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Nutrients
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Nutritional Support for Osteosarcopenia
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Nutritional Support for Osteosarcopenia

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 July 2021) | Viewed by 18843

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Monica Serra

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology & Palliative Medicine and the Sam & Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity & Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
2. San Antonio GRECC, South Texas VA Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
Interests: metabolism; dietary intake; physical activity; lifestyle behaviors; aging
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Osteosarcopenia, an involuntary loss of bone and skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical performance, can begin as early as the 4th decade of life. Multiple risk factors and mechanisms contribute to the development of osteosarcopenia, with dietary intake quality across the lifespan and malnutrition (both undernutrition and obesity) playing key roles. Therefore, nutritional interventions may be able to reduce the incidence and progression of osteosarcopenia. For this Special Issue, we would like to bring together papers focused on nutritional factors and their mechanisms influencing osteosarcopenia, with an emphasis on potential interventions (e.g., energy restriction, protein, essential amino acids, vitamin D, chronic disease management) that may reduce the incidence and progression of osteosarcopenia. Understanding the biological mechanisms that affect osteosarcopenia risk are needed to recognize the most efficacious dietary prescription to promote successful aging.

Dr. Monica Serra
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Sarcopenia
  • Osteoporosis
  • Nutrition
  • Dietary intake and supplementation
  • Aging

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 416 KiB  
Article
Healthy Eating Index-2015 Is Associated with Grip Strength among the US Adult Population
by Galya Bigman and Alice S. Ryan
Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3358; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103358 - 25 Sep 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3231
Abstract
The Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) was designed to reflect adherence to the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). The study aims to examine the association between HEI-2015 and grip strength in a nationally representative sample of the U.S. adult population. This cross-sectional study [...] Read more.
The Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) was designed to reflect adherence to the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). The study aims to examine the association between HEI-2015 and grip strength in a nationally representative sample of the U.S. adult population. This cross-sectional study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys of 2011–2014. Low grip strength was defined as <35.5 kg for men and <20 kg for women. HEI-2015 was computed from two days of 24-h dietary recalls and comprised 13 components. Each component was scored on the density out of 1000 calories and summed to a total score divided into quartiles. Weighted logistic regressions examined the study aim while controlling for associated covariates. The sample included 9006 eligible participants, of those, 14.4% (aged 20+ years), and 24.8% (aged ≥50 years) had low grip strength. Mean (±SD) HEI-2015 total score was 54.2 ± 13.6 and in the lowest and highest quartiles 37.3 ± 5.1 and 72.0 ± 6.5, respectively. In the multivariable model, participants in the highest vs. lowest HEI-2015 quartile had 24% lower odds of having low grip strength (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.60–0.96). Specifically, participants who met the DGA for protein intakes, whole grains, greens and beans, vegetables, or whole fruits had 20–35% lower odds of having low grip strength than those who did not. Higher compliance to the DGA might reduce the risk for low grip strength as a proxy measure for sarcopenia among U.S. adults, particularly adequate intakes of proteins, whole grains, greens and beans, vegetables, and whole fruits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support for Osteosarcopenia)
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9 pages, 248 KiB  
Article
Bone Mineral Density Changes during Weight Regain following Weight Loss with and without Exercise
by Monica C. Serra and Alice S. Ryan
Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2848; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082848 - 19 Aug 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3727
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare changes in bone mineral density (BMD) over a 6 month follow up (period of weight regain) in overweight, postmenopausal women having previously completed a 6 month weight loss (WL) intervention with and without aerobic exercise [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to compare changes in bone mineral density (BMD) over a 6 month follow up (period of weight regain) in overweight, postmenopausal women having previously completed a 6 month weight loss (WL) intervention with and without aerobic exercise (AEX). Women (BMI > 25 kg/m2) underwent VO2max and DEXA scans at baseline, after 6 months of WL or AEX + WL, and at 12 months ad libitum follow up. Both groups lost ~9% body weight from 0 to 6 months and regained ~2% from 6 to 12 months, while losing ~4% of appendicular lean mass (ALM) across the 12-month study duration. VO2max increased 10% from 0 to 6 months and declined 12% from 6 to 12 months for AEX + WL, with no changes for WL. Total body (p < 0.01) and total femur (p = 0.03) BMD decreased similar between groups across time (combined groups: 0–6 months: total body: −1.2% and total femur: −1.2%; 6–12 months: total body: −0.26% and total femur: −0.09%). Less ALM loss and greater VO2max increases during the WL phase were associated with attenuated BMD loss at various anatomical sites during periods of weight regain (6–12 months) p’s < 0.05). Results suggest that BMD loss may continue following WL, despite weight regain. Further, this study adds to the literature by suggesting that preventing declines in muscle quality and function during WL may attenuate the loss of BMD during weight regain. Future studies are needed to identify mechanisms underlying WL-induced bone loss so that effective practices can be designed to minimize the loss of BMD during WL and weight maintenance in older women. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support for Osteosarcopenia)
10 pages, 621 KiB  
Article
Lower Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) Is Associated with Higher Risk of Fractures in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
by Maria Yoshida, Ayumu Nakashima, Shigehiro Doi, Kazuya Maeda, Naoki Ishiuchi, Takayuki Naito and Takao Masaki
Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2847; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082847 - 19 Aug 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2689
Abstract
Background: Although malnutrition and bone fracture are both major complications in patients undergoing hemodialysis, their association has not been clarified. The aim of our study was to clarify the association between the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI), an indicator of nutritional [...] Read more.
Background: Although malnutrition and bone fracture are both major complications in patients undergoing hemodialysis, their association has not been clarified. The aim of our study was to clarify the association between the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI), an indicator of nutritional status, and the incidence of bone fractures in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: We included 1342 registered patients undergoing hemodialysis and performed a post hoc analysis. We divided patients into the high GNRI group (≥92), considered to have a low risk of malnutrition, and the low GNRI group (<92), considered to have a high risk of malnutrition. Fracture-free survival in the low and high GNRI groups was evaluated by the Kaplan–Meier method. Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify the risk factors for fractures requiring hospitalization. All results were stratified by sex. Results: New bone fractures developed in 108 (8.0%) patients in 5 years of follow-up. Bone fractures occurred more frequently in the low GNRI group compared with the high GNRI group (HR: 3.51, 95% CI: 1.91–6.42, p < 0.01 in males; HR: 2.47, 95% CI: 1.52–4.03, p < 0.01 in females). A low GNRI was significantly associated with an increased incidence of bone fractures, even after adjustment for covariates. However, the serum levels of calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone, and alkaline phosphatase were not associated with the incidence of bone fractures. Conclusions: A low GNRI is an independent risk factor for bone fractures in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Early intervention for the low GNRI group may be important in preventing the occurrence of fractures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support for Osteosarcopenia)
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14 pages, 1054 KiB  
Article
Metabolomic Associations with Serum Bone Turnover Markers
by Moriah P. Bellissimo, Joseph L. Roberts, Dean P. Jones, Ken H. Liu, Kaitlin R. Taibl, Karan Uppal, M. Neale Weitzmann, Roberto Pacifici, Hicham Drissi, Thomas R. Ziegler and Jessica A. Alvarez
Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 3161; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103161 - 16 Oct 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4826
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue that is in a constant state of remodeling. Bone turnover markers (BTMs), procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX), provide sensitive measures of bone formation and resorption, respectively. This study used [...] Read more.
Bone is a dynamic tissue that is in a constant state of remodeling. Bone turnover markers (BTMs), procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX), provide sensitive measures of bone formation and resorption, respectively. This study used ultra-high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) to determine plasma metabolic pathways and targeted metabolites related to the markers of bone resorption and formation in adults. This cross-sectional clinical study included 34 adults (19 females, mean 27.8 years), without reported illnesses, recruited from a US metropolitan area. Serum BTM levels were quantified by an ELISA. Plasma HRM utilized dual-column liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with BTMs. Metabolites significantly associated with P1NP (p < 0.05) were significantly enriched in pathways linked to the TCA cycle, pyruvate metabolism, and metabolism of B vitamins important for energy production (e.g., niacin, thiamin). Other nutrition-related metabolic pathways associated with P1NP were amino acid (proline, arginine, glutamate) and vitamin C metabolism, which are important for collagen formation. Metabolites associated with CTX levels (p < 0.05) were enriched within lipid and fatty acid beta-oxidation metabolic pathways, as well as fat-soluble micronutrient pathways including, vitamin D metabolism, vitamin E metabolism, and bile acid biosynthesis. P1NP and CTX were significantly related to microbiome-related metabolites (p < 0.05). Macronutrient-related pathways including lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism, as well as several gut microbiome-derived metabolites were significantly related to BTMs. Future research should compare metabolism BTMs relationships reported here to aging and clinical populations to inform targeted therapeutic interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support for Osteosarcopenia)
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Review

