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Bunyavirus, Volume II
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Bunyavirus, Volume II

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "General Virology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 36445

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Esther Schnettler

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Bernhard Nocht Institut fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
Interests: Bunyavirales; Emerging diseases; Vectors and transmission; Virus-host interactions; Arboviruses; insect-specific viruses, virus-vector interaction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Benjamin Brennan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
Interests: examining the interaction of tick transmitted viruses with their arthropod vector; investigating the roles of the viral proteins during infection of both mammalian and arthropod cells; exploring the molecular determinants of virus tropism; developing at-tenuated viruses for use as potential live-attenuated vaccines or vector control agents
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Bunyavirales order was first established in 2017 from the now defunct Bunyaviridae family. The order consists of a large range of negative-strand RNA viruses, but was reclassified due to the discovery of several viruses that could not be classified in to any of the existing genera.

Several of these viruses are important human or animal pathogens, and many have a zoonotic potential.

Increasing reports of diseases and outbreaks linked to bunyaviruses worldwide, as well as regular reports of newly identified members of the order, highlight the need for understanding these viruses and the infections they cause.

Many of these viruses are known to be transmitted to their host (vertebrates or plants) by arthropods, while other bunyaviruses are restricted to a vertebrate host, like hantaviruses.

In recent years, a growing number of bunyaviruses have been discovered that share similarities with known arboviruses. However, these viruses are restricted to only replicating in mosquitoes or insects and have been termed “insect-specific” viruses.

These viruses share important characteristics with each other. However, they also differ substantially in sequence, function, and in the complement of genes that they express. Therefore, it is often not suitable to simply extrapolate findings from one virus and apply it to another.

In recent years, research on bunyaviruses has increased greatly, resulting in many important discoveries.

In this Special Issue of Viruses, we would like to include research and review articles detailing exciting new findings in fundamental and applied bunyavirus research, thereby providing information on the latest discoveries in the field, exploring the difficulties in working with these viruses, and highlighting areas that need further research in the future.

Prof. Dr. Esther Schnettler
Dr. Benjamin Brennan
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • bunyavirales
  • emerging diseases
  • vectors and transmission
  • virus–host interactions
  • arboviruses
  • bunyavirus molecular biology
  • mosquito-specific viruses
  • bunyavirus infection cycle
  • reverse genetics

