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Magnetic Sensor and Its Applications
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Magnetic Sensor and Its Applications

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 June 2024) | Viewed by 36838

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Nicolò Marconato

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
Interests: magnetic sensors; magnetic diagnostics; embedded electrostatic sensors; electromagnetic modelling; high-voltage measurement and modelling; active control; nuclear fusion science and technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The capability to measure magnetic field and electric current flowing into a conductor makes magnetic sensors essential instruments in a wide range of applications, in industry, transport, medical diagnostics, and in fundamental research, from high-energy physics to space research. A broad selection of magnetic sensors exploiting different physical principles have been developed, which differ in sensitivity, measurement range, cost, etc.

On the other hand, different applications require different performances in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, bandwidth, dynamic range, etc. and are limited by different constraints, such as maximum dimensions, temperature range, allowed material, and so on. In addition, some applications are particularly demanding in terms of availability and robustness, thus requiring very special attention to the operating principle of the different possible solutions.

This Special Issue aims to gather the variety of pros and cons of the different technologies, along with the solutions adopted by the designers working on different applications, in order to highlight the improvements in the development, testing, and modeling of state-of-the-art magnetic sensors.

Therefore, we welcome the submission of articles reporting recent advances in sensor materials, sensor properties, sensor device concepts, sensor fabrication and testing techniques, calibration and control systems, as well as closely related topics.

Dr. Nicolò Marconato
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • static and low-frequency sensors
  • high-frequency sensors
  • sensor immunity
  • robust control
  • calibration and self-calibration methods
  • sensor arrays
  • high-temperature sensors
  • vacuum compatibility
  • radiation hard

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Published Papers (16 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 1693 KiB  
Article
Signal Processing Using a Circular Sensor Array to Measure the Torsional Angle of a Bolted Joint
by Thorben Schüthe, Karl-Ragmar Riemschneider and Andreas Meyer-Eschenbach
Sensors 2024, 24(9), 2719; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24092719 - 24 Apr 2024
Viewed by 944
Abstract
This study presents a new approach to determining the preload force of bolted joints. The concept involves measuring the torsional angle without contact. For this purpose, we present a circular magnetic sensor array integrated into the torque wrench. The torsional angle in bolted [...] Read more.
This study presents a new approach to determining the preload force of bolted joints. The concept involves measuring the torsional angle without contact. For this purpose, we present a circular magnetic sensor array integrated into the torque wrench. The torsional angle in bolted joints depends on the dimensions of the screw and the materials used and is typically less than four degrees. For this reason, one requirement is a high angular resolution so that a continuous recording of the torsion angle is feasible during the assembly process. This can be achieved using the circular sensor array and adapted signal processing methods. Two signal processing approaches are utilized. First, the direct method uses the discrete Fourier transformation to calculate the rotation angle from the signal phase. This approach is robust to signal distortion and does not depend on signal amplitude. Second, the method with a learning phase employs Gaussian process regression to minimize the angle error. In an experiment, both approaches were applied within a test bench and showed promising results. The direct method demonstrated a very good angular resolution without training and calibration. For mobile and less-complex applications where a reference system is unavailable, the direct method is preferable. However, in complex measurement systems where reference systems can be utilized initially, significant enhancements to an excellent resolution can be achieved through prior training. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensor and Its Applications)
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19 pages, 9285 KiB  
Article
Magnetic Sensor Angle Adjustment to Improve Corrosion under Insulation Detection
by Joseph Bailey, Gideon J. Gouws and Nicholas Long
Sensors 2024, 24(3), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030797 - 25 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1060
Abstract
A large portion of the pipe infrastructure used in the chemical processing industry is susceptible to corrosion under insulation (CUI). Eddy current-based magnetic sensing is one of the methods that can be used as an early detector of this corrosion. However, the large [...] Read more.
