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21 pages, 2087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Development of Eletriptan Hydrobromide Immediate Release Buccal Films Using Central Composite Rotatable Design: An In Vivo and In Vitro Approach

by Waqar Siddique, Muhammad Zaman, Rai Muhammad Sarfraz, Muhammad Hammad Butt, Atta Ur Rehman, Noman Fassih, Ghadeer M. Albadrani, Roula Bayram, Mohammad Y. Alfaifi and Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim

Polymers 2022, 14(19), 3981; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14193981 - 23 Sep 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2608

Abstract

The objective is to develop immediate release buccal films of Eletriptan Hydrobromide (EHBR) using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) E5. The buccal films have the ability to disintegrate rapidly and provide both systemic and local effects. The solvent casting method was employed to prepare the [...] Read more.

The objective is to develop immediate release buccal films of Eletriptan Hydrobromide (EHBR) using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) E5. The buccal films have the ability to disintegrate rapidly and provide both systemic and local effects. The solvent casting method was employed to prepare the films and the central composite rotatable design (CCRD) model was used for film optimization. All the formulated films were characterized for physicochemical evaluation (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo drug release. The fabricated films were transparent, colorless, and evenly distributed. The FTIR spectra showed no chemical interaction between the drug and excipients. In in-vitro analysis, the film has the highest% drug release (102.61 ± 1.13), while a maximum of 92.87 ± 0.87% drug was diffused across the cellulose membrane having a pore size of 0.45 µm. In the ex-vivo study, drug diffusion across the goat mucosa was performed and 80.9% of the drug was released in 30 min. In-vivo results depict a mean half-life (t½) of 4.54 ± 0.18 h and a C_max of 128 ± 0.87 (ng/mL); T_max was achieved in 1 h. Furthermore, instability and histopathological studies buccal films were proven to be safe and act as an effective dosage form. In a nutshell, optimized and safe instant release EHBR buccal films were prepared that have the tendency to provide effect effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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11 pages, 2200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Effect on Thin-Film Formation of the Polymer Sheets by the CO₂ Laser with the Copper Base

by Nobukazu Kameyama and Hiroki Yoshida

Polymers 2022, 14(17), 3508; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14173508 - 26 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1716

Abstract

A method that makes polymer sheets partially thinner with continuous-wave carbon dioxide (CO₂) lasers has been developed. This method can create thin polymer films by attaching the polymer sheets to the copper base by vacuum suction through the holes in the [...] Read more.

A method that makes polymer sheets partially thinner with continuous-wave carbon dioxide (CO₂) lasers has been developed. This method can create thin polymer films by attaching the polymer sheets to the copper base by vacuum suction through the holes in the base. Applying the method to polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), the thin-film formation is confirmed in PP, PET, and PS but not PTFE. These polymers have the similar thermal properties. PP, PET, and PS show fluidity with increased temperature, but PTFE does not have fluidity. These characteristics of the polymers indicate that the fluidity of polymer is the important characteristic for film formation. The experiments with PP and PET sheets of different thickness show that thicker sheets make thicker films. The fluid flow of the molten polymer is considered to form the thin film at the bottom of the groove made by laser scribing. The numerical simulation of the 2D thermal model also indicates the week cooling effects of the base on the film formation and importance of polymer fluidity. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) show thermal degradation of the films. To decrease the heat’s effect on the films, the polymer sheets should be processed at the highest laser-beam scanning speed that can make thin films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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12 pages, 9999 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Analysis of Polymorphic Silver Nanoparticles and Their Incorporation into the Polymer Matrix

by Oksana Velgosova, Livia Mačák, Maksym Lisnichuk and Marek Vojtko

Polymers 2022, 14(13), 2666; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14132666 - 30 Jun 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2907

Abstract

A chemical method was successfully used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with various shapes. The shape of the nanoparticles affects the color of the colloid (spherical—yellow solution, triangular—blue, a mixture of spherical and triangular—green). The NaBH₄, which acts as the main [...] Read more.

A chemical method was successfully used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with various shapes. The shape of the nanoparticles affects the color of the colloid (spherical—yellow solution, triangular—blue, a mixture of spherical and triangular—green). The NaBH₄, which acts as the main reducing agent and H₂O₂ have a significant impact on the shape of AgNPs. It has also been shown that the ratio between precursor, reducing, and the stabilizing agent is crucial for the formation of the required nanoparticles. The light sensitivity of AgNPs and the presence of H₂O₂ lead to a significant change in AgNPs’ shape and size with time and to the formation of the dichroic effect. UV–vis spectrophotometry, TEM, SEM/FIB, and EDX methods were used to analyze the shape, size, and composition of the nanoparticles. Polymer matrix composite with AgNPs was prepared by the “ex-situ” method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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20 pages, 5156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Copolymer on the Wrinkle Structure Formation and Gloss of a Phase-Separated Ternary Free-Radical/Cationic Hybrid System for the Application of Self-Matting Coatings

by Ingrid Calvez, Caroline R. Szczepanski and Véronic Landry

Polymers 2022, 14(12), 2371; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14122371 - 11 Jun 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2584

