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The Impact of Vavilov’s Concept of the Centres of Crop...
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The Impact of Vavilov’s Concept of the Centres of Crop Origin and Diversity on Research, Conservation, and Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources Today—A Review on the Occasion of Vavilov’s 135th Anniversary

A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Genetic Resources".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 November 2022) | Viewed by 24618

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Igor G. Loskutov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Genetic Resources of Oat, Barley, Rye, N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190000 St. Petersburg, Russia
Interests: Avena genetic resources; taxonomy and phylogeny of genus Avena; genetics; breeding; agronomy; plant industry; agrobiotechnology of cereals; biotic and abiotic resistance; grain quality of cereals
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Axel Diederichsen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Plant Gene Resources of Canada (PGRC), Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
Interests: agricultural history; classical phenotyping; conservation biology of plants; evolution of cultivated plants; genebank management; plant genetic resources for food and agriculture; politics of plant genetic resources; taxonomy of cultivated plants; utilization of plant genetic resources
Dr. Andreas W. Ebert

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
World Vegetable Center, D-73529 Schwaebisch Gmuend, BW, Germany
Interests: plant genetic resources; agrobiodiversity; genebank and germplasm management; ex situ conservation; climate change; sustainability; neglected and underutilized species; indigenous vegetables; sprouts, microgreens, and edible flowers; tropical fruit
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We invite the global plant genetic resources (PGR) community to submit manuscripts related to the works of Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (1887–1943) in celebration of Vavilov’s 135th birthday on November 25, 1887. Vavilov’s work has had a substantial impact on the global community of researchers, conservationists, and even political decision makers worldwide, who engaged in the field of botany, genetics, plant breeding, and geography, and, in particular, those working in the field of conservation and the utilization of plant genetic resources. Vavilov was among the first scientists who recognized the high actual and potential value of PGR in agriculture. In addition to his fundamental theoretical works on the centers of crop origin and diversity, he emphasized the importance of collecting and conserving cultivated plants and their wild relatives ex situ in order to make them available for research and breeding programs and for future generations. Vavilov's ideas formed a solid scientific basis for ongoing efforts to secure PGR in genebanks, both nationally and internationally.

His fundamental concepts of the law of the homological series of variation, centers of origin of cultivated plants, immunity, diversity, evolution, the botanical species concept, taxonomy of cultivated plants, and wild relatives of crops have inspired generations of researchers. Vavilov and his associates explored the five continents of the world and collected unique agrobiodiversity in very remote regions, a lot of which is being preserved by the N.I. Vavilov Institute for Plant Genetic Resources in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, and has been researched and utilized in plant breeding projects all over the world.

We invite the submission of papers reflecting on the relevance of the concepts of N.I. Vavilov with an emphasis on the impact on research, conservation, and utilization of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. We aim to collect many perspectives, including historical and contemporary and visionary approaches that relate to the subject Vavilov had dedicated his life to. Views on past, present, and future applications of the concepts proposed by Vavilov are invited as well as revisions and additions to these concepts and reviews of germplasm holdings in modern genebanks that trace back to the collections made by Vavilov.

Submissions will be peer-reviewed according to the standard procedures for all papers submitted to Plants. In addition, submissions must indicate that they are intended for inclusion in the “Vavilov Special Issue”. Contributions can be made in the form of a review, research paper, short communication, or opinion paper.

Prof. Dr. Igor G. Loskutov
Dr. Axel Diederichsen
Dr. Andreas W. Ebert
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Plants is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • breeding
  • characterization
  • evaluation
  • centers of diversity
  • centers of origin
  • crop wild relatives
  • cultivated plants
  • genebank
  • collecting plant genetic resources
  • Vavilov

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 191 KiB  
Editorial
The Impact of Vavilov’s Concept of the Centres of Crop Origin and Diversity on Research, Conservation, and Utilisation of Plant Genetic Resources Today: A Review on the Occasion of Vavilov’s 135th Anniversary
by Igor G. Loskutov, Andreas W. Ebert and Axel Diederichsen
Plants 2023, 12(14), 2685; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142685 - 19 Jul 2023
Viewed by 2066
Abstract
This Special Issue of Plants is dedicated to the eminent scientist Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (1887–1943) in remembrance of his 135th birthday on 25 November 1887 [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Vavilov’s Concept of the Centres of Crop Origin and Diversity on Research, Conservation, and Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources Today—A Review on the Occasion of Vavilov’s 135th Anniversary)