A large portion of the pipe infrastructure used in the chemical processing industry is susceptible to corrosion under insulation (CUI). Eddy current-based magnetic sensing is one of the methods that can be used as an early detector of this corrosion. However, the large sensor-to-pipe distances used in this method, due to the presence of insulation, limits the sensitivity to corrosion. This paper will describe the development of instrumentation and methods based on eddy current sensing with thin-film magnetic sensors. In particular, it focuses on the influence of the sensor angle relative to the radial magnetic field. The influence of this parameter on the amplitude of the measured signal was investigated by both finite element simulations and experimental observations. The measured magnetic field was found to be highly sensitive to small changes in sensor angle, with the estimated depth of a defect changing at a rate of 11.2 mm/degree of sensor rotation for small angles. It is also shown that a sensor aligned with the radial direction should be avoided, with an optimal sensor angle between 0.5 and 4 degrees. With the sensor in this angle range, the simulations have shown it should be possible to resolve the depth of corrosion to a resolution of 0.1 mm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensor and Its Applications)
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20 pages, 2776 KiB  
Article
Interactive Errors Analysis and Scale Factor Nonlinearity Reduction Methods for Lissajous Frequency Modulated MEMS Gyroscope
by Rui Li, Xiaoxu Wang, Kaichen Yan, Zhennan Chen, Zhengya Ma, Xiquan Wang, Ao Zhang and Qianbo Lu
Sensors 2023, 23(24), 9701; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249701 - 8 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1277
Abstract
Although the Lissajous frequency modulated (LFM) mode can improve the long-term and temperature stability of the scale factor (SF) for mode mismatch MEMS gyroscopes, its SF nonlinearity poses a significant limitation for full-scale accuracy maintenance. This paper examines the interaction effects among stiffness [...] Read more.
Although the Lissajous frequency modulated (LFM) mode can improve the long-term and temperature stability of the scale factor (SF) for mode mismatch MEMS gyroscopes, its SF nonlinearity poses a significant limitation for full-scale accuracy maintenance. This paper examines the interaction effects among stiffness coupling, system phase delay, readout demodulation phase shift, and velocity amplitude mismatch within the control process. Based on the completion of frequency difference control and demodulation phase matching, we clarify that the remaining stiffness coupling and residual system phase error are the primary factors influencing SF nonlinearity. Furthermore, SF nonlinearity is reduced through error compensation. On one hand, this paper suppresses stiffness coupling through the observation of the instantaneous frequency difference and the application of the quadrature voltage. On the other hand, system phase error is compensated by observing the amplitude control force and tuning the reference in the Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs). Subsequent simulations of these methods demonstrated a remarkable 97% reduction in SF nonlinearity within the measurement range of ±500°/s. In addition, an observed rule dictates that maintaining a sufficiently large frequency split effectively constrains the SF nonlinearity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensor and Its Applications)
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16 pages, 6658 KiB  
Article
Magnetic Signatures and Magnetization Mechanisms for Grinding Burns Detection and Evaluation
by Benjamin Ducharne, Gael Sebald, Hélène Petitpré, Hicham Lberni, Eric Wasniewski and Fan Zhang
Sensors 2023, 23(10), 4955; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104955 - 22 May 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1788
Abstract
Grinding thermal damages, commonly called grinding burns occur when the grinding energy generates too much heat. Grinding burns modify the local hardness and can be a source of internal stress. Grinding burns will shorten the fatigue life of steel components and lead to [...] Read more.
Grinding thermal damages, commonly called grinding burns occur when the grinding energy generates too much heat. Grinding burns modify the local hardness and can be a source of internal stress. Grinding burns will shorten the fatigue life of steel components and lead to severe failures. A typical way to detect grinding burns is the so-called nital etching method. This chemical technique is efficient but polluting. Methods based on the magnetization mechanisms are the alternative studied in this work. For this, two sets of structural steel specimens (18NiCr5-4 and X38Cr-Mo16-Tr) were metallurgically treated to induce increasing grinding burn levels. Hardness and surface stress pre-characterizations provided the study with mechanical data. Then, multiple magnetic responses (magnetic incremental permeability, magnetic Barkhausen noise, magnetic needle probe, etc.) were measured to establish the correlations between the magnetization mechanisms, the mechanical properties, and the grinding burn level. Owing to the experimental conditions and ratios between standard deviation and average values, mechanisms linked to the domain wall motions appear to be the most reliable. Coercivity obtained from the Barkhausen noise, or magnetic incremental permeability measurements, was revealed as the most correlated indicator (especially when the very strongly burned specimens were removed from the tested specimens list). Grinding burns, surface stress, and hardness were found to be weakly correlated. Thus, microstructural properties (dislocations, etc.) are suspected to be preponderant in the correlation with the magnetization mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensor and Its Applications)
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22 pages, 3158 KiB  
Article
A System to Track Stent Location in the Human Body by Fusing Magnetometer and Accelerometer Measurements
by Yifan Zhang, William W. Clark, Bryan Tillman, Young Jae Chun, Stephanie Liu and Sung Kwon Cho
Sensors 2023, 23(10), 4887; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104887 - 19 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1696
Abstract
This paper will introduce a simple locating system to track a stent when it is deployed into a human artery. The stent is proposed to achieve hemostasis for bleeding soldiers on the battlefield, where common surgical imaging equipment such as fluoroscopy systems are [...] Read more.