Abstract

Hybrid free-radical/cationic systems can generate phase-separated polymers or interpenetrating networks driven by photopolymerization. In this study, phase separation of a ternary mixture composed of a polybutadiene urethane diacrylate (PBUDA), a cycloaliphatic diepoxyde (CE), and hexanediol dimethacrylate (HDDMA) was investigated. Using systematic variations of [...] Read more.

Hybrid free-radical/cationic systems can generate phase-separated polymers or interpenetrating networks driven by photopolymerization. In this study, phase separation of a ternary mixture composed of a polybutadiene urethane diacrylate (PBUDA), a cycloaliphatic diepoxyde (CE), and hexanediol dimethacrylate (HDDMA) was investigated. Using systematic variations of the initial composition of the mixture, a miscibility phase diagram of the ternary mixture was established. Based on this diagram, a reactive copolymer (poly(butyl acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PBGMA)) was introduced in a reference hybrid system to manipulate the crosslinking network, polymer morphology, and properties (e.g., roughness, gloss, strain at break, and glass transition temperature T_g). When cured as a coating, the ternary hybrid system showed a depthwise gradient of epoxy conversion, and thereby developed a mostly cured skin above a viscous sublayer of uncured monomer. This skin can develop compressive stress due to the swelling from the diffusion of unreacted monomers beneath, and if the compressive stress is significantly high, wrinkles appear on the coating’s surface. This work highlights how both skin thickness and elastic modulus impact wrinkle frequency and amplitude. It was demonstrated that these wrinkle parameters can be manipulated in the ternary system by the addition of PBGMA. We also demonstrated that by employing UV irradiation and varying the PBGMA content, it is possible to engineer coatings that range from smooth surfaces with high gloss to wrinkled topographies with a very low associated gloss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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11 pages, 629 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Hydrolysis Efficiency of Bacterial Cellulose Gel Film after the Liquid Hot Water and Steam Explosion Pretreatments

by Izabela Betlej, Andrzej Antczak, Jan Szadkowski, Michał Drożdżek, Krzysztof Krajewski, Andrzej Radomski, Janusz Zawadzki and Sławomir Borysiak

Polymers 2022, 14(10), 2032; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14102032 - 16 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1836

Abstract

The influence of bacterial cellulose gel film pretreatment methods on the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated. An increase in the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis due to liquid hot water pretreatment or steam explosion was shown. The glucose yield of 88% was obtained [...] Read more.

The influence of bacterial cellulose gel film pretreatment methods on the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated. An increase in the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis due to liquid hot water pretreatment or steam explosion was shown. The glucose yield of 88% was obtained from raw, non-purified, bacterial cellulose treated at 130 °C. The results confirm the potential of bacterial cellulose gel film as a source for liquid biofuel production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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15 pages, 2823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lead Free Multilayered Polymer Composites for Radiation Shielding

by Laurynas Gilys, Egidijus Griškonis, Paulius Griškevičius and Diana Adlienė

Polymers 2022, 14(9), 1696; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091696 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4130

Abstract

Silicone-based polymer composites containing high atomic number additives are prioritized for the development of new materials for radiation shielding, due to their mechanical, thermal, electrical, and multifunctional properties. The X-ray attenuation properties, as well as mechanical properties, of the newly developed-lead-free multi-layered structures [...] Read more.

Silicone-based polymer composites containing high atomic number additives are prioritized for the development of new materials for radiation shielding, due to their mechanical, thermal, electrical, and multifunctional properties. The X-ray attenuation properties, as well as mechanical properties, of the newly developed-lead-free multi-layered structures for radiation shielding, based on silicone composite layers containing tin, cerium oxide, tungsten oxide, and bismuth additives, are analyzed and discussed in this paper. It is shown that, by varying the additive concentrations in silicone composites, lead-free and flexible layered structures, exhibiting lead-equivalent X-ray shielding, can be fabricated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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14 pages, 3073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films as a Potential Buccal Platform for Drug Delivery

by Bissera Pilicheva, Yordanka Uzunova and Maria Marudova

Polymers 2022, 14(4), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040734 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2406

Abstract

The goal of this research was to study the potential of polyelectrolyte multilayers as buccal dosage forms for drug delivery and to investigate how the properties of the drugs impact the overall performance of the delivery system. Multilayer films based on the polyelectrolyte [...] Read more.

