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Silicon-Based Polymers and Materials
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Silicon-Based Polymers and Materials

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2022) | Viewed by 35923

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jerzy J. Chruściel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Textile Research Institute, Brzezińska Str. 5/15, 92-103 Łódź, Poland
Interests: polymer science; organosilicon chemistry and technology; synthesis and characterization of polymers and polymeric materials; nanotechnology; chemical modification of textile materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A pure silicon is a basic electronic material for a production of computer chips. Silicones (polysiloxanes), containing silicon and oxygen atoms in their main chains and organic substituents bound to silicon, are a large and most important group of various inorganic-organic (hybrid) compounds and materials. Silicones play an important role among polymers with special properties, because they possess many unusual features. Silicones exhibit excellent chemical, physical, and electrical properties. A very important group of organosilicon polymers are poly(dimethylsiloxanes) (PDMS). Silicones are mainly applied as oils, rubbers, and resins (W. Noll, 1968; M.A. Brook, 2000; P. Rościszewski & M. Zielecka, 2002). Even an addition of  a very small amount of silicones causes a crucial improvement of properties of modified materials. Most importantly: silicones increase hydrophobicity and improve water resistance and thermal stability of many materials. Similar positive effects on properties of polymers and other materials can be reached by the addition of reactive silanes, siloxanes, silsesquioxanes, and silicates, which are very often used in practice for the modification of polymeric and inorganic materials. An important practical meaning has also other organosilicon polymers (especially, polysilanes, polycarbosilanes, and polysilazanes), and many functional silanes of different chemical structures containing reactive groups, mostly bound to silicon atom, but also quite often attached to carbon atom.

A continuously growing interest in applications of reactive silanes, all kinds of silicones, chemically modified nanosilica, different composites, silicon photovoltaic cells, and silicon nanowires has been still observed in many different fields of science, the chemical technology, and especially in materials science.

Dr. Jerzy J. Chruściel
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • silicon-based polymers and materials
  • chemistry and technology of silicones
  • applications of silane coupling agents
  • silicones
  • silsesquioxanes
  • silicates in materials science