This paper will introduce a simple locating system to track a stent when it is deployed into a human artery. The stent is proposed to achieve hemostasis for bleeding soldiers on the battlefield, where common surgical imaging equipment such as fluoroscopy systems are not available. In the application of interest, the stent must be guided to the right location to avoid serious complications. The most important features are its relative accuracy and the ease by which it may be quickly set up and used in a trauma situation. The locating approach in this paper utilizes a magnet outside the human body as the reference and a magnetometer that will be deployed inside the artery with the stent. The sensor can detect its location in a coordinate system centered with the reference magnet. In practice, the main challenge is that the locating accuracy will be deteriorated by external magnetic interference, rotation of the sensor, and random noise. These causes of error are addressed in the paper to improve the locating accuracy and repeatability under various conditions. Finally, the system’s locating performance will be validated in benchtop experiments, where the effects of the disturbance-eliminating procedures will be addressed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensor and Its Applications)
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19 pages, 1027 KiB  
Article
Pilot Study: Magnetic Motion Analysis for Swallowing Detection Using MEMS Cantilever Actuators
by Johannes Hoffmann, Sebastian Roldan-Vasco, Karolin Krüger, Florian Niekiel, Clint Hansen, Walter Maetzler, Juan Rafael Orozco-Arroyave and Gerhard Schmidt
Sensors 2023, 23(7), 3594; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073594 - 30 Mar 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2382
Abstract
The swallowing process involves complex muscle coordination mechanisms. When alterations in such mechanisms are produced by neurological conditions or diseases, a swallowing disorder known as dysphagia occurs. The instrumental evaluation of dysphagia is currently performed by invasive and experience-dependent techniques. Otherwise, non-invasive magnetic [...] Read more.
The swallowing process involves complex muscle coordination mechanisms. When alterations in such mechanisms are produced by neurological conditions or diseases, a swallowing disorder known as dysphagia occurs. The instrumental evaluation of dysphagia is currently performed by invasive and experience-dependent techniques. Otherwise, non-invasive magnetic methods have proven to be suitable for various biomedical applications and might also be applicable for an objective swallowing assessment. In this pilot study, we performed a novel approach for deglutition evaluation based on active magnetic motion sensing with permanent magnet cantilever actuators. During the intake of liquids with different consistency, we recorded magnetic signals of relative movements between a stationary sensor and a body-worn actuator on the cricoid cartilage. Our results indicate the detection capability of swallowing-related movements in terms of a characteristic pattern. Consequently, the proposed technique offers the potential for dysphagia screening and biofeedback-based therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensor and Its Applications)
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13 pages, 6462 KiB  
Article
Mass-Manufacturable 3D Magnetic Force Sensor for Robotic Grasping and Slip Detection
by Théo Le Signor, Nicolas Dupré, Jeroen Didden, Eugene Lomakin and Gaël Close
Sensors 2023, 23(6), 3031; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063031 - 10 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4830
Abstract
The manipulation of delicate objects remains a key challenge in the development of industrial robotic grippers. Magnetic force sensing solutions, which provide the required sense of touch, have been demonstrated in previous work. The sensors feature a magnet embedded within a deformable elastomer, [...] Read more.