The goal of this research was to study the potential of polyelectrolyte multilayers as buccal dosage forms for drug delivery and to investigate how the properties of the drugs impact the overall performance of the delivery system. Multilayer films based on the polyelectrolyte interaction between casein and chitosan were developed using benzydamine, tolfenamic acid and betahistine as model drugs. The samples were characterized for surface pH, moisture content and moisture absorption, swelling behavior and mucoadhesion. Additionally, surface morphology was investigated, as well as the drugs’ physical state after incorporation in the multilayer films. The samples proved to be non-irritant (pH was within the physiological range), physically stable (moisture content and moisture absorption below 5%) and mucoadhesive, adsorbing from 60 to 70% mucin. The release behavior corelated to the swelling index profiles of the samples and was strongly dependent on the drug solubility. The developed multilayer films appeared to be an optimum delivery system for sparingly soluble drugs due to the high drug loading achieved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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16 pages, 6213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Characterization of Polymer Membranes Impregnated with Carbon Nanotubes for Olive Mill Wastewater

by Muna A. Abu-Dalo, Maysa A. Al-Atoom, Mohannad T. Aljarrah and Borhan A. Albiss

Polymers 2022, 14(3), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14030457 - 23 Jan 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3602

Abstract

In this study, polymer membrane(s) impregnated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were developed, characterized and evaluated for removing phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater; thus, protecting the environment and public health. Polyethersulfone/functionalized, multi-walled carbon nanotube (PES/fCNTs) membranes were synthesized via the phase inversion method [...] Read more.

In this study, polymer membrane(s) impregnated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were developed, characterized and evaluated for removing phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater; thus, protecting the environment and public health. Polyethersulfone/functionalized, multi-walled carbon nanotube (PES/fCNTs) membranes were synthesized via the phase inversion method using PES and acid-treated CNTs. The prepared membranes were then characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and contact angle. Results obtained from this study indicate a more hydrophilic surface for the prepared PES/fCNTs membranes, with a higher pure water flux compared to the polyethersulfone (PES) membranes. In addition, the amount of fCNTs in the membranes was found to be the most significant factor affecting the morphology and water flux of the membranes. The PES/fCNTs membranes at 1 bar with 0 wt.% and 1 wt.% of CNTs showed water flux of 37.8 and 69.71 kg/h.m², respectively. In addition, PES/fCNTs membranes with 0.5 wt.% fCNTs showed the highest total phenol content removal of 74%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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27 pages, 9453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ion-Conducting Flexible Thin Films of Composites from Poly(ethylene oxide) and Nematic Liquid Crystals E8—Characterization by Impedance and Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy

by Georgi B. Hadjichristov, Todor E. Vlakhov, Yordan G. Marinov and Nicola Scaramuzza

Polymers 2021, 13(24), 4465; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13244465 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2979

Abstract

Complex electrical impedance and dielectric spectroscopy were applied to study the dielectric relaxations and their thermal behavior in ion-conducting composites/complexes from polymer poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and E8 nematic liquid crystals (LCs), at the compositional ratio PEO:E8 = 70:30 wt%. Flexible thin films of [...] Read more.

Complex electrical impedance and dielectric spectroscopy were applied to study the dielectric relaxations and their thermal behavior in ion-conducting composites/complexes from polymer poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and E8 nematic liquid crystals (LCs), at the compositional ratio PEO:E8 = 70:30 wt%. Flexible thin films of PEO/E8 with a thickness of 150 μm were inspected, as well as such films from Na⁺ ion-conducting electrolyte PEO/E8/NaIO₄ with the same PEO:E8 compositional ratio, but additionally containing 10 wt.% from the salt sodium metaperiodate (NaIO₄) as a dopant of Na⁺ ions. The molecular dynamics, namely the dielectric relaxation of PEO/E8 and PEO/E8/NaIO₄, were characterized through analyses of complex impedance and dielectric spectra measured in the frequency range of 1 Hz–1 MHz, under variation of temperature from below to above the glass-transition temperature of these composites. The relaxation and polarization of dipole formations in PEO/E8 and PEO/E8/NaIO₄ were evidenced and compared in terms of both electrical impedance and dielectric response depending on temperature. The results obtained for molecular organization, molecular relaxation dynamics, and electric polarization in the studied ion-conducting polymer/LC composites/complexes can be helpful in the optimization of their structure and performance, and are attractive for applications in flexible organic electronics, energy storage devices, and mechatronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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14 pages, 2072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensing Cd(II) Using a Disposable Optical Sensor Based on a Schiff Base Immobilisation on a Polymer-Inclusion Membrane. Applications in Water and Art Paint Samples

by Lorena Sánchez-Ponce, María Dolores Galindo-Riaño, María José Casanueva-Marenco, María Dolores Granado-Castro and Margarita Díaz-de-Alba

Polymers 2021, 13(24), 4414; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13244414 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2464

Abstract

A disposable colour-changeable optical sensor based on an interesting polymer inclusion-membrane (PIM) was designed to determine Cd(II) ions in aqueous medium. The Schiff base 2-acetylpyridine benzoylhydrazone (2-APBH) immobilised on the polymer membrane was used as a sensing molecule. The amounts of the PIM [...] Read more.