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 7807 KiB  
Article
Antiviral Activity of Acetylsalicylic Acid against Bunyamwera Virus in Cell Culture
by Sara Yolanda Fernández-Sánchez, José P. Cerón-Carrasco, Cristina Risco and Isabel Fernández de Castro
Viruses 2023, 15(4), 948; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040948 - 11 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2111
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order is a large group of RNA viruses that includes important pathogens for humans, animals and plants. With high-throughput screening of clinically tested compounds we have looked for potential inhibitors of the endonuclease domain of a bunyavirus RNA polymerase. From a [...] Read more.
The Bunyavirales order is a large group of RNA viruses that includes important pathogens for humans, animals and plants. With high-throughput screening of clinically tested compounds we have looked for potential inhibitors of the endonuclease domain of a bunyavirus RNA polymerase. From a list of fifteen top candidates, five compounds were selected and their antiviral properties studied with Bunyamwera virus (BUNV), a prototypic bunyavirus widely used for studies about the biology of this group of viruses and to test antivirals. Four compounds (silibinin A, myricetin, L-phenylalanine and p-aminohippuric acid) showed no antiviral activity in BUNV-infected Vero cells. On the contrary, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) efficiently inhibited BUNV infection with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 2.02 mM. In cell culture supernatants, ASA reduced viral titer up to three logarithmic units. A significant dose-dependent reduction of the expression levels of Gc and N viral proteins was also measured. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy showed that ASA protects the Golgi complex from the characteristic BUNV-induced fragmentation in Vero cells. Electron microscopy showed that ASA inhibits the assembly of Golgi-associated BUNV spherules that are the replication organelles of bunyaviruses. As a consequence, the assembly of new viral particles is also significantly reduced. Considering its availability and low cost, the potential usability of ASA to treat bunyavirus infections deserves further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bunyavirus, Volume II)
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12 pages, 1470 KiB  
Article
Antiviral RNAi Response in Culex quinquefasciatus-Derived HSU Cells
by Mine Altinli, Mayke Leggewie, Jonny Schulze, Rashwita Gyanwali, Marlis Badusche, Vattipally B. Sreenu, Janina Fuss and Esther Schnettler
Viruses 2023, 15(2), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020436 - 4 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1738
Abstract
Culex spp. mosquitoes are important vectors of viruses, such as West Nile virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus and Rift valley fever virus. However, their interactions with innate antiviral immunity, especially RNA interference (RNAi), are not well known. Most research on RNAi pathways in [...] Read more.
Culex spp. mosquitoes are important vectors of viruses, such as West Nile virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus and Rift valley fever virus. However, their interactions with innate antiviral immunity, especially RNA interference (RNAi), are not well known. Most research on RNAi pathways in mosquitoes is focused on the tropical vector mosquito Aedes aegypti. Here, we investigated the production of arbovirus-specific small RNAs in Cx. quinquefasciatus-derived HSU cells. Furthermore, by silencing RNAi-related proteins, we investigated the antiviral role of these proteins for two different arboviruses: Semliki Forest virus (SFV) and Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus (BUNV). Our results showed an expansion of Ago2 and Piwi6 in Cx. quinquefasciatus compared to Ae. aegypti. While silencing Ago2a and Ago2b increased BUNV replication, only Ago2b showed antiviral activity against SFV. Our results suggest differences in the function of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti RNAi proteins and highlight the virus-specific function of these proteins in Cx. quinquefasciatus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bunyavirus, Volume II)
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30 pages, 3712 KiB  
Article
Culex Mosquito Piwi4 Is Antiviral against Two Negative-Sense RNA Viruses
by Elizabeth Walsh, Tran Zen B. Torres and Claudia Rückert
Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2758; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122758 - 10 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2682
Abstract
Culex spp. mosquitoes transmit several pathogens concerning public health, including West Nile virus and Saint Louis encephalitis virus. Understanding the antiviral immune system of Culex spp. mosquitoes is important for reducing the transmission of these viruses. Mosquitoes rely on RNA interference (RNAi) to [...] Read more.
Culex spp. mosquitoes transmit several pathogens concerning public health, including West Nile virus and Saint Louis encephalitis virus. Understanding the antiviral immune system of Culex spp. mosquitoes is important for reducing the transmission of these viruses. Mosquitoes rely on RNA interference (RNAi) to control viral replication. While the siRNA pathway in mosquitoes is heavily studied, less is known about the piRNA pathway. The piRNA pathway in mosquitoes has recently been connected to mosquito antiviral immunity. In Aedes aegypti, Piwi4 has been implicated in antiviral responses. The antiviral role of the piRNA pathway in Culex spp. mosquitoes is understudied compared to Ae. aegypti. Here, we aimed to identify the role of PIWI genes and piRNAs in Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex tarsalis cells during virus infection. We examined the effect of PIWI gene silencing on virus replication of two arboviruses and three insect-specific viruses in Cx. quinquefasciatus derived cells (Hsu) and Cx. tarsalis derived (CT) cells. We show that Piwi4 is antiviral against the La Crosse orthobunyavirus (LACV) in Hsu and CT cells, and the insect-specific rhabdovirus Merida virus (MERDV) in Hsu cells. None of the silenced PIWI genes impacted replication of the two flaviviruses Usutu virus (USUV) and Calbertado virus, or the phasivirus Phasi-Charoen-like virus. We further used small RNA sequencing to determine that LACV-derived piRNAs, but not USUV-derived piRNAs were generated in Hsu cells and that PIWI gene silencing resulted in a small reduction in vpiRNAs. Finally, we determined that LACV-derived DNA was produced in Hsu cells during infection, but whether this viral DNA is required for vpiRNA production remains unclear. Overall, we expanded our knowledge on the piRNA pathway and how it relates to the antiviral response in Culex spp mosquitoes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bunyavirus, Volume II)
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6 pages, 485 KiB  
Article
Detection of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Antibodies in Cattle in