Pediatric Reports

Research

15 pages, 1932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of a Structured Social Skills Training Program on Adolescents and Young Adults with Level 1 Autism

by Leonardo Zoccante, Sara Sabaini, Erika Rigotti, Sophia Marlene Bonatti, Camilla Lintas and Marco Zaffanello

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17010006 - 14 Jan 2025

Viewed by 406

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Level 1 autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by challenges in social and communication skills. Despite these difficulties, individuals with level 1 ASD often exhibit average intelligence and typical language development. Improving socialisation skills in this population requires tailored [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Level 1 autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by challenges in social and communication skills. Despite these difficulties, individuals with level 1 ASD often exhibit average intelligence and typical language development. Improving socialisation skills in this population requires tailored approaches that address their specific needs and include targeted strategies. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured social skills training programme for adolescents and young adults with level 1 ASD. Methods: Participants diagnosed with level 1 ASD, regardless of gender, were consecutively recruited from an outpatient clinic. The intervention involved activities from the Social Skills, Autonomy, and Awareness Module, specifically designed for adolescents and young adults. Sessions were conducted fortnightly, lasting 1.5 to 3 h each, over 17 months. Adaptive behaviour was assessed using the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales (VABS) at baseline and after completing the programme. Data were analysed with SPSS version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Statistical methods included automatic clustering to identify optimal clusters and Pearson’s Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests to evaluate variable distributions among the clusters. Results: A total of 31 participants (77.4% female) with a mean age of 20.1 years (SD = 7.0) were included in the study. Two distinct clusters emerged. Cluster 1 (n = 8) had significantly higher mean ages and baseline Vineland II socialisation scores than Cluster 2 (n = 23). Both clusters demonstrated significant improvements in social skills following the intervention. Conclusions: This study highlights distinct profiles within individuals with level 1 ASD, showing a clear link between age and social skill development. The intervention improved social skills for most participants, regardless of the age at which treatment began. For some individuals, alternative or augmented treatment strategies may be necessary to achieve optimal results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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14 pages, 1976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Results of Sensorimotor Room Training for the Improvement of Sensory and Motor Skills in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

by Giulia Savarese, Rosa Mandia, Aldo Diavoletto, Michele Piscitelli, Francesca Impemba, Annatania Di Siervi, Luna Carpinelli, Franca Bottiglieri, Marianna Sessa and Giulio Corrivetti

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17010004 - 8 Jan 2025

Viewed by 853

Abstract

Background: Motor skills in early and middle childhood are essential for physical play, social interactions, and academic development. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often exhibit atypical sensory responses, which can impact self-care and other developmental areas. This study explores the impact of [...] Read more.

Background: Motor skills in early and middle childhood are essential for physical play, social interactions, and academic development. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often exhibit atypical sensory responses, which can impact self-care and other developmental areas. This study explores the impact of sensory and motor rehabilitation using a Motor Sensory Room to stimulate motor development in children with ASD. Methods: Twenty-five children with ASD, preschool and school-aged (2–10 years), were divided into three groups based on the DSM-5 severity levels. The PEP-3 scale was used to assess cognitive, language, motor, emotional, social, and behavioral development. Ten children underwent a 3-month Motor Sensory Room intervention, and data were collected longitudinally. A control group of ten children, matched in age, sex, and diagnosis, did not receive the intervention. A 12-month follow-up is planned for all participants. Results: Children exhibited diverse profiles. Type B subjects displayed more severe symptoms, while Type A showed milder symptoms with better language and interpersonal skills. After the 3-month intervention, improvements were noted in several PEP-3 areas. For sensory levels (hypo-reactivity), the percentage of individuals at medium levels increased from 44% to 50%. For hyper-reactivity, the percentage at medium levels rose from 30% to 40%. Motor skills improved, with the percentage of individuals with high motor abilities rising from 20% to 25%. Relational behaviors also saw gains, with an increase from 50% to 55% in medium-level behaviors. The experimental group demonstrated better outcomes compared to the control group, particularly in sensory and motor skills. Conclusions: Preliminary findings suggest that sensory and motor training in a Motor Sensory Room improves sensory integration, motor coordination, and social interaction in children with ASD. Further research is needed to confirm long-term benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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21 pages, 4122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bibliometric Analysis of Anxiety and Physical Education in Web of Science—A Performance and Co-Word Study

by Josué González-Ruiz, Antonio Granero-Gallegos, José-Antonio Marín-Marín and Antonio José Moreno-Guerrero

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1169-1187; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040099 - 11 Dec 2024

Viewed by 596

Abstract

This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the concepts ‘physical edu- cation’ and ‘anxiety’ (PHYEDU_ANX) in the Web of Science (WoS) database. Background/Objectives: No previous biblio- metric studies were found that addressed this intersection, so this research is a pioneering exploration of [...] Read more.