A disposable colour-changeable optical sensor based on an interesting polymer inclusion-membrane (PIM) was designed to determine Cd(II) ions in aqueous medium. The Schiff base 2-acetylpyridine benzoylhydrazone (2-APBH) immobilised on the polymer membrane was used as a sensing molecule. The amounts of the PIM components were optimised by a 3² fractional factorial design with two central points and two blocks. The best optical sensor composition consisted of 2.5 g of poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) as a base polymer, 3 mL of tributyl phosphate (TBP) as a plasticiser, and 0.02 g of 2-APBH as a reagent. The sensor showed a good linear response in the range from 0.02 mg L⁻¹ (limit of detection) to 1 mg L⁻¹ of Cd(II) under the following experimental conditions: pH 9.5 (adjusted using ammonium chloride buffer solution at 0.337 mol L⁻¹), 60 min of exposure time plus 2 min of sonication (pulses at 2 s intervals), and 10 min of short-term stability. The relative standard deviation of the method was determined to be 4.04% for 0.4 mg L⁻¹ of Cd(II). The optical sensor was successfully applied to the determination of Cd(II) in natural-water and art-paint samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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14 pages, 3206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Properties of Thermally Crosslinked Fluorinated Polyimide and Its Application to a Liquid Crystal Alignment Layer

by Jong-Soo Ahn, Su Hong Park, Na Yeon Kwon, Min Ju Cho, Sang-Hyon Paek and Dong Hoon Choi

Polymers 2021, 13(22), 3903; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13223903 - 11 Nov 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2602

Abstract

This study demonstrated the use of a thermally crosslinked polyimide (PI) for the liquid crystal (LC) alignment layer of an LC display (LCD) cell. Polyamic acid was prepared using 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA) and 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride (6FDA). The 6FDA−ODA-based polyimide (PI) prepared by the [...] Read more.

This study demonstrated the use of a thermally crosslinked polyimide (PI) for the liquid crystal (LC) alignment layer of an LC display (LCD) cell. Polyamic acid was prepared using 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA) and 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride (6FDA). The 6FDA−ODA-based polyimide (PI) prepared by the thermal cyclic dehydration of the polyamic acid (PAA) was soluble in various polar solvents. After forming a thin film by mixing trifunctional epoxide [4-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)-N,N-bis(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)aniline] with the 6FDA−ODA-based PAA, it was confirmed that thermal curing at −110 °C caused an epoxy ring opening reaction, which could result in the formation of a networked polyimide not soluble in tetrahydrofuran. The crosslinked PI film showed a higher rigidity than the neat PI films, as measured by the elastic modulus. Furthermore, based on a dynamic mechanical analysis of the neat PI and crosslinked PI films, the glass transition temperatures (T_gs) were 217 and 339 °C, respectively, which provided further evidence of the formation of crosslinking by the addition of the epoxy reagent. After mechanical rubbing using these two PI films, an LC cell was fabricated using an anisotropic PI film as an LC alignment film. LC cells with crosslinked PI layers showed a high voltage holding ratio and low residual direct current voltage. This suggests that the crosslinked PI has good potential for use as an LC alignment layer material in advanced LCD technologies that require high performance and reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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20 pages, 74035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles as an Effective Antibiofouling Material for Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Ultrafiltration Membrane

by Nour Alnairat, Muna Abu Dalo, Rund Abu-Zurayk, Saida Abu Mallouh, Fadwa Odeh and Abeer Al Bawab

Polymers 2021, 13(21), 3683; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213683 - 26 Oct 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3962