Research

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13 pages, 2511 KiB  
Article
Conserving Citrus Diversity: From Vavilov’s Early Explorations to Genebanks around the World
by Gayle M. Volk, Frederick G. Gmitter, Jr. and Robert R. Krueger
Plants 2023, 12(4), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040814 - 11 Feb 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2915
Abstract
Citrus is among the most economically important fruit crops. Its vast species diversity and global production was observed by N.I. Vavilov during his international plant explorations from the early to mid-1900s. Currently, ex situ citrus collections located around the world conserve and protect [...] Read more.
Citrus is among the most economically important fruit crops. Its vast species diversity and global production was observed by N.I. Vavilov during his international plant explorations from the early to mid-1900s. Currently, ex situ citrus collections located around the world conserve and protect citrus genetic resources, as revealed in a survey conducted in 2021. Responses were received from 43 collections in 27 countries, of which 35 provided data regarding collection composition, management practices, and security, as well as other information. The six largest citrus collections have between 1000 and 1735 accessions. The largest accession holdings are mandarins and sweet oranges, although all citrus fruit types are maintained: mandarin, sweet orange, lemon, pummelo, grapefruit, hybrids, lime, sour orange, citron, kumquat, papeda, finger lime, and crop wild relatives. Diseases pose significant threats to collections, though some collections are maintained in a clean-plant state as a result of intensive sanitation efforts. National and regional quarantine regulations often limit the export and import of citrus plants or propagative materials, thus limiting the availability of materials at an international level. Resources, both financial and human, are necessary to ensure the long-term safety and security of citrus collections on a global scale. Future efforts to develop citrus genebanking communities will provide opportunities for improved conservation, as well as collaborations and training. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Vavilov’s Concept of the Centres of Crop Origin and Diversity on Research, Conservation, and Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources Today—A Review on the Occasion of Vavilov’s 135th Anniversary)
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20 pages, 999 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of the Genetic Diversity of Chilean Cultivated Potato Based on a Molecular Study of Authentic Herbarium Specimens and Present-Day Gene Bank Accessions
by Tatjana Gavrilenko, Irena Chukhina, Olga Antonova, Ekaterina Krylova, Liliya Shipilina, Natalia Oskina and Ludmila Kostina
Plants 2023, 12(1), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010174 - 31 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2227
Abstract
At the end of the 1920s, Vavilov organized several potato-collecting missions in South and Central America. Vavilov and his colleagues, Juzepczuk and Bukasov, participated in these expeditions and worked on gathered material, designated two centers of potato varietal riches and diversity—the Peru–Bolivia high-mountain [...] Read more.
At the end of the 1920s, Vavilov organized several potato-collecting missions in South and Central America. Vavilov and his colleagues, Juzepczuk and Bukasov, participated in these expeditions and worked on gathered material, designated two centers of potato varietal riches and diversity—the Peru–Bolivia high-mountain center and the southern coast of Chile. The WIR Herbarium holds authentic specimens of many taxa described by Russian taxonomists. Here, a set of 20 plastid DNA-specific markers was applied for 49 authentic herbarium specimens of Solanum tuberosum L. from the WIR Herbarium to analyze the genetic diversity of the landrace population collected by Juzepczuk in 1928 in southern–central Chile. Two plastid DNA types, T and A, and two chlorotypes were identified in herbarium specimens, with a clear predominance (96%) of chlorotype cpT_III. In addition, we analyzed 46 living Chilean accessions from the VIR field potato gene bank that were collected after the appearance of Phytophthora infestans in Chile. These living accessions were differentiated into four chlorotypes. Finding a D-type cytoplasm in living Chilean accessions that possess two new chlorotypes indicates a replacement of native cultivars and introgression from the wild Mexican species S. demissum that was actively used in breeding as a source of race-specific resistance to late blight. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Vavilov’s Concept of the Centres of Crop Origin and Diversity on Research, Conservation, and Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources Today—A Review on the Occasion of Vavilov’s 135th Anniversary)
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18 pages, 2038 KiB  
Article
Effective Resistance to Four Fungal Foliar Diseases in Samples of Wild Triticum L. Species from the VIR (N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources) Collection: View from Vavilov’s Concepts of Plant Immunity
by Lev G. Tyryshkin, Natalia S. Lysenko and Maria A. Kolesova
Plants 2022, 11(24), 3467; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243467 - 10 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1646
Abstract
To identify new sources of effective resistance to four foliar diseases of wheat, 173 accessions of four wheat species, Triticum boeoticum, T. urartu, T. araraticum, and T. dicoccoides, from the VIR collection were tested at the juvenile and adult growth stages [...] Read more.