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 1991 KiB  
Article
Features of Functionalization of the Surface of Alumina Nanofibers by Hydrolysis of Organosilanes on Surface Hydroxyl Groups
by Mikhail M. Simunin, Anton S. Voronin, Yurii V. Fadeev, Yurii L. Mikhlin, Denis A. Lizunov, Alexandr S. Samoilo, Dmitrii Yu. Chirkov, Svetlana Yu. Voronina and Stas V. Khartov
Polymers 2021, 13(24), 4374; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13244374 - 14 Dec 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3442
Abstract
Small additions of nanofiber materials make it possible to change the properties of polymers. However, the uniformity of the additive distribution and the strength of its bond with the polymer matrix are determined by the surface of the nanofibers. Silanes, in particular, allow [...] Read more.
Small additions of nanofiber materials make it possible to change the properties of polymers. However, the uniformity of the additive distribution and the strength of its bond with the polymer matrix are determined by the surface of the nanofibers. Silanes, in particular, allow you to customize the surface for better interaction with the matrix. The aim of our work is to study an approach to silanization of nanofibers of aluminum oxide to obtain a perfect interface between the additive and the matrix. The presence of target silanes on the surface of nanofibers was shown by XPS methods. The presence of functional groups on the surface of nanofibers was also shown by the methods of simultaneous thermal analysis, and the stoichiometry of functional groups with respect to the initial hydroxyl groups was studied. The number of functional groups precipitated from silanes is close to the number of the initial hydroxyl groups, which indicates a high uniformity of the coating in the proposed method of silanization. The presented technology for silanizing alumina nanofibers is an important approach to the subsequent use of this additive in various polymer matrices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Silicon-Based Polymers and Materials)
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11 pages, 52771 KiB  
Article
Crosslinked Fluorinated Poly(arylene ether)s with POSS: Synthesis and Conversion to High-Performance Polymers
by Yashu He, Jingting Wang, Igor S. Sirotin, Vyacheslav V. Kireev and Jianxin Mu
Polymers 2021, 13(20), 3489; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13203489 - 11 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1961
Abstract
This study reports on a series of crosslinked poly(arylene ether)s with POSS in the main chain. The fluorinated and terminated poly(arylene ether)s were first synthesized by the nucleophilic reaction of diphenol POSS and decafluorodiphenyl monomers, including decafluorobiphenyl, decaflurobenzophenone, and decafluorodiphenyl sulfone. They were [...] Read more.
This study reports on a series of crosslinked poly(arylene ether)s with POSS in the main chain. The fluorinated and terminated poly(arylene ether)s were first synthesized by the nucleophilic reaction of diphenol POSS and decafluorodiphenyl monomers, including decafluorobiphenyl, decaflurobenzophenone, and decafluorodiphenyl sulfone. They were then reacted with 3-hydroxyphenyl acetylene to produce phenylacetylene-terminated poly(arylene ether)s. The polymers were of excellent processability. When heated to a high temperature, the polymers converted into a crosslinked network, exhibiting a low range of dielectric constant from 2.17 to 2.58 at 1 HMz, strong resistance against chemical solutions, low dielectric losses, and good thermal and hydrophobic properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Silicon-Based Polymers and Materials)
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18 pages, 8357 KiB  
Article
Surface Recovery Investigation of Silicone Rubber Composites for Outdoor Electrical Insulation under Accelerated Temperature and Humidity
by M. Hassan Raza, Abraiz Khattak, Asghar Ali, Safi Ullah Butt, Bilal Iqbal, Abasin Ulasyar, Ahmad Aziz Alahmadi, Nasim Ullah and Adam Khan
Polymers 2021, 13(18), 3024; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183024 - 7 Sep 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3190
Abstract
Degradation of silicon rubber due to heat and humidity affect its performance in outdoor applications. To analyze the effects of high temperature and humidity on room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber (SiR) and its composites, this study was performed. Five different sample compositions [...] Read more.
Degradation of silicon rubber due to heat and humidity affect its performance in outdoor applications. To analyze the effects of high temperature and humidity on room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber (SiR) and its composites, this study was performed. Five different sample compositions including neat silicone rubber (nSiR), microcomposites (15 wt% silica(SMC 15% SiO2) and 15 wt% ATH(SMC 15% ATH), nanocomposite (2.5 wt% silica(SNC 2.5% SiO2) and hybrid composite (10 wt% micro alumina trihydrate with 2 wt% nano silica(SMNC 10% ATH 2% SiO2) were prepared and subjected to 70 ˚C temperature and 80% relative humidity in an environmental chamber for 120 h. Contact angle, optical microscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were employed to analyze the recovery properties before and after applying stresses. Different trends of degradation and recovery were observed for different concentrations of composites. Addition of fillers improved the overall performance of composites and SMC 15% ATH composite performed better than other composites. For high temperature and humidity, the ATH-based microcomposite was recommended over silica due to its superior thermal retardation properties of ATH. It has been proved that ATH filler is able to withstand high temperature and humidity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Silicon-Based Polymers and Materials)
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17 pages, 28004 KiB  
Article
Hard Coating Materials Based on Photo-Reactive Silsesquioxane for Flexible Application: Improvement of Flexible and Hardness Properties by High Molecular Weight
by Jong Tae Leem, Woong Cheol Seok, Ji Beom Yoo, Sangkug Lee and Ho Jun Song
Polymers 2021, 13(10), 1564; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13101564 - 13 May 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5302
Abstract
EPOSS of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) mixture structure and LPSQ of ladder-like polysilsesquioxane (LPSQ) structure were synthesized via sol–gel reaction. EPSQ had a high molecular weight due to polycondensation by potassium carbonate. The EPSQ film showed uniform surface morphology due to regular double-stranded [...] Read more.
EPOSS of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) mixture structure and LPSQ of ladder-like polysilsesquioxane (LPSQ) structure were synthesized via sol–gel reaction. EPSQ had a high molecular weight due to polycondensation by potassium carbonate. The EPSQ film showed uniform surface morphology due to regular double-stranded structure. In contrast, the EPOSS-coated film showed nonuniform surface morphology due to strong aggregation. Due to the aggregation, the EPOSS film had shorter d-spacing (d1) than the EPSQ film in XRD analysis. In pencil hardness and nanoindentation analysis, EPSQ film showed higher hardness than the EPOSS film due to regular double-stranded structure. In addition, in the in-folding (r = 0.5 mm) and out-folding (r = 5 mm) tests, the EPSQ film did not crack unlike the EPOSS coated film. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Silicon-Based Polymers and Materials)
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17 pages, 4511 KiB  
Article
Properties of Silicone Rubber-Based Composites Reinforced with Few-Layer Graphene and Iron Oxide or Titanium Dioxide
by Vineet Kumar, Anuj Kumar, Minseok Song, Dong-Joo Lee, Sung-Soo Han and Sang-Shin Park