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully synthesized using the aqueous extract of the Paronychia argentea Lam (P. argentea) wild plant. The results showed that the conversion of Ag⁺ to Ag⁰ nanoparticles ratio reached 96.5% as determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma [...] Read more.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully synthesized using the aqueous extract of the Paronychia argentea Lam (P. argentea) wild plant. The results showed that the conversion of Ag⁺ to Ag⁰ nanoparticles ratio reached 96.5% as determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), with a negative zeta potential (ζ) of −21.3 ± 7.68 mV of AgNPs expected to improve the stability of synthesized AgNPs. AgNP antibacterial activity has been examined against Streptococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) was 4.9 µL/mL for both E. coli and S. aureus bacteria, while the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were 19.9 µL/mL and 4.9 µL/mL for S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. The synthesized AgNPs were incorporated in ultrafiltration polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) membranes and showed remarkable antibiofouling behavior against both bacterial strains. The membranes were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The contact angle and porosity of the membrane were also determined. The efficiency of the membranes regarding rejection rate was assessed using bovine serum albumin (BSA). It was found in the flux experiments that membranes BSA rejection was 99.4% and 98.7% with and without AgNPs, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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14 pages, 5457 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrical Characterization of Thin PEDOT:PSS Films on Alumina and Thiol–Ene Substrates

by Dalius Jucius, Rimantas Gudaitis, Algirdas Lazauskas and Viktoras Grigaliūnas

Polymers 2021, 13(20), 3519; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13203519 - 13 Oct 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1764

Abstract

Transparent polymer layers that heal minor scratches and maintain the optical properties of the devices for a long time are highly desirable in optoelectronics. This paper presents the results of the electrical characterization of thin PEDOT:PSS films on the novel, optically transparent thiol–ene [...] Read more.

Transparent polymer layers that heal minor scratches and maintain the optical properties of the devices for a long time are highly desirable in optoelectronics. This paper presents the results of the electrical characterization of thin PEDOT:PSS films on the novel, optically transparent thiol–ene substrates capable of healing scratches under room-temperature conditions. Electrical properties of the PEDOT:PSS films deposited on the conventional alumina ceramic substrates were also tested for comparative purposes. This study demonstrated that the substrate can have a significant effect on the electrical properties of PEDOT:PSS films, and the electrical resistance of the films on thiol–ene substrates is not as stable as on alumina ceramics. However, the changes in electrical resistance of the films on thiol–ene are small enough over a sufficiently wide range of operating temperatures and relative humidities and allow the application of such bilayers in various polymeric optoelectronic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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16 pages, 3351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Using Polymeric Membranes Based on Cellulose Acetate Impregnated with ZnO Nanostructures

by Muna A. Abu-Dalo, Saja A. Al-Rosan and Borhan A. Albiss

Polymers 2021, 13(19), 3451; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193451 - 8 Oct 2021

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 5048

Abstract

This paper studied the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) using polymeric membrane impregnated with ZnO nanostructures under UV-light and sunlight irradiation. ZnO nanoparticles and ZnO nanowires were prepared using the hydrothermal technique. Cellulose acetate polymeric membranes were fabricated by the phase inversion [...] Read more.

This paper studied the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) using polymeric membrane impregnated with ZnO nanostructures under UV-light and sunlight irradiation. ZnO nanoparticles and ZnO nanowires were prepared using the hydrothermal technique. Cellulose acetate polymeric membranes were fabricated by the phase inversion method using dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent and ZnO nanostructures. The structural properties of the nanostructures and the membranes were investigated using XRD, SEM, FTIR, and TGA measurements. The membranes were tested for photocatalytic degradation of MB using a UV lamp and a sunlight simulator. The photocatalytic results under sunlight irradiation in the presence of cellulose acetate impregnated with ZnO nanoparticles (CA-ZnO-NP) showed a more rapid degradation of MB (about 75%) compared to the results obtained under UV-light irradiation degradation (about 30%). The results show that CA-ZnO-NP possesses the photocatalytic ability to degrade MB efficiently at different levels under UV-light and sunlight irradiation. Modified membranes with ZnO nanoparticles and ZnO nanowires were found to be chemically stable, recyclable, and reproducible. The addition of ZnO nanostructure to the cellulose membranes generally enhanced their photocatalytic activity toward MB, making these potential membranes candidates for removing organic pollutants from aqueous solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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10 pages, 1803 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Trilayer Composite System Based on SiO₂, Thiol-Ene, and PEDOT:PSS. Focus on Stability after Thermal Treatment and Solar Irradiance

by Algirdas Lazauskas, Dalius Jucius, Brigita Abakevičienė, Asta Guobienė and Mindaugas Andrulevičius

Polymers 2021, 13(19), 3439; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193439 - 7 Oct 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1961

Abstract

The trilayer composite was fabricated by combining functional layers of fumed SiO₂, thiol-ene, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS). Optical, scratch-healing, non-wetting, and electrical stability was investigated at different instances of time after thermal and solar irradiance treatment. The trilayer composite was found [...] Read more.