This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the concepts ‘physical edu- cation’ and ‘anxiety’ (PHYEDU_ANX) in the Web of Science (WoS) database. Background/Objectives: No previous biblio- metric studies were found that addressed this intersection, so this research is a pioneering exploration of this knowledge gap. The aim of the study is to examine the presence of both concepts in the scientific literature, identifying their trends, approaches, and future prospects. Methods: For this purpose, the methodology of co-word analysis was used. Results: The results of the study show that research on PHYEDU and ANX has traditionally focused on three main areas: motivation, exercise, and depression. In this first period, the focus was on the problem (ANX, depression…), Conclusions: whereas nowadays, research focuses on the subjects who suffer from it, mainly adolescents and students. The study suggests that future research in this field will focus on the areas of satisfaction, intervention, and association. This research also answers questions relevant to the field, such as which institutions or countries are the most prolific publishers of PHYEDU_ANX, as well as the most cited authors in this area of study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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15 pages, 288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Attributional Styles and Their Impact on Depressive and Anxious Symptoms in Italian Children: Insights from the Italian Children’s Attributional Style Questionnaire-Revised (CASQ-R)

by Simona Scaini, Silvia Grazioli, Ludovica Giani, Barbara Forresi, Stefano De Francesco and Marcella Caputi

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1134-1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040096 - 10 Dec 2024

Viewed by 726

Abstract

Background: There is evidence that the tendency to adopt a peculiar pattern of causal inference, known as attributional style, is likely related to specific patterns of psychopathology among youth. Objective: This study aims to assess preliminary psychometric properties of the Italian Children’s Attributional [...] Read more.

Background: There is evidence that the tendency to adopt a peculiar pattern of causal inference, known as attributional style, is likely related to specific patterns of psychopathology among youth. Objective: This study aims to assess preliminary psychometric properties of the Italian Children’s Attributional Style Questionnaire-Revised (CASQ-R) and to explore the presence of any subgroups of children and early adolescents from the general population who might exhibit internally homogeneous and externally heterogeneous attributional styles through latent class analysis, delving into the potential sociodemographic, namely age and gender, and clinical differences among the identified classes of attributional styles. Method: A sample of 337 children (11.29 ± 1.76 years old, 169 females, and 168 males) was recruited and their attributional styles and depressive and anxious symptoms were analyzed. Results: Two distinct classes were defined using the CASQ-R items in a latent class analysis (LCA). In particular, high levels of depressive (Kruskal–Wallis chi-squared = 9.37, df = 1, Bonferroni-adjusted p = 0.002) and school phobia (Kruskal–Wallis chi-squared = 7.17 df = 1, Bonferroni-adjusted p = 0.037) symptoms were reported by children showing an internal, global and stable attributional style for negative events and an external, specific and unstable attributional style for positive events. Conversely, low levels of depressive and school phobia symptoms were reported by children showing the opposite attributional style. Conclusions: The identified classes shed light on distinct patterns associated with depressive and anxious symptoms, offering potential insights for targeted interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

19 pages, 674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Incremental Validity of ADHD Dimensions in the Predictions of Emotional Symptoms, Conduct Problems, and Peer Problems in Adolescents Based on Parent, Teacher, and Self-Ratings

by Rapson Gomez and Taylor Brown

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1115-1133; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040095 - 10 Dec 2024

Viewed by 692

Abstract

Background: The present study investigated the incremental validity of the ADHD dimensions of inattention (IA), hyperactivity (HY), and impulsivity (IM) in the predictions of emotion symptoms (ESs), conduct problems (CPs), and peer problems (PPs) in adolescents based on parent, teacher, and self- ratings. [...] Read more.