Polymers 2021, 13(10), 1550; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13101550 - 12 May 2021
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4786
Abstract
The increasing demand for polymer composites with novel or improved properties requires novel fillers. To meet the challenges posed, nanofillers such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and titanium dioxide (TiO2) have been used. In the present work, few-layer graphene (FLG) and iron [...] Read more.
The increasing demand for polymer composites with novel or improved properties requires novel fillers. To meet the challenges posed, nanofillers such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and titanium dioxide (TiO2) have been used. In the present work, few-layer graphene (FLG) and iron oxide (Fe3O4) or TiO2 were used as fillers in a room-temperature-vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber (SR) matrix. Composites were prepared by mixing RTV-SR with nanofillers and then kept for vulcanization at room temperature for 24 h. The RTV-SR composites obtained were characterized with respect to their mechanical, actuation, and magnetic properties. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was performed to investigate the composite raw materials and finished composites, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was used to study composite surface elemental compositions. Results showed that mechanical properties were improved by adding fillers, and actuation displacements were dependent on the type of nanofiller used and the applied voltage. Magnetic stress-relaxation also increased with filler amount and stress-relaxation rates decreased when a magnetic field was applied parallel to the deformation axes. Thus, this study showed that the inclusion of iron oxide (Fe3O4) or TiO2 fillers in RTV-SR improves mechanical, actuation, and magnetic properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Silicon-Based Polymers and Materials)
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15 pages, 4375 KiB  
Article
Novel Organochlorinated Xerogels: From Microporous Materials to Ordered Domains
by Guillermo Cruz-Quesada, Maialen Espinal-Viguri, María Victoria López-Ramón and Julián J. Garrido
Polymers 2021, 13(9), 1415; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13091415 - 27 Apr 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2334
Abstract
Hybrid silica xerogels combine the properties of organic and inorganic components in the same material, making them highly promising and versatile candidates for multiple applications. They can be tailored for specific purposes through chemical modifications, and the consequent changes in their structures warrant [...] Read more.
Hybrid silica xerogels combine the properties of organic and inorganic components in the same material, making them highly promising and versatile candidates for multiple applications. They can be tailored for specific purposes through chemical modifications, and the consequent changes in their structures warrant in-depth investigation. We describe the synthesis of three new series of organochlorinated xerogels prepared by co-condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and chloroalkyltriethoxysilane (ClRTEOS; R = methyl [M], ethyl [E], or propyl [P]) at different molar ratios. The influence of the precursors on the morphological and textural properties of the xerogels was studied using 29Si NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), N2, and CO2 adsorption, XRD (X-ray Diffraction), and FE-SEM (Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy). The structure and morphology of these materials are closely related to the nature and amount of the precursor, and their microporosity increases proportionally to the molar percentage of ClRTEOS. In addition, the influence of the chlorine atom was investigated through comparison with their non-chlorinated analogues (RTEOS, R = M, E, or P) prepared in previous studies. The results showed that a smaller amount of precursor was needed to detect ordered domains (ladders and T8 cages) in the local structure. The possibility of coupling self-organization with tailored porosity opens the way to novel applications for this type of organically modified silicates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Silicon-Based Polymers and Materials)
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14 pages, 2976 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Zinc Waste Filler on the Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Silicone-Based Composites
by Maciej Mrówka, Anna Woźniak, Seweryn Prężyna and Sebastian Sławski
Polymers 2021, 13(4), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13040585 - 15 Feb 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2931
Abstract
Silicones are often used for various types of coatings, but due to their poor mechanical properties, they often require modification to meet specific requirements. At the same time, various production processes throughout the world generate different types of waste, the disposal of which [...] Read more.
Silicones are often used for various types of coatings, but due to their poor mechanical properties, they often require modification to meet specific requirements. At the same time, various production processes throughout the world generate different types of waste, the disposal of which is harmful to the environment. One possible solution is to use production waste as a filler. In this paper, the authors investigated how the use of metallurgical production waste products as fillers changed the mechanical properties of silicone composites prepared by casting. Composite samples were characterized using tensile tests, resilience, pin-on-disc, Schopper–Schlobach abrasion, hardness, and density measurements. Based on the obtained results, the authors assessed the effect of each of the fillers used in different weight proportions. The results showed that the silicone composite filled with 5 wt% zinc dust showed the lowest decrease in tensile strength and Young’s modulus, with a simultaneous significant reduction in abrasion compared with the reference sample. This research shows that zinc waste can be successfully introduced into a silicone matrix in cases where it is important to reduce abrasive wear. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Silicon-Based Polymers and Materials)
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Review

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38 pages, 1817 KiB  
Review
Modifications of Textile Materials with Functional Silanes, Liquid Silicone Softeners, and Silicone Rubbers—A Review
by Jerzy J. Chruściel
Polymers 2022, 14(20), 4382; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14204382 - 17 Oct 2022
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 9196
Abstract
General information concerning different kinds of chemical additives used in the textile industry has been described in this paper. The properties and applications of organofunctional silanes and polysiloxanes (silicones) for chemical and physical modifications of textile materials have been reviewed, with a focus [...] Read more.
General information concerning different kinds of chemical additives used in the textile industry has been described in this paper. The properties and applications of organofunctional silanes and polysiloxanes (silicones) for chemical and physical modifications of textile materials have been reviewed, with a focus on silicone softeners, silane, and silicones-based superhydrophobic finishes and coatings on textiles composed of silicone elastomers and rubbers. The properties of textile materials modified with silanes and silicones and their practical and potential applications, mainly in the textile industry, have been discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Silicon-Based Polymers and Materials)
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