To identify new sources of effective resistance to four foliar diseases of wheat, 173 accessions of four wheat species, Triticum boeoticum, T. urartu, T. araraticum, and T. dicoccoides, from the VIR collection were tested at the juvenile and adult growth stages for resistance to leaf rust (Pt = Puccinia triticina), powdery mildew (Bgt = Blumeria graminis tritici), Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB), and dark-brown leaf spot blotch (HLB = Helminthospjrium leaf blotch). The accessions included new additions to the collection, some old samples that had never been tested before, as well as earlier tested samples noted for high levels of juvenile resistance to some fungal diseases. Natural populations of Puccinia triticina and Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, mixture of Parastagonospora nodorum and Bipolaris sorokiniana isolates were used to inoculate and to evaluate resistance to Pt, Bgt, SNB, and HLB, respectively. Two samples of T. boeoticum, three of T. urartu, and one of T. araraticum were resistant to leaf rust at both tested stages. Further tests (phytopathological and molecular analyses) excluded Lr9, Lr19, Lr24, Lr41, or Lr47 as single genes controlling resistance; hence, these accessions likely carry new effective leaf rust resistance genes. High level of Bgt resistance was identified in three entries of T. boeoticum, one of T. araraticum, and eleven of T. dicoccoides. All tested accessions were susceptible to HLB and SNB at both tested stages. Accessions identified as resistant are valuable plant material for introgressive hybridization in bread and durum wheat breeding. The results are discussed in the context of N.I. Vavilov’s concept of crop origin and diversity, and the laws of plant natural immunity to infectious diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Vavilov’s Concept of the Centres of Crop Origin and Diversity on Research, Conservation, and Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources Today—A Review on the Occasion of Vavilov’s 135th Anniversary)
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16 pages, 1851 KiB  
Communication
Evaluating Germplasm of Cultivated Oat Species from the VIR Collection under the Russian Northwest Conditions
by Vitaliy S. Popov, Valentina I. Khoreva, Alexei V. Konarev, Tatyana V. Shelenga, Elena V. Blinova, Leonid L. Malyshev and Igor G. Loskutov
Plants 2022, 11(23), 3280; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233280 - 28 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1495
Abstract
Oat is one of the most widespread and important cereal crops in the global agricultural production. Searching for new high-yielding and nutritious forms continues to be relevant, especially under the global trend of climate change, when most local oat cultivars may become economically [...] Read more.
Oat is one of the most widespread and important cereal crops in the global agricultural production. Searching for new high-yielding and nutritious forms continues to be relevant, especially under the global trend of climate change, when most local oat cultivars may become economically inefficient. Spring oat accessions from VIR collection served as the material for this study; their origin is diverse, as they came from 11 countries. The basic nutritional value (the content of protein, oil, starch, and β-glucans) and characters important for breeding (plant height, panicle length, number of spikelets, number of grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight, and grain yield) were analyzed in 49 accessions of the cultivated covered oat species: Avena sativa L., A. strigosa Schreb., A. abyssinica Hochst., and A. byzantina Coch., grown under the conditions of the Russian Northwest (Leningrad Province) for two years. Variability parameters, interspecific and intervarietal differences, and the effect of weather conditions were assessed. Sources of useful agronomic traits were identified; they can be used to expand the range of the source material for the development of new high-yielding and highly nutritious oat cultivars adapted to local cultivation conditions. It is demonstrated that the VIR collection has a great potential for contemporary food and feed production and for the breeding of new oat cultivars for various purposes. Thus, the contribution of Nikolai Vavilov to the plant genetic resources investigation for the benefit of humanity is invaluable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Vavilov’s Concept of the Centres of Crop Origin and Diversity on Research, Conservation, and Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources Today—A Review on the Occasion of Vavilov’s 135th Anniversary)
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15 pages, 2971 KiB  
Article
High-Throughput Phenotypic Characterization and Diversity Analysis of Soybean Roots (Glycine max L.)
by Seong-Hoon Kim, Parthiban Subramanian, Bum-Soo Hahn and Bo-Keun Ha
Plants 2022, 11(15), 2017; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152017 - 2 Aug 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2381
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a crop native to Northeast Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan, but currently cultivated all over the world. The National Agrobiodiversity Center in Korea at the Rural Development Administration (RDA) conserves approximately 26,000 accessions and conducts characterizations [...] Read more.
