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New Polymeric Materials Modified with Silicones, Functional Silanes, Silica and Silicates

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 June 2023) | Viewed by 10187

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jerzy J. Chruściel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network – Lodz Institute of Technology, Brzezińska 5/15, 92-103 Łódź, Poland
Interests: science and technology of polymers and plastics, with focus on chemistry and technology of organosilicon, organo-metallic and inorganic polymers (silicones, etc.); silane coupling agents (SCA); synthesis of functional silanes, polymers and their characterization; modification of inorganic fillers with functional silanes, silicates and silicones; modification of polymers and polymeric materials by chemical and physical methods; epoxy resins, polyurethane foams, fire resistant polymers and composites, nanocomposites; chemical and antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) modifications of properties of textile materials, barrier protection of textiles and garments against UV radiation, preparation of polymeric membranes for water desalination and purification
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Many functional silanes and carbofunctional silanes of different chemical structures are used for modification of surface properties of different polymeric and inorganic materials, e.g., fillers.

Silicones (polysiloxanes), containing silicon and oxygen atoms in their main chains and organic substituents bound to silicon are a large and important group of various inorganic–organic (hybrid) compounds and materials. Mainly poly(dimethylsiloxanes) (PDMS) are used. Silicones are applied as oils, rubbers, and resins (W. Noll, 1968; M.A. Brook, 2000). They have many unusual features—they exhibit excellent chemical, physical, and electrical properties, for instance, and the addition of even a very small amount of silicones leads to a crucial improvement of properties of modified materials. Silicones increase the hydrophobicity and improve the water resistance and thermal stability of many materials.

Other organosilicon polymers, and especially polysilanes, polycarbosilanes, and polysilazanes, are raw materials for fabrication of polymer-derived high-tech ceramic materials. Silicon-based polymers and polymeric materials as well as reactive silane coupling agents (SCA) are used in many fields—from industry through everyday life commodity goods and cosmetics to medicine. Their universal properties mean that they are very useful and attractive materials and components in a very wide range of products.

A continuously growing interest in applications of reactive silanes, all kinds of silicones, chemically modified nanosilica, different composites, silicon photovoltaic cells, and silicon nanowires is continuously observed in many different fields of science, chemical technology, and especially in materials science.

A semiconductive silicon as a basic electronic material is used for the production of computer chips and other electronic devices, while high-purity silicon is used for the fabrication of chlorosilane monomers (in a so-called direct process), applied in silicone technology. Original contributions and reviews are welcome.

Dr. Jerzy J. Chruściel
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • silicon containing polymers and materials
  • chemistry and technology of silicones
  • applications of silane coupling agents
  • silicones
  • silsesquioxanes
  • silane coupling agents (SCA)
  • silica fillers
  • silicates in materials science
  • polymeric composite materials