Background: The present study investigated the incremental validity of the ADHD dimensions of inattention (IA), hyperactivity (HY), and impulsivity (IM) in the predictions of emotion symptoms (ESs), conduct problems (CPs), and peer problems (PPs) in adolescents based on parent, teacher, and self- ratings. Method: A total of 214 ratings were collected from adolescents, their parents, and teachers in Australia. A structural equation modeling approach was employed to evaluated incremental validity. Results: The findings revealed that, controlling for gender, IM contributed moderate, low, and low levels of variance in predicting ESs based on parent, teacher, and self-ratings, respectively. Additionally, IM contributed moderate, substantial, and moderate levels of variance to CP predictions based on parent, teacher, and self-ratings, respectively. Furthermore, after controlling for gender, IM, and HY, parent-rated IA contributed a low level of variance to the prediction of ESs, while teacher and self-rated IA did not contribute significantly to the prediction of ESs, CPs, or PPs. Conclusions: The findings underscore the differential predictive validity of ADHD dimensions across informants and outcomes, highlighting impulsivity’s stronger association with conduct problems and emotional symptoms. These results have theoretical and practical implications for understanding ADHD-related risks in adolescence and tailoring interventions accordingly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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10 pages, 423 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Re-Evaluation of the Utility of Symptom Checklist-90-Revised for Measuring the Spectra in the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology

by Rapson Gomez, Daniel Zarate, Taylor Brown and Vasileios Stavropoulos

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1089-1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040093 - 9 Dec 2024

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Abstract

The present study examines the potential of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) as a measure for the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTop) model. Two structural models were evaluated. In Model 1, the SCL-90-R dimensions were allocated to somatoform (comprising somatization), internalizing (comprising obsessive–compulsive, interpersonal [...] Read more.

The present study examines the potential of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) as a measure for the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTop) model. Two structural models were evaluated. In Model 1, the SCL-90-R dimensions were allocated to somatoform (comprising somatization), internalizing (comprising obsessive–compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, and phobic anxiety), and antagonistic disinhibited (comprising hostility) spectra. Model 2 included an additional detachment spectrum (comprising paranoid ideation and psychoticism). Method: A total of 1594 adolescents [52.2% boys; age ranged from 14 to 17 years; mean age (SD) = 16.04 years (0.737 years)] from the general community in Athens completed the SCL-90-R and the Funf-Faktoren-Fragebogen fur Kinder (FFFK). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to validate the proposed models. Results: The findings supported Model 1, demonstrating adequate global fit, salient and significant factor loadings, discriminant validity, reliability, and external validity of the factors. Conclusions: These results indicate that the SCL-90-R scales of somatization, obsessive–compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, and phobic anxiety are appropriate measures for the corresponding HiTop dimensions. However, the scales for paranoid ideation and psychoticism were not suitable for this purpose. The theoretical contributions and conclusions are discussed, highlighting the implications of these findings for the clinical and theoretical application of the SCL-90-R in psychopathological assessment and research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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12 pages, 474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Autism Spectrum Disorder Traits Predict Interoceptive Deficits and Eating Disorder Symptomatology in Children and Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa—A Cross-Sectional Analysis: Italian Preliminary Data

by Maria Califano, Jacopo Pruccoli, Melania Martucci, Caterina Visconti, Emma Barasciutti, Carla Sogos and Antonia Parmeggiani

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1077-1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040092 - 5 Dec 2024

Viewed by 751

Abstract

Background: Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a severe Feeding and Eating Disorder (FED) that is more prevalent in females, often manifesting during adolescence. Recent research highlights an elevated presence of comorbid Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) traits among individuals with AN, with specific expressions in [...] Read more.

Background: Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a severe Feeding and Eating Disorder (FED) that is more prevalent in females, often manifesting during adolescence. Recent research highlights an elevated presence of comorbid Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) traits among individuals with AN, with specific expressions in females accounting for sensorial and interoceptive experiences. This study retrospectively explores the association between ASD traits, eating symptomatology, and interoceptive deficits in Italian female adolescents with AN. Methods: A retrospective evaluation of female AN/Atypical AN patients (n = 52) aged 13–17 years was conducted at two university pediatric hospitals in Italy. The participants underwent neuropsychiatric assessments, including the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition (ADOS-2), and measurement of ASD traits with the Autism-spectrum quotient (AQ), camouflaging ASD traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and FED-symptomatology-related measures. Results: Overall, 9.6% of the participants exhibited an ADOS-2 clinical impression consistent with ASD. Higher scores in AQ and CAT-Q revealed ASD traits and camouflaging strategies. The interoceptive deficits positively correlated with the ASD traits, alexithymia, and camouflage, and TAS—Difficulty Identifying Feelings emerged as the sole predictor for interoceptive deficits. Discussion: This Italian study preliminarily underscores the importance of recognizing ASD traits in the AN population, emphasizing early intervention strategies. The intersection of alexithymia and interoceptive deficits emerges as a crucial nexus between ASD and AN, with potential therapeutic implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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10 pages, 603 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Translation and Validation of the Greek Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire—Parent Form