The manipulation of delicate objects remains a key challenge in the development of industrial robotic grippers. Magnetic force sensing solutions, which provide the required sense of touch, have been demonstrated in previous work. The sensors feature a magnet embedded within a deformable elastomer, which is mounted on top of a magnetometer chip. A key drawback of these sensors lies in the manufacturing process, which relies on the manual assembly of the magnet–elastomer transducer, impacting both the repeatability of measurements across sensors and the potential for a cost-effective solution through mass-manufacturing. In this paper, a magnetic force sensor solution is presented with an optimized manufacturing process that will facilitate mass production. The elastomer–magnet transducer was fabricated using injection molding, and the assembly of the transducer unit, on top of the magnetometer chip, was achieved using semiconductor manufacturing techniques. The sensor enables robust differential 3D force sensing within a compact footprint (5 mm × 4.4 mm × 4.6 mm). The measurement repeatability of these sensors was characterized over multiple samples and 300,000 loading cycles. This paper also showcases how the 3D high-speed sensing capabilities of these sensors can enable slip detection in industrial grippers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensor and Its Applications)
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14 pages, 7315 KiB  
Article
Study of Nonlinear Excitation Circuits for Fluxgate Magnetometer
by Chenhao Zhang, Yiming Zhang, Xuhong Wang and Hongyan Meng
Sensors 2023, 23(5), 2618; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052618 - 27 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2344
Abstract
This paper presents the common methods and corresponding drawbacks concerning nonlinear analysis of fluxgate excitation circuits and emphasizes the importance of nonlinear analysis for these circuits. With regard to the nonlinearity of the excitation circuit, this paper proposes the use of the core-measured [...] Read more.
This paper presents the common methods and corresponding drawbacks concerning nonlinear analysis of fluxgate excitation circuits and emphasizes the importance of nonlinear analysis for these circuits. With regard to the nonlinearity of the excitation circuit, this paper proposes the use of the core-measured hysteresis curve for mathematical analysis and the use of a nonlinear model that considers the coupling effect of the core and winding and influence of the historical magnetic field on the core for simulation analysis. The feasibility of mathematical calculations and simulation for the nonlinear study of fluxgate excitation circuit is verified via experiments. The results demonstrate that, in this regard, the simulation is four times better than a mathematical calculation. The simulation and experimental results of the excitation current and voltage waveforms under different excitation circuit parameters and structures are essentially consistent, with a difference in current of no more than 1 mA, thereby verifying the effectiveness of the nonlinear excitation analysis method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensor and Its Applications)
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17 pages, 13037 KiB  
Article
Realization and Tests of Prototype Fluxgate Magnetic Sensors for the ITER Neutral Beam Injectors
by Giuseppe Chitarin, Nicolò Marconato and Stefan Mayer
Sensors 2023, 23(3), 1492; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031492 - 29 Jan 2023
Viewed by 2389
Abstract
In the ITER neutral beam injectors (NBI), the presence of an external variable magnetic field generated by the ITER tokamak itself, could deflect the ion beam during acceleration and cause a loss of beam focusing. For this reason, the ion source, the accelerator [...] Read more.
In the ITER neutral beam injectors (NBI), the presence of an external variable magnetic field generated by the ITER tokamak itself, could deflect the ion beam during acceleration and cause a loss of beam focusing. For this reason, the ion source, the accelerator and the neutralizer will be shielded from external magnetic field by means of a passive magnetic shield and a system of active correction and compensation coils (ACCC). The ACCC will operate in a feedback control loop and thus require the measurement of magnetic field inside the NBI vessel. Magnetic sensors for this application must be capable of measuring DC and slow variable magnetic fields, and be vacuum-compatible, radiation-hard and robust, since they will be subjected to neutron flux produced by fusion reactions in the tokamak and inaccessible for maintenance. This paper describes the realization and tests of fluxgate magnetic sensors prototypes specifically designed for this purpose before the installation in MITICA and ITER. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensor and Its Applications)
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14 pages, 8330 KiB  
Article
Effective Area Measurements of Magnetic Pick-Up Coil Sensors for RFX-mod2
by Domenico Abate and Roberto Cavazzana
Sensors 2022, 22(24), 9767; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249767 - 13 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1679
Abstract
A meaningful characterization of the magnetic configuration of toroidal plasmas requires the identification and estimation of the sources of error on each magnetic measurement of the overall diagnostic system. Thus, the correct characterization of magnetic pick-up coil sensors and the assessment of their [...] Read more.