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17 pages, 476 KiB  
Review
The Ability of Exercise to Mitigate Caloric Restriction-Induced Bone Loss in Older Adults: A Structured Review of RCTs and Narrative Review of Exercise-Induced Changes in Bone Biomarkers
by Sarah J. Wherry, Ryan M. Miller, Sarah H. Jeong and Kristen M. Beavers
Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1250; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041250 - 10 Apr 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3421
Abstract
Despite the adverse metabolic and functional consequences of obesity, caloric restriction- (CR) induced weight loss is often contra-indicated in older adults with obesity due to the accompanying loss of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and subsequent increased risk of fracture. Several studies show [...] Read more.
Despite the adverse metabolic and functional consequences of obesity, caloric restriction- (CR) induced weight loss is often contra-indicated in older adults with obesity due to the accompanying loss of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and subsequent increased risk of fracture. Several studies show a positive effect of exercise on aBMD among weight-stable older adults; however, data on the ability of exercise to mitigate bone loss secondary to CR are surprisingly equivocal. The purpose of this review is to provide a focused update of the randomized controlled trial literature assessing the efficacy of exercise as a countermeasure to CR-induced bone loss among older adults. Secondarily, we present data demonstrating the occurrence of exercise-induced changes in bone biomarkers, offering insight into why exercise is not more effective than observed in mitigating CR-induced bone loss. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support for Osteosarcopenia)
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