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 19255 KiB  
Article
Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Polyester, Polylactide, and Cotton Nonwovens and Fabrics, by Means of Stable Aqueous Dispersions Containing Copper Silicate and Some Metal Oxides
by Jerzy J. Chruściel, Joanna Olczyk, Marcin H. Kudzin, Piotr Kaczmarek, Paulina Król and Nina Tarzyńska
Materials 2023, 16(16), 5647; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165647 - 16 Aug 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1881
Abstract
Literature reviews have described the applications of silver, copper, and zinc ions and metallic particles of Cu, Ti, and Zn oxides, which have been found to be useful antimicrobial reagents for the biofunctionalization of various materials and their surfaces. For this purpose, compositions [...] Read more.
Literature reviews have described the applications of silver, copper, and zinc ions and metallic particles of Cu, Ti, and Zn oxides, which have been found to be useful antimicrobial reagents for the biofunctionalization of various materials and their surfaces. For this purpose, compositions of water dispersions containing emulsions of synthetic copolymers based on acrylic and vinyl monomers, polysaccharides (hydroxyethyl cellulose and starch), and various additives with wetting and stabilizing properties were used. Many stable water dispersions of different chemical compositions containing bioactive chemical compounds (copper silicate hydrate, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide (and other auxiliary substances)) were developed. They were used for the preparation of thin hybrid coatings having good antimicrobial properties against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), and yeast fungus (Candida albicans). Polyester (PES) and polylactide (PLA) nonwovens were modified using the dip-coating method, while PES and cotton fabrics were biofunctionalized by means of dip-coating and coating methods. The antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) properties of the textile materials (nonwovens and fabrics) biofunctionalized with the above-mentioned bioactive agents exhibiting antimicrobial properties (CuSiO3, TiO2, ZnO, or ZnO∙SiO2) were strongly dependent on the agents’ content in the water dispersions. The PES and PLA nonwovens, modified on the surface with water compositions containing copper silicate hydrate, showed good antibacterial properties against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, even at a content of 1 wt.% CuSiO3∙xH2O, and against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, at the content of at least 5 wt.% CuSiO3∙xH2O. The bacterial growth reduction factor (R) was greater than 99% for most of the samples tested. Good antifungal properties against the fungus Candida albicans were found for the PES and PLA nonwoven fabrics modified with dispersions containing 5–7 wt.% CuSiO3∙xH2O and 4.2–5.0 wt.% TiO2. The addition of TiO2 led to a significant improvement in the antifungal properties of the PES and PLA nonwovens modified in this way. For the samples of PES WIFP-270 and FS F-5 nonwovens, modified with water dispersions containing 5.0 wt.% CuSiO3∙xH2O and 4.2–5.0 wt.% TiO2, the growth reduction factor for the fungus Candida albicans (R) reached values in the range of 80.9–98.0%. These new biofunctionalized polymeric nonwoven textile materials can find practical applications in the manufacture of filters for hospital air-conditioning systems and for the automotive industry, as well as in air purification devices. Moreover, similar antimicrobial modification of fabrics with the dip-coating or coating methods can be applied, for example, in the fabrication of fungi- and mold-resistant garden furniture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Polymeric Materials Modified with Silicones, Functional Silanes, Silica and Silicates)
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9 pages, 1399 KiB  
Communication
An Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Two Kinds of Silicone Resins Containing Ladder Segments by Chemical Modification with Trimethylborate
by Alexei V. Kalinin and Vjacheslav V. Zuev
Materials 2023, 16(8), 3072; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083072 - 13 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1419
Abstract
We suggest a new method for postsynthesis modification of silicones containing silanol groups. It was found that trimethylborate is an effective catalyst for dehydrative condensation of silanol groups with the formation of ladder-like blocks. The utility of this approach was demonstrated on postsynthesis [...] Read more.
We suggest a new method for postsynthesis modification of silicones containing silanol groups. It was found that trimethylborate is an effective catalyst for dehydrative condensation of silanol groups with the formation of ladder-like blocks. The utility of this approach was demonstrated on postsynthesis modification of poly-(block poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block ladder-like poly(phenylsiloxane)) and poly-(block poly((3,3′,3″-trifluoropropyl-methyl)siloxane)-block ladder-like poly(phenylsiloxane) with a combination of linear and ladder-like blocks having silanol groups. The postsynthesis modification leads to a 75% increase in tensile strength and 116% elongation on break in comparison with the starting polymer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Polymeric Materials Modified with Silicones, Functional Silanes, Silica and Silicates)
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13 pages, 8498 KiB  
Article
Starch-Directed Synthesis of Worm-Shaped Silica Microtubes
by Yang Chen and Michael A. Brook
Materials 2023, 16(7), 2831; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072831 - 2 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1563
Abstract