A meaningful characterization of the magnetic configuration of toroidal plasmas requires the identification and estimation of the sources of error on each magnetic measurement of the overall diagnostic system. Thus, the correct characterization of magnetic pick-up coil sensors and the assessment of their reliability becomes a necessary requirement before their permanent installation in the RFX-mod2 experiment. The experimental characterization methodology developed for the three-axes magnetic pick-up coil sensors of RFX-mod2 experiment is presented here. The sensitivity of each sensor is evaluated not only by performing accurate measurements of the effective areas in a time-varying magnetic field, but also by checking the alignment of the magnetic axes through measurements of the effective areas at different rotation angles. Moreover, the effect of thermal cycles on measuring the effective area and the angle of misalignment are evaluated and analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensor and Its Applications)
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18 pages, 14611 KiB  
Article
Non-Destructive Investigation of Intrinsic Magnetic Field of Austenitic Biomaterials by Magnetic Field Sensors
by Milan Smetana, Daniela Gombarska, Zuzana Psenakova and Vladimir Chudacik
Sensors 2022, 22(23), 9120; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239120 - 24 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1445
Abstract
Investigation of the intrinsic magnetic field of austenitic biomaterial specimens after various heat-treatment processes and mechanical deformation is a matter in this study. Both heat-treatment and mechanical deformation influences are under investigation. A new approach incorporates innovative solutions with the goal to increase [...] Read more.
Investigation of the intrinsic magnetic field of austenitic biomaterial specimens after various heat-treatment processes and mechanical deformation is a matter in this study. Both heat-treatment and mechanical deformation influences are under investigation. A new approach incorporates innovative solutions with the goal to increase the resolution of gained signals in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed procedure was tested on real material specimens. A magnetic field sensor (fluxgate type) was used for this purpose. The presented results clearly show that gained signals can be increased when the appropriate probe instrumentation is used, and the characteristics are further mathematically processed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensor and Its Applications)
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9 pages, 2271 KiB  
Communication
A Magnetic Sensor Based on the Nonlinear Effect of Co-Rich Amorphous Wire
by Dongfeng He
Sensors 2022, 22(23), 9117; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239117 - 24 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1563
Abstract
A DC voltage induced by a DC magnetic field was observed for a coil with a Co-rich amorphous wire (FeCoSiB) as the core when an AC current flowed through the coil. The coil was 40 turns wound around a FeCoSiB amorphous wire with [...] Read more.
A DC voltage induced by a DC magnetic field was observed for a coil with a Co-rich amorphous wire (FeCoSiB) as the core when an AC current flowed through the coil. The coil was 40 turns wound around a FeCoSiB amorphous wire with a diameter of 0.1 mm and a length of 8 mm. The magnitude of the DC voltage was determined by the frequency of the AC current, the amplitude of the AC current, and the applied DC magnetic field. When the sine wave current was 78 mA and the frequency was 6.8 MHz, a peak value of about 90 mV/Gauss DC voltage was observed. This phenomenon might have a relationship with the nonlinearity of the coil with the FeCoSiB amorphous wire as the core. A magnetic sensor with only an amplifier and a low-pass filter was developed using this effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensor and Its Applications)
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19 pages, 7126 KiB  
Article
Contactless AC/DC Wide-Bandwidth Current Sensor Based on Composite Measurement Principle
by Xiangyu Tan, Wenyun Li, Xiaowei Xu, Gang Ao, Fangrong Zhou, Jingjing Zhao, Qinghua Tan and Wenbin Zhang
Sensors 2022, 22(20), 7979; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207979 - 19 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2754
Abstract
With the accelerated construction of the smart grid, new energy sources such as photovoltaic and wind power are connected to the grid. In addition to power frequency, the current signal of power grid also includes several DC signals, as well as medium-high and [...] Read more.
With the accelerated construction of the smart grid, new energy sources such as photovoltaic and wind power are connected to the grid. In addition to power frequency, the current signal of power grid also includes several DC signals, as well as medium-high and high-frequency transient signals. Traditional current sensors for power grids are bulky, have a narrow measurement range, and cannot measure both AC and DC at the same time. Therefore, this paper designs a non-intrusive, AC-DC wide-bandwidth current sensor based on the composite measurement principle. The proposed composite current detection scheme combines two different isolation detection technologies, namely tunneling reluctance and the Rogowski coil. These two current sensing techniques are complementary (tunneling magnetoresistive sensors have good low-frequency characteristics and Rogowski coils have good high-frequency characteristics, allowing for a wide detection bandwidth). Through theoretical and simulation analysis, the feasibility of the composite measurement scheme was verified. The prototype of composite current sensor was developed. The DC and AC transmission characteristics of the sensor prototype were measured, and the sensitivity and linearity were 11.96 mV/A, 1.14%, respectively. Finally, the sweep current method and pulse current method experiments prove that the designed composite current sensor can realize the current measurement from DC to 17 MHz. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensor and Its Applications)
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12 pages, 2365 KiB  
Article
A New Design of a CMOS Vertical Hall Sensor with a Low Offset
by Fei Lyu, Shuo Huang, Chaoran Wu, Xingcheng Liang, Pengzhan Zhang, Yuxuan Wang, Hongbing Pan and Yu Wang
Sensors 2022, 22(15), 5734; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155734 - 31 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2611
Abstract
Vertical Hall sensors (VHSs), compatible with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, are used to detect magnetic fields in the plane of the sensor. In previous studies, their performance was limited by a large offset. This paper reports on a novel CMOS seven-contact [...] Read more.