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a crop native to Northeast Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan, but currently cultivated all over the world. The National Agrobiodiversity Center in Korea at the Rural Development Administration (RDA) conserves approximately 26,000 accessions and conducts characterizations of its accessions, to accumulate new information. Roots are essential organs of a plant, providing mechanical support, as well as aiding water and nutrient acquisition. Currently, not much information is available in international gene banks regarding root characterization. We studied the root phenotype of 374 soybean accessions, using a high-throughput method. Eight root morphological traits (RMT) were studied and we observed that the surface area (SA), number of forks (NF), and number of tips (NT) had a positive correlation with total length (LENGTH), and that link average length (LAL) and other traits all had a negative correlation. Additionally, the correlation between seed traits (height, width, and 100-seed weight) and root traits was confirmed for the first time in this experiment. The germplasms were divided into three clusters by k-means clustering, and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to compare clusters. The most distinctive characteristics between clusters were total lateral average length (LAD) and total lateral average length (DIAM). Cluster 3 had the highest LENGTH, SA, NF, and NF, whereas cluster 1 had the smallest LENGTH, SA, and NF. We selected the top 10 accessions for each RMT, and IT208321, IT216313, and IT216137 were nominated as the best germplasms. These accessions can be recommended to breeders as materials for breeding programs. This is a preliminary report on the characterization of the root phenotype at an international gene bank and will open up the possibility of improving the available information on accessions in gene banks worldwide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Vavilov’s Concept of the Centres of Crop Origin and Diversity on Research, Conservation, and Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources Today—A Review on the Occasion of Vavilov’s 135th Anniversary)
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18 pages, 3087 KiB  
Article
Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: A Synopsis of Coordinated National Crop Wild Relative Seed Collecting Programs across Five Continents
by Ruth J. Eastwood, Beri B. Tambam, Lawrence M. Aboagye, Zeynal I. Akparov, Sunday E. Aladele, Richard Allen, Ahmed Amri, Noelle L. Anglin, Rodolfo Araya, Griselda Arrieta-Espinoza, Aydin Asgerov, Khadijah Awang, Tesfaye Awas, Ana Maria Barata, Samuel Kwasi Boateng, Joana Magos Brehm, Joelle Breidy, Elinor Breman, Arturo Brenes Angulo, Marília L. Burle, Nora P. Castañeda-Álvarez, Pedro Casimiro, Néstor F. Chaves, Adelaide S. Clemente, Christopher P. Cockel, Alexandra Davey, Lucía De la Rosa, Daniel G. Debouck, Hannes Dempewolf, Hiba Dokmak, David Ellis, Aisyah Faruk, Cátia Freitas, Sona Galstyan, Rosa M. García, Krishna H. Ghimire, Luigi Guarino, Ruth Harker, Roberta Hope, Alan W. Humphries, Nelissa Jamora, Shakeel Ahmad Jatoi, Manana Khutsishvili, David Kikodze, Angelos C. Kyratzis, Pedro León-Lobos, Udayangani Liu, Ram P. Mainali, Afig T. Mammadov, Norma C. Manrique-Carpintero, Daniele Manzella, Mohd Shukri Mat Ali, Marcelo B. Medeiros, María A. Mérida Guzmán, Tsira Mikatadze-Pantsulaia, El Tahir Ibrahim Mohamed, Álvaro Monteros-Altamirano, Aura Morales, Jonas V. Müller, John W. Mulumba, Anush Nersesyan, Humberto Nóbrega, Desterio O. Nyamongo, Matija Obreza, Anthony U. Okere, Simone Orsenigo, Fernando Ortega-Klose, Astghik Papikyan, Timothy R. Pearce, Miguel A. A. Pinheiro de Carvalho, Jaime Prohens, Graziano Rossi, Alberto Salas, Deepa Singh Shrestha, Sadar Uddin Siddiqui, Paul P. Smith, Diego A. Sotomayor, Marcelo Tacán, César Tapia, Álvaro Toledo, Jane Toll, Dang Toan Vu, Tuong Dang Vu, Michael J. Way, Mariana Yazbek, Cinthya Zorrilla and Benjamin Kilianadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Plants 2022, 11(14), 1840; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141840 - 13 Jul 2022
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6714
Abstract
The Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change Project set out to improve the diversity, quantity, and accessibility of germplasm collections of crop wild relatives (CWR). Between 2013 and 2018, partners in 25 countries, heirs to the globetrotting legacy of Nikolai Vavilov, undertook seed collecting [...] Read more.
The Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change Project set out to improve the diversity, quantity, and accessibility of germplasm collections of crop wild relatives (CWR). Between 2013 and 2018, partners in 25 countries, heirs to the globetrotting legacy of Nikolai Vavilov, undertook seed collecting expeditions targeting CWR of 28 crops of global significance for agriculture. Here, we describe the implementation of the 25 national collecting programs and present the key results. A total of 4587 unique seed samples from at least 355 CWR taxa were collected, conserved ex situ, safety duplicated in national and international genebanks, and made available through the Multilateral System (MLS) of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (Plant Treaty). Collections of CWR were made for all 28 targeted crops. Potato and eggplant were the most collected genepools, although the greatest number of primary genepool collections were made for rice. Overall, alfalfa, Bambara groundnut, grass pea and wheat were the genepools for which targets were best achieved. Several of the newly collected samples have already been used in pre-breeding programs to adapt crops to future challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Vavilov’s Concept of the Centres of Crop Origin and Diversity on Research, Conservation, and Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources Today—A Review on the Occasion of Vavilov’s 135th Anniversary)
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Review