Many strategies have been adopted to prepare silica materials with highly controlled structures, typically using sol–gel chemistry. Frequently, the alkoxysilanes used in sol–gel chemistry are based on monoalcohols, e.g., Si(OEt)4. The structural control over silica synthesis achieved by these precursors is [...] Read more.
Many strategies have been adopted to prepare silica materials with highly controlled structures, typically using sol–gel chemistry. Frequently, the alkoxysilanes used in sol–gel chemistry are based on monoalcohols, e.g., Si(OEt)4. The structural control over silica synthesis achieved by these precursors is highly sensitive to pH and solvency. Alkoxysilanes derived from the sugar alcohol glycerol (diglycerylsilane) react more slowly and with much less sensitivity to pH. We report that, in the presence of cooled aqueous starch solutions, glyceroxysilanes undergo transesterification with the sugars on starch, leading to (hollow) microtubules resembling worms of about 400 nm in diameter. The tubes arise from the pre-assembly of starch bundles, which occurs only well below room temperature. It is straightforward to treat the first-formed starch/silica composite with the enzyme amylase to, in a programmed fashion, increasingly expose porosity, including the worm morphology, while washing away untethered silica and digested starch to leave an open, highly porous materials. Sintering at 600 °C completely removes the starch silane moieties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Polymeric Materials Modified with Silicones, Functional Silanes, Silica and Silicates)
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23 pages, 4873 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Bio-Based Silicone Coatings with Anti-adhesive Properties
by Maria Nowacka, Anna Kowalewska, Anna Rygala, Dorota Kregiel and Witold Kaczorowski
Materials 2023, 16(4), 1381; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041381 - 7 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2388
Abstract
Hybrid polysiloxanes and polysilsesquioxanes grafted with naturally occurring bioactive phytochemicals: eugenol and linalool, were synthesized and investigated with regard to their structure and properties. The two series of materials, differing in the type of inorganic structure and the content of active groups, were [...] Read more.
Hybrid polysiloxanes and polysilsesquioxanes grafted with naturally occurring bioactive phytochemicals: eugenol and linalool, were synthesized and investigated with regard to their structure and properties. The two series of materials, differing in the type of inorganic structure and the content of active groups, were coated onto the surface of glass plates, and their antibiofilm activities against bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila were assessed by luminometry and fluorescence microscopy. Bioactivity was correlated with specific properties of the hybrid coatings (chemical structure, surface free energy and adhesiveness). The functionalized polysilsesquioxanes exhibited the most favorable anti-adhesive effects. Cell adhesion after 6 days of incubation, expressed as RLU/cm2, was significantly reduced (44 and 67 for, respectively, Z-E-100 and Z-L-100, compared to 517 for the control glass carrier). The surface stickiness of polysiloxane films deteriorated their anti-adhesion properties, despite the presence of a large amount of bioactive species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Polymeric Materials Modified with Silicones, Functional Silanes, Silica and Silicates)
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19 pages, 5358 KiB  
Article
Hydro- and Icephobic Properties and Durability of Epoxy Gelcoat Modified with Double-Functionalized Polysiloxanes
by Katarzyna Ziętkowska, Rafał Kozera, Bartłomiej Przybyszewski, Anna Boczkowska, Bogna Sztorch, Daria Pakuła, Bogdan Marciniec and Robert Edward Przekop
Materials 2023, 16(2), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020875 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2280
Abstract
Anti-icing coatings have provided a very good alternative to current, uneconomic, active deicing methods, and their use would bring a number of significant benefits to many industries, such as aviation and energy. Some of the most promising icephobic surfaces are those with hydrophobic [...] Read more.
Anti-icing coatings have provided a very good alternative to current, uneconomic, active deicing methods, and their use would bring a number of significant benefits to many industries, such as aviation and energy. Some of the most promising icephobic surfaces are those with hydrophobic properties. However, the relationship between hydrophobicity and low ice adhesion is not yet clearly defined. In this work, chemical modification of an epoxy gelcoat with chemical modifiers from the group of double organofunctionalized polysiloxanes (generally called multifunctionalized organosilicon compounds (MFSCs)) was applied. The anti-icing properties of manufactured coatings were determined by means of measurements of shear strength between the ice layer and the modified surface, conducted using a tensile machine. In the work, tests were also performed on the roughness, wettability, and durability of the properties in an aging chamber. It was found that the performed modifications of the coating’s chemical composition by the addition of polysiloxanes enabled us to reduce ice adhesion by 51% and to increase the water contact angle by 14% in comparison to the neat gelcoat. A reduction in ice adhesion was also observed with the increasing water contact angle and with decreasing surface roughness. In addition, only one modification recorded an increase in ice adhesion after exposure in the aging chamber. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Polymeric Materials Modified with Silicones, Functional Silanes, Silica and Silicates)
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