by Emilia Vassilopoulou, Anna Comotti, Dafni Athanasaki, Gregorio Paolo Milani, Carlo Agostoni and George N. Konstantinou

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1054-1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040090 - 23 Nov 2024

Viewed by 697

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of food allergy is increasing, posing a significant health concern. Assessing health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in individuals with food allergies is crucial, and various questionnaires exist for this purpose. However, translation and validation of these tools are necessary to [...] Read more.

Background: The prevalence of food allergy is increasing, posing a significant health concern. Assessing health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in individuals with food allergies is crucial, and various questionnaires exist for this purpose. However, translation and validation of these tools are necessary to ensure cultural relevance. This study aimed to translate the FAQLQ-PF into Greek and perform a cross-sectional validation to assess its effectiveness in evaluating HRQOL among Greek children with food allergies. Methods: Parents of children aged 0 to 12 years diagnosed with food allergy completed the Greek version of the FAQLQ-PF, consisting of 30 items across three subscales. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected. Statistical analyses included nonparametric tests, correlation analysis for validity, and Cronbach’s alpha for internal consistency. Results: Out of 85 participants, 81 were included. The FAQLQ-PF demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.94). Validity evaluation indicated its ability to measure HRQOL in younger children. HRQOL in the Greek pediatric population was significantly correlated with the number of food allergies, symptoms, parental and child concerns, anxiety levels, and activity restrictions. However, sex and general health status were not significantly correlated with HRQOL. Conclusions: The Greek translation and validation of FAQLQ-PF provides insights into HRQOL among Greek children with food allergies. Factors such as anaphylactic reactions, epinephrine autoinjector usage, number of food allergies, and symptoms influenced HRQOL in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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18 pages, 1582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends in Childhood Behavioral, Mental, and Developmental Problems (2019–2022) Using the National Survey of Children’s Health

by Austin Lent, Ayden Dunn, Nada Eldawy, Vama Jhumkhawala, Meera Rao, Joshua Sohmer and Lea Sacca

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 983-1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040084 - 11 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1157

Abstract

Background: This study examines nationwide prevalence of US childhood behavioral, mental, and developmental problems in the 6–11 age group category between 2019 and 2022, and several key metrics related to caregiver social determinants of health. Methods: We used NSCH data for 6–11-year-old children [...] Read more.

Background: This study examines nationwide prevalence of US childhood behavioral, mental, and developmental problems in the 6–11 age group category between 2019 and 2022, and several key metrics related to caregiver social determinants of health. Methods: We used NSCH data for 6–11-year-old children for the years 2019–2022. Summary statistics for the selected sample were generated and binary logistic regressions were conducted for each severity level binary variable for each study year with caregiver mental or emotional health as a covariate. Results: Our study found significant associations between severe childhood anxiety and “fair” or “poor” caregiver rankings of mental and emotional health for both the 2020 and 2022 survey years. Our study also found that caregiver mental and emotional health may play a role in childhood ADD and ADHD prevalence rates as caregivers who ranked their mental health as “fair” or “good” had significantly higher odds of having a child with severe ADD or ADHD than caregivers who reported “excellent” mental and emotional health. Conclusion: These findings support prospects of an increase in the need for developmental health services, thus necessitating efforts towards effective allocation and focus of developmental treatment programs tailored to children and pediatric population groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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12 pages, 309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond Reading: Psychological and Mental Health Needs in Adolescents with Dyslexia

by Manuel-Ramón Morte-Soriano and Manuel Soriano-Ferrer

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 880-891; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040075 - 15 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1355

Abstract

Background. Overall, children and adolescents diagnosed with dyslexia or ADHD show an increased risk for psychological and mental health problems, and dyslexia and ADHD tend to coexist frequently. Thus, the main objective of this study was to examine psychological and mental health problems [...] Read more.