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12 pages, 629 KiB  
Review
The Impact of N.I. Vavilov on the Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources in Scandinavia: A Review
by Svein Ø. Solberg, Igor G. Loskutov, Line Breian and Axel Diederichsen
Plants 2023, 12(1), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010143 - 28 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2986
Abstract
In this review we examine Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov’s relationship to Scandinavia and the impact he and his ideas have had on Scandinavia. We trace the historical connections from Vavilov back to 18th century scientists, such as Carl Von Linneaus (Sweden) and 19th century [...] Read more.
In this review we examine Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov’s relationship to Scandinavia and the impact he and his ideas have had on Scandinavia. We trace the historical connections from Vavilov back to 18th century scientists, such as Carl Von Linneaus (Sweden) and 19th century European scientists such as Alphonse de Candolle (Switzerland), Henry de Vilmorin (France), and William Bateson (England). Vavilov has influenced the conservation work in Scandinavia resulting amongst other in the establishment of the Nordic Gene Bank in 1979 and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault which started operating in 2008. Vavilov travelled to Scandinavia in 1921 and in 1931 to give lectures and exchange ideas, especially with the breeders at the Swedish Seed Association (Svalöf) in Scania, Sweden, but also at the Copenhagen University in Denmark. Vavilov did not recognize Scandinavia as part of a center of origin of cultivated plants. It was only after World War II, when P.M. Zhukovsky, a scholar of N.I Vavilov, developed the concept of mega-centers of diversity of cultivated plants, that Scandinavia became part of what he termed the European-Siberian Region of Diversity. We list species domesticated in Scandinavia or Northern Europe, and we further discuss concepts related to crop evolution and highlight the great impact Vavilov has had by inspiring scientists across disciplines and over many decades. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Vavilov’s Concept of the Centres of Crop Origin and Diversity on Research, Conservation, and Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources Today—A Review on the Occasion of Vavilov’s 135th Anniversary)
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