Research has also shown that dietary factors such as polar lipids, polyphenols, and other nutrient constituents may affect PAF metabolism and PAF-R function through various mechanisms. In this review we focus on the inhibition of PAF-R and how this may contribute to reducing cardiovascular disease risk. We conclude that further development of PAF-R inhibitors and human studies are required to investigate how modulation of the PAF-R may prevent the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and may lead to the development of novel therapeutics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle in the Onset, Prevention, and Management of Noncommunicable Diseases)

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15 pages, 1066 KiB

Open AccessReview

Vitamin D: A Role Also in Long COVID-19?

by Luigi Barrea, Ludovica Verde, William B. Grant, Evelyn Frias-Toral, Gerardo Sarno, Claudia Vetrani, Florencia Ceriani, Eloisa Garcia-Velasquez, José Contreras-Briceño, Silvia Savastano, Annamaria Colao and Giovanna Muscogiuri

Nutrients 2022, 14(8), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14081625 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 11331

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has quickly become a global pandemic. Reports from different parts of the world indicate that a significant proportion of people who have recovered from COVID-19 are suffering from various health problems collectively referred to as “long COVID-19”. Common symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, cough, joint pain, chest pain, muscle aches, headaches, and so on. Vitamin D is an immunomodulatory hormone with proven efficacy against various upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D can inhibit hyperinflammatory reactions and accelerate the healing process in the affected areas, especially in lung tissue. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with the severity and mortality of COVID-19 cases, with a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D found in patients with COVID-19 and acute respiratory failure. Thus, there are promising reasons to promote research into the effects of vitamin D supplementation in COVID-19 patients. However, no studies to date have found that vitamin D affects post-COVID-19 symptoms or biomarkers. Based on this scenario, this review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the potential role of vitamin D in long COVID-19 and of the current literature on this topic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle in the Onset, Prevention, and Management of Noncommunicable Diseases)

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Other

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15 pages, 633 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

by María Morales-Suárez-Varela, Nazlı Uçar, José Miguel Soriano, Agustín Llopis-Morales, Beth S. Sanford and William B. Grant

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4124; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194124 - 4 Oct 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4604

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels <20 ng/mL in serum) is a common health condition among pregnant women, especially in high-risk groups. Evidence has connected vitamin D levels with many health-related problems during pregnancy, including gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. Because of vitamin D’s effect on both mother and fetus, we systematically review the association between 25(OH)D level and its health effects. From a total of 143 studies, 43 came from PubMed, 4 from Cochrane, and 96 from EMBASE. After screening, we identified 38 studies as candidates for inclusion. Ultimately, we limited this review to 23 articles originating from 12 countries, written in English or Spanish, and conducted between 2010 and 2022. We conducted this review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and evaluated the quality and strength of the evidence by using the Navigation Guide Systematic Review Methodology (SING). These systematic reviews summarize findings that support vitamin D’s role in reducing risks of multiple outcomes and the possible contribution of adequate vitamin D levels to a healthy pregnancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle in the Onset, Prevention, and Management of Noncommunicable Diseases)

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21 pages, 466 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

by Maria Morales Suárez-Varela, Nazlı Uçar, Isabel Peraita-Costa, María Flores Huertas, Jose Miguel Soriano, Agustin Llopis-Morales and William B. Grant

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3166; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153166 - 31 Jul 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4763

Abstract

Vitamin D has well-defined classical functions related to metabolism and bone health but also has non-classical effects that may influence pregnancy. Maternal morbidity remains a significant health care concern worldwide, despite efforts to improve maternal health. Nutritional deficiencies of vitamin D during pregnancy are related to adverse pregnancy outcomes, but the evidence base is difficult to navigate. The primary purpose of this review is to map the evidence on the effects of deficiencies of vitamin D on pregnancy outcome and the dosage used in such studies. A systematic search was performed for studies on vitamin D status during pregnancy and maternal outcomes. A total of 50 studies came from PubMed, 15 studies came from Cochrane, and 150 studies came from Embase, for a total of 215 articles. After screening, 34 were identified as candidate studies for inclusion. Finally, 28 articles met the inclusion criteria, which originated from 15 countries. The studies included 14 original research studies and 13 review studies conducted between 2012 and 2021. This review was finally limited to the 14 original studies. This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, and the quality and strength of the evidence was evaluated using the Navigation Guide Systematic Review Methodology (SING). We found evidence that supports the idea that supplementary vitamin D for pregnant women is important for reducing the risk of gestational diabetes, hypertension, preeclampsia, early labor, and other complications. The data retrieved from this review are consistent with the hypothesis that adequate vitamin D levels might contribute to a healthy pregnancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle in the Onset, Prevention, and Management of Noncommunicable Diseases)

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