Background. Overall, children and adolescents diagnosed with dyslexia or ADHD show an increased risk for psychological and mental health problems, and dyslexia and ADHD tend to coexist frequently. Thus, the main objective of this study was to examine psychological and mental health problems in dyslexia. Method. Participated 95 adolescents with dyslexia (DG), comorbid dyslexia + attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined subtype (D + ADHD-CG), and a comparison group with typical development (TDCG). Self-reported measures of anxiety and depression, and parent and teacher versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were used. Results. Self-reports of internalizing problems showed that adolescents in the GD and D + ADHD-CG groups had more depression and stated anxiety problems with a very high percentage above the clinical cut-off point than the CG. Both the parent and teacher reports showed that the DG and D + ADHD-CG groups obtained higher mean values and a higher number of adolescents above the clinical cut-off of internalizing, externalizing, and total problems than the TDCG. The comorbid D + ADHD-CG group had the highest internalizing and externalizing problems. Conclusions. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the internalizing and externalizing problems experienced by adolescents with dyslexia and comorbid ADHD should be recognized early and treated promptly by education professionals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

11 pages, 931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Psychosocial Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Italian Families: The Perception of Quality of Life and Screening of Psychological Symptoms

by Roberta Maria Incardona and Marta Tremolada

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(2), 519-529; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16020043 - 20 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1477

Abstract

Throughout the COVID-19 period, families were forced to stay indoors, adapting to online schooling, remote work, and virtual social engagements, inevitably altering the dynamics within households. There was a notable increase in mental health challenges in terms of anxiety and depression in children [...] Read more.

Throughout the COVID-19 period, families were forced to stay indoors, adapting to online schooling, remote work, and virtual social engagements, inevitably altering the dynamics within households. There was a notable increase in mental health challenges in terms of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. This study intended to explore the psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on Italian families by adopting self- and proxy-report questionnaires on anxiety, anger, and health-related quality of life. The results showed that approximately 20% obtained a clinical anxiety score and only 10% obtained a clinical anger score. There was a difference in the perception of the quality of life reported by the child and that perceived by the parent. A stepwise regression model showed that total anxiety scores were predicted by sex, quality of life scores from the parents’ self-report version, and the total anger score. Another stepwise regression model identified physiological and social anxiety as the best predictors that impact quality of life. Parental well-being actively influences the well-being of children, so it is fundamental to implement preventive programs and promote child well-being by providing parents the most adequate support possible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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20 pages, 3379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Clinical Study on Periodontal Health Status and Early Diagnosis of Periodontal Diseases Quantified through Clinical Periodontal Indices on a Group of Children and Adolescents with and without Cardiovascular Diseases

by Oana Chipirliu, Marian Viorel Crăciun and Madalina Nicoleta Matei

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(1), 1-20; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16010001 - 26 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2024

Abstract

It is well known that bacterial plaque is the main etiological factor that causes the appearance of periodontal diseases and carious disease. Periodontal diseases can affect children and adolescents and are manifested in the form of gingivitis, but also the early form of [...] Read more.

It is well known that bacterial plaque is the main etiological factor that causes the appearance of periodontal diseases and carious disease. Periodontal diseases can affect children and adolescents and are manifested in the form of gingivitis, but also the early form of chronic periodontitis as well as aggressive marginal periodontitis associated with local or general factors. Early periodontitis is frequently undiagnosed by clinicians due to a lack of knowledge of the specific symptoms. Certain systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, can create favorable conditions for the appearance and progression of severe manifestations of periodontal disease; also, recent research highlights that individuals with periodontal disease present an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Children with congenital or acquired cardiovascular diseases are at increased risk for complications resulting from the growth of microorganisms in the oral cavity, presenting a risk of infective endocarditis. The specific aim was to highlight the existing differences between the periodontal health of children with cardiovascular diseases and that of children without these diseases. The analyzed group included 124 patients, represented by children and adolescents, aged between 7 and 17 years, who were divided into four subgroups depending on the presence or absence of cardiovascular diseases and periodontal disease. A specialized clinical examination was performed for each patient, and periodontal clinical parameters were quantified (plaque index, gingival bleeding index, gingival index, community periodontal index of treatment needs) and associated with the diagnosis of general condition. Patients diagnosed with periodontal disease underwent specialized treatment and were called to a control visit 3 months after treatment. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between subgroups with much higher values of clinical parameters for patients with cardiovascular disease. Also, the response to the treatment was better in the case of patients in the control subgroup without cardiovascular diseases. The present study highlighted the interaction of three factors in the progression of periodontal diseases: subgingival microbiota, immune system response and environmental factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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11 pages, 1182 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Children’s Difficulties, Parent-Child Sleep, Parental Control, and Children’s Screen Time: A Cross-Sectional Study in Japan