The trilayer composite was fabricated by combining functional layers of fumed SiO₂, thiol-ene, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS). Optical, scratch-healing, non-wetting, and electrical stability was investigated at different instances of time after thermal and solar irradiance treatment. The trilayer composite was found to be optically stable and highly transparent for visible light after thermal and irradiance treatment for 25 h. Both treatment processes had a minor effect on the shape-memory assisted scratch-healing performance of the trilayer composite. Thermal treatment and solar irradiance did not affect the superhydrophobic properties (contact angle 170 ± 1°) of the trilayer composite. The sheet resistance increased from 90 ± 3 Ω/square (initial) to 109 ± 3 Ω/square (thermal) and 149 ± 3 Ω/square (irradiance) after 25 h of treatment, which was considered as not significant change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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15 pages, 2234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simultaneous Determination of Refractive Index and Thickness of Submicron Optical Polymer Films from Transmission Spectra

by Víctor Bonal, José A. Quintana, José M. Villalvilla, Rafael Muñoz-Mármol, Jose C. Mira-Martínez, Pedro G. Boj, María E. Cruz, Yolanda Castro and María A. Díaz-García

Polymers 2021, 13(15), 2545; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13152545 - 31 Jul 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4354

Abstract

High-transparency polymers, called optical polymers (OPs), are used in many thin-film devices, for which the knowledge of film thickness (h) and refractive index (n) is generally required. Spectrophotometry is a cost-effective, simple and fast non-destructive method often used to [...] Read more.

High-transparency polymers, called optical polymers (OPs), are used in many thin-film devices, for which the knowledge of film thickness (h) and refractive index (n) is generally required. Spectrophotometry is a cost-effective, simple and fast non-destructive method often used to determine these parameters simultaneously, but its application is limited to films where h > 500 nm. Here, a simple spectrophotometric method is reported to obtain simultaneously the n and h of a sub-micron OP film (down to values of a few tenths of a nm) from its transmission spectrum. The method is valid for any OP where the n dispersion curve follows a two-coefficient Cauchy function and complies with a certain equation involving n at two different wavelengths. Remarkably, such an equation is determined through the analysis of n data for a wide set of commercial OPs, and its general validity is demonstrated. Films of various OPs (pristine or doped with fluorescent compounds), typically used in applications such as thin-film organic lasers, are prepared, and n and h are simultaneously determined with the proposed procedure. The success of the method is confirmed with variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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15 pages, 6178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Waterborne Cross-Linkable Polyacrylate Latex Coatings with Good Water Resistance and Strength Stabilized by Modified Hectorite

by Yunfan Yang, Jinyang Chen, Guoli Ma and Dingqing Yang

Polymers 2021, 13(15), 2470; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13152470 - 27 Jul 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3010

Abstract

Polyacrylate emulsions were prepared by Pickering emulsion polymerization with multi-modified hectorite as a modifier. The proper wettability of modified hectorite and the stability of O/W emulsions prove that modified hectorite has good emulsification properties. The stability of polyacrylate latexes and the morphology of [...] Read more.

Polyacrylate emulsions were prepared by Pickering emulsion polymerization with multi-modified hectorite as a modifier. The proper wettability of modified hectorite and the stability of O/W emulsions prove that modified hectorite has good emulsification properties. The stability of polyacrylate latexes and the morphology of polymer latex particles were then investigated to explain the role of multi-modified hectorite in stabilizing polyacrylate latex. In addition, the improved mechanical properties and water resistance of the latex make it a potentially excellent coating. Multi-modified hectorite as an alternative modifier to conventional surfactants offers a potential application of nanosolid particles that meet the partial wetting conditions for water and oil as stabilizers for the production of latexes for coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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17 pages, 3707 KiB

Open AccessArticle

N-acylhydrazone Derivative-Loaded Cellulose Acetate Films: Thermoanalytical, Spectroscopic, Mechanical and Morphological Characterization

by Amaro César Lima de Assis, Lívia Maria Coelho de Carvalho Moreira, Beatriz Patrício Rocha, Milena Raissa Bezerra Pereira, Demis Ferreira de Melo, Ricardo Olímpio de Moura, Eduardo Pereira de Azevedo, João Augusto Oshiro-Junior and Bolívar Ponciano Goulart de Lima Damasceno

Polymers 2021, 13(14), 2345; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13142345 - 17 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2812

Abstract

Cellulose acetate (ACT) is one of the most important cellulose derivatives due to its biodegradability and low toxicity, presenting itself as one of the main substitutes for synthetic materials in the development of wound dressing films. The incorporation of a N-acylhydrazonic derivative (JR19), [...] Read more.