Vertical Hall sensors (VHSs), compatible with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, are used to detect magnetic fields in the plane of the sensor. In previous studies, their performance was limited by a large offset. This paper reports on a novel CMOS seven-contact VHS (7CVHS), which is formed by adding two additional contacts to a traditional five-contact VHS (5CVHS) to alleviate the offset. The offset voltage and offset magnetic field of the 7CVHS are reduced by 90.20% and 88.31% of those of the 5CVHS, respectively, with a 16.16% current-related sensitivity loss. Moreover, the size and positions of the contacts are optimized in standard GLOBALFOUNDRIES 0.18 μm BCDliteTM technology by scanning parameters using FEM simulations. The simulation data are analyzed in groups to study the influence of the size and contact positions on the current-related sensitivity, offset voltage, and offset magnetic field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensor and Its Applications)
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11 pages, 3873 KiB  
Article
All-Optical Parametric-Resonance Magnetometer Based on 4He Atomic Alignment
by Bowen Wang, Xiang Peng, Haidong Wang, Wei Xiao and Hong Guo
Sensors 2022, 22(11), 4184; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22114184 - 31 May 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2295
Abstract
Parametric-resonance magnetometer is a high-sensitivity quantum sensor characterized by applying the non-resonant radio-frequency (RF) fields to the atomic ensemble. The RF fields lead to crosstalk in the multi-sensor design, thus disturbing the magnetic-field measurement results. We propose an optically modulated alignment-based 4He [...] Read more.
Parametric-resonance magnetometer is a high-sensitivity quantum sensor characterized by applying the non-resonant radio-frequency (RF) fields to the atomic ensemble. The RF fields lead to crosstalk in the multi-sensor design, thus disturbing the magnetic-field measurement results. We propose an optically modulated alignment-based 4He parametric-resonance magnetometer. By using the fictitious field generated by the modulated light shift, parametric resonance is realized, and crosstalk caused by the magnetic RF field is prevented. The relative intensity noise of the lasers is suppressed to optimize the sensitivity of the magnetometer. Our magnetometer experimentally demonstrates a magnetic-field noise floor of 130 fT/Hz1/2 in both open- and closed-loop operations and has the potential to reach 70 fT/Hz1/2 when compared with the optimized magnetic RF scheme. It provides near-zero magnetic-field measurements with a 2 kHz bandwidth at room temperature, which is useful for high-bandwidth measurements in biomagnetic applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensor and Its Applications)
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20 pages, 13158 KiB  
Article
Nondestructive Detection of Magnetic Contaminant in Aluminum Casting Using Thin Film Magnetic Sensor
by Tomoo Nakai
Sensors 2021, 21(12), 4063; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124063 - 12 Jun 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2610
Abstract
The thin film magneto-impedance sensor is useful for detecting a magnetic material nondestructively. The sensor made by single layer uniaxial amorphous thin film has a tolerance against surface normal magnetic field because of its demagnetizing force in the thickness direction. Our previous study [...] Read more.
The thin film magneto-impedance sensor is useful for detecting a magnetic material nondestructively. The sensor made by single layer uniaxial amorphous thin film has a tolerance against surface normal magnetic field because of its demagnetizing force in the thickness direction. Our previous study proposed the sensitive driving circuit using 400 MHz high frequency current running through the sensor to detect the logarithmic amplifier. We also confirmed the sensitivity of the sensor within 0.3 T static normal magnetic field, which resulted in detection of 5 × 10−8 T of 5 Hz signal. This paper proposes a nondestructive inspection system for how detecting a contaminant of small tool steel chipping in aluminum casting specimen would be carried out. Three channel array sensors installed in the 30 mT static field detecting area were fabricated and experimentally showed a detection of low remanence magnetic contaminant in a bulk aluminum casing specimen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensor and Its Applications)
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