by Yusuke Arai, Daimei Sasayama, Kazuhiro Suzuki, Toshinori Nakamura, Yuta Kuraishi and Shinsuke Washizuka

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(4), 668-678; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15040060 - 8 Nov 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2901

Abstract

Children’s screen time may affect their growth and development. However, differences in the impact of various psychiatric and psychological factors on children’s screen time is a research gap. This study aimed to explore the differences in the influence of related factors affecting children’s [...] Read more.

Children’s screen time may affect their growth and development. However, differences in the impact of various psychiatric and psychological factors on children’s screen time is a research gap. This study aimed to explore the differences in the influence of related factors affecting children’s screen time based on their sleep, difficulties, and parental control among Japanese elementary and junior high school students. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among parents in Japan. Data on screen time duration, parent–child background, strengths and difficulties, sleep variables, and parental control types were collected from 225 households. A regression analysis revealed that high Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) scores (β = 0.166, p = 0.008), sleep duration (β = −0.281, p < 0.001), and parental control (β = −0.204, p = 0.001) were significantly related to children’s screen time. Additionally, it was found that parents’ late bedtimes affect children’s screen time by mediating children’s sleep duration. This study, together with previous research, provides comprehensive insights into design interventions to decrease the screen time of children in the Japanese context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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19 pages, 1165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Behavior Therapy for Exclusively Anxious Selective Mutism: A Nonconcurrent Multiple-Baseline Design across Five Participants

by Allison K. Siroky, John S. Carlson and Aimee Kotrba

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(4), 617-635; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15040057 - 16 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2283

Abstract

Selective mutism (SM) is a rare childhood anxiety disorder which may be markedly detrimental to a child’s academic and social functioning if left untreated. Cognitive–behavioral treatments for social anxiety disorders have been found to be effective for SM, yet a paucity of published [...] Read more.

Selective mutism (SM) is a rare childhood anxiety disorder which may be markedly detrimental to a child’s academic and social functioning if left untreated. Cognitive–behavioral treatments for social anxiety disorders have been found to be effective for SM, yet a paucity of published studies have explored manualized treatment approaches carried out by novice clinicians. The purpose of the present study was to examine the adherence, effectiveness, and acceptability of a condensed, 16-session version of Integrated Behavior Therapy for Selective Mutism (IBTSM; Bergman, 2013), the first manualized treatment for SM. A nonconcurrent multiple-baseline single-case design was used across five children diagnosed with SM, exclusively anxious subtype. IBTSM was implemented with excellent adherence (M = 98%) over an average of 19 weeks (range = 16–22 weeks). Visual analyses of weekly caregiver ratings of social anxiety and speaking behaviors did not demonstrate a replicated intervention effect; however, Tau-U effect sizes and Reliable Change Index (RCI) calculations demonstrated significant individual improvements in social anxiety and speaking behaviors over time on several measures. Three children (60%) no longer met diagnostic criteria for SM following treatment. All caregivers rated IBTSM as acceptable, with specific endorsements of acceptability in the areas of time required and treatment quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

17 pages, 1051 KiB

Open AccessReview

Prenatal Tobacco Exposure and Behavioral Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Stephanie Godleski, Shannon Shisler, Kassidy Colton and Meghan Leising

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(3), 736-752; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16030062 - 31 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1370

Abstract

Prenatal tobacco exposure has been implicated in increased risk of the development of behavioral disorders in children and adolescents. The purpose of the current study was to systematically examine the association between prenatal tobacco exposure and diagnoses of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Defiant [...] Read more.