Cellulose acetate (ACT) is one of the most important cellulose derivatives due to its biodegradability and low toxicity, presenting itself as one of the main substitutes for synthetic materials in the development of wound dressing films. The incorporation of a N-acylhydrazonic derivative (JR19), with its promising anti-inflammatory activity, may represent an alternative for the treatment of skin wounds. This work aims to develop and to physicochemically and mechanically characterize ACT films containing JR19. The films were prepared using the ‘casting’ method and further characterized by thermoanalytical and spectroscopic techniques. In addition, mechanical tests and morphological analysis were performed. Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses showed that the thermal events attributed to excipients and films were similar, indicating the absence of physical incompatibilities between ACT and JR19. Infrared spectroscopy showed that JR19 was incorporated into ACT films. The characteristic band attributed to C≡N (2279 to 2264 cm⁻¹) was observed in the spectra of JR19, in that of the physical mixture of JR19/ACT, and, to a lesser extent, in the spectra of JR19 incorporated into the ACT film, suggesting some interaction between JR19 and ACT. X-ray diffraction (XRD) evidenced the suppression of the crystallinity of JR19 (diffraction peaks at 8.54°, 12.80°, 14.09°, 16.08°, 18.19°, 22.65°, 23.59°, 24.53°, 25.70°, 28.16° and 30.27°2θ) after incorporation into ACT films. The mechanical tests indicated the adequate integrity of the films and their resistance to bending. The morphological characterization showed JR19 crystals along with a homogeneously distributed porous structure throughout the surface of the films with an average diameter of 21.34 µm and 22.65 µm of the films alone and of those incorporating JR19F, respectively. This study was able to characterize the ACT films incorporating JR19, showing their potential to be further developed as wound healing dressings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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10 pages, 1874 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Auto-Disinfectant Acrylic Paints Functionalised with Triclosan and Isoborneol—Antibacterial Assessment

by Micaela Machado Querido, Ivo Paulo, Sriram Hariharakrishnan, Daniel Rocha, Cristiana Costa Pereira, Nuno Barbosa, João Moura Bordado, João Paulo Teixeira and Rui Galhano dos Santos

Polymers 2021, 13(13), 2197; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132197 - 1 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2904

Abstract

Environmental surface contamination with microorganisms is a serious concern worldwide. Triclosan and isoborneol present good antimicrobial activity. Their immobilisation to paint substrates allows for development of a material that stays effective over a longer time. In this work, we disclosed the preliminary studies [...] Read more.

Environmental surface contamination with microorganisms is a serious concern worldwide. Triclosan and isoborneol present good antimicrobial activity. Their immobilisation to paint substrates allows for development of a material that stays effective over a longer time. In this work, we disclosed the preliminary studies to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the active molecule after being functionalised with isocyanates for further immobilisation on the paint substrate. Overall, the newly developed non-release antimicrobial coating provides an effective way of preventing the spread of diseases and has been proven to inhibit bacterial growth and with a considerable antimicrobial activity towards S. aureus, E. coli, and K. variicola at the tested concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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12 pages, 2019 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of the Temperature and Moisture to the Permeation Properties of PEO-Based Membranes for Carbon-Dioxide Separation

by Dragutin Nedeljkovic

Polymers 2021, 13(13), 2053; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132053 - 23 Jun 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1906

Abstract

An increased demand for energy in recent decades has caused an increase in the emissions of combustion products, among which carbon-dioxide is the most harmful. As carbon-dioxide induces negative environmental effects, like global warming and the greenhouse effect, a decrease of the carbon-dioxide [...] Read more.

An increased demand for energy in recent decades has caused an increase in the emissions of combustion products, among which carbon-dioxide is the most harmful. As carbon-dioxide induces negative environmental effects, like global warming and the greenhouse effect, a decrease of the carbon-dioxide emission has emerged as one of the most urgent tasks in engineering. In this work, the possibility for the application of the polymer-based, dense, mixed matrix membranes for flue gas treatment was tested. The task was to test a potential decrease in the permeability and selectivity of a mixed-matrix membrane in the presence of moisture and at elevated temperature. Membranes are based on two different poly(ethylene oxide)-based polymers filled with two different zeolite powders (ITR and IWS). An additive of detergent type was added to improve the contact properties between the zeolite and polymer matrix. The measurements were performed at three different temperatures (30, 60, and 90 °C) under wet conditions, with partial pressure of the water equal to the vapor pressure of the water at the given temperature. The permeability of carbon-dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen was measured, and the selectivity of the carbon-dioxide versus other gases was determined. Obtained results have shown that an increase of temperature and partial pressure of the vapor slightly increase both the selectivity and permeability of the synthesized membranes. It was also shown that the addition of the zeolite powder increases the permeability of carbon-dioxide while maintaining the selectivity, compared to hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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8 pages, 1971 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Free-Standing Composite Films Based on Thiol-Ene and PEDOT: PSS Layers for Optoelectronic Applications

by Brigita Abakevičienė, Asta Guobienė, Dalius Jucius and Algirdas Lazauskas

Polymers 2021, 13(8), 1299; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081299 - 15 Apr 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1956

Abstract

Free-standing composite films were fabricated by combining the plane parallel layers of thiol-ene based on pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate)-1,3,5-triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (PETMP-TTT) UV curable polymer and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) conductive polymer. A systematic analysis was performed with the focus on mechanical performance of the free-standing composite films. [...] Read more.