Prenatal tobacco exposure has been implicated in increased risk of the development of behavioral disorders in children and adolescents. The purpose of the current study was to systematically examine the association between prenatal tobacco exposure and diagnoses of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and Conduct Disorder in childhood and adolescence. We searched Medline, Psychinfo, ERIC, Proquest, Academic Search Complete, PsychArticles, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Web of Science, CINAHL Plus, and Google Scholar databases through October 2022. The authors screened studies and extracted data independently in duplicate. Ten clinical studies examining diagnoses of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and Conduct Disorder between the ages of 4 and 18 years old were included. There was insufficient evidence to synthesize outcomes related to Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder. The meta-analysis found a significant effect of prenatal tobacco exposure in increasing the likelihood of an Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder diagnosis in childhood and adolescence. Implications for future research are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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12 pages, 661 KiB

Open AccessReview

Understanding the Neuropsychological Implications of Klinefelter Syndrome in Pediatric Populations: Current Perspectives

by Panagiota Tragantzopoulou and Vaitsa Giannouli

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(2), 420-431; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16020036 - 25 May 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2481

Abstract

Klinefelter syndrome (KS), also known as 47,XXY, is a genetic disorder characterized by the presence of an extra X chromosome. Despite the prevalence of verbal learning disabilities, memory impairments, and executive function deficits in individuals with KS, comprehensive research on the neuropsychological profiles [...] Read more.

Klinefelter syndrome (KS), also known as 47,XXY, is a genetic disorder characterized by the presence of an extra X chromosome. Despite the prevalence of verbal learning disabilities, memory impairments, and executive function deficits in individuals with KS, comprehensive research on the neuropsychological profiles of affected children and adolescents remains limited. Additionally, KS has been associated with comorbid conditions such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). However, systematic investigations into the neuropsychological manifestations of KS in pediatric populations are scarce. Therefore, the primary objectives of this review are to provide an overview of key studies examining the neuropsychological profiles of children and adolescents with KS and to delineate the limitations and implications of existing research findings. By synthesizing available literature, this review aims to bridge the gap in understanding the cognitive and behavioral characteristics of children and adolescents with KS, shedding light on potential avenues for future research and clinical interventions. Ultimately, this review serves as a valuable resource for clinicians, researchers, policymakers, parents, and educators involved in the assessment and management of the neuropsychological aspects of Klinefelter syndrome in pediatric populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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Social Media Use and Fear of Missing out: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study in Junior High Students from Western Mexico

by Manuel Maciel-Saldierna, Ignacio Roberto Méndez-Garavito, Emmanuel Elizondo-Hernandez, Clotilde Fuentes-Orozco, Alejandro González-Ojeda, Sol Ramírez-Ochoa, Enrique Cervantes-Pérez, Berenice Vicente-Hernández, Sergio Jiram Vázquez-Sánchez, Jonathan Matías Chejfec-Ciociano and Gabino Cervantes-Guevara

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1022-1033; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040087 - 18 Nov 2024

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: The increased use of social media in Mexico has given rise to the “fear of missing out” (FoMO) phenomenon, especially among adolescents. This study aimed to measure the extent of FoMO among junior high school students in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The increased use of social media in Mexico has given rise to the “fear of missing out” (FoMO) phenomenon, especially among adolescents. This study aimed to measure the extent of FoMO among junior high school students in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, this study explored the association between FoMO levels and demographic characteristics, as well as the type and frequency of social media use. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from November 2021 to January 2022 in four junior high schools. A total of 1264 students (656 females and 608 males) aged 11–16 years completed the Fear of Missing Out Scale, adapted to the Mexican context. Data on demographics, social media usage, and school shifts were collected. Statistical analyses were performed using t-tests, ANOVA, and correlation coefficients. Results: The mean FoMO score was 1.79 ± 0.64, with higher scores observed in females (p < 0.001) and students attending morning shifts (p = 0.001). Significant associations were found between higher FoMO scores and the use of social media platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and Pinterest (p < 0.001 for each). The most frequently used social media platforms were WhatsApp (1093), TikTok (828), and Instagram (583). Participants who used social media all week exhibited significantly higher FoMO scores than those who used it only on weekends (p < 0.001). Conclusions: FoMO is a significant phenomenon among junior high school students in Guadalajara, Mexico, particularly among females and those who use multiple social media platforms. The findings suggest a need for interventions to manage social media use and mitigate FoMO-related negative health outcomes in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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