Free-standing composite films were fabricated by combining the plane parallel layers of thiol-ene based on pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate)-1,3,5-triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (PETMP-TTT) UV curable polymer and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) conductive polymer. A systematic analysis was performed with the focus on mechanical performance of the free-standing composite films. The PEDOT:PSS/PETMP-TTT composite exhibited higher values of adhesion force compared to the free-standing PETMP-TTT film due to hydrophilic nature of the PEDOT:PSS layer. The composite was found to be highly transparent in the range of 380–800 nm. The Young’s modulus and tensile strength of PETMP-TTT were found to be 3.6 ± 0.4 GPa and 19 ± 3 MPa, while for PEDOT:PSS/PETMP-TTT to be 3.5 ± 0.3 GPa and 20 ± 3 MPa, respectively. The sheet resistance values of the PEDOT:PSS layer in the composite film were found to be highly stable after a number of bending iterations with slight increase in sheet resistance from 108 to 118 ± 2 Ω/□. The resultant PEDOT:PSS/PETMP-TTT composite can be further used in optoelectronic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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23 pages, 2806 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advancements of Polysaccharides to Enhance Quality and Delay Ripening of Fresh Produce: A Review

by Wen Xia Ling Felicia, Kobun Rovina, Md Nasir Nur’Aqilah, Joseph Merillyn Vonnie, Kana Husna Erna, Mailin Misson and Nur Fatihah Abdul Halid

Polymers 2022, 14(7), 1341; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14071341 - 25 Mar 2022

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7122

Abstract

The freshness of fruits and vegetables plays a significant role in consumers’ decision to purchase a product at the supermarket. Fresh-cut products are the latest trend in fulfilling society’s restless needs, and the food industry is faced with the challenge of maintaining the [...] Read more.

The freshness of fruits and vegetables plays a significant role in consumers’ decision to purchase a product at the supermarket. Fresh-cut products are the latest trend in fulfilling society’s restless needs, and the food industry is faced with the challenge of maintaining the quality of fresh produce. The food industry is concerned with the natural maturation and degradation of fruits and vegetables, primarily due to enzymatic reactions. It has been demonstrated that polysaccharide coatings effectively preserve the freshness of these products, extending their shelf life depending on the preservation method used. This review informs readers about the different types of polysaccharides and their novel applications as natural food preservatives in the past five years (2018–2022). The key findings summarized the properties of the antimicrobial agent, the molecular mechanism of action, coating methods, and formulation for the preservation approach. Additionally, we discuss the scientific factors influencing polysaccharide processing and preservation efficacy, allowing it to be used in post-harvest management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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38 pages, 7475 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of the Common Deposition Methods of Thin-Film Pentacene, Its Derivatives, and Their Performance

by Yusniza Yunus, Nurul Adlin Mahadzir, Mohamed Nainar Mohamed Ansari, Tg Hasnan Tg Abd Aziz, Atiqah Mohd Afdzaluddin, Hafeez Anwar, Mingqing Wang and Ahmad Ghadafi Ismail

Polymers 2022, 14(6), 1112; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14061112 - 10 Mar 2022

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 8181

Abstract

Pentacene is a well-known conjugated organic molecule with high mobility and a sensitive photo response. It is widely used in electronic devices, such as in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), photodetectors, and smart sensors. With the development of flexible and [...] Read more.

Pentacene is a well-known conjugated organic molecule with high mobility and a sensitive photo response. It is widely used in electronic devices, such as in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), photodetectors, and smart sensors. With the development of flexible and wearable electronics, the deposition of good-quality pentacene films in large-scale organic electronics at the industrial level has drawn more research attention. Several methods are used to deposit pentacene thin films. The thermal evaporation technique is the most frequently used method for depositing thin films, as it has low contamination rates and a well-controlled deposition rate. Solution-processable methods such as spin coating, dip coating, and inkjet printing have also been widely studied because they enable large-scale deposition and low-cost fabrication of devices. This review summarizes the deposition principles and control parameters of each deposition method for pentacene and its derivatives. Each method is discussed in terms of experimentation and theory. Based on film quality and device performance, the review also provides a comparison of each method to provide recommendations for specific device applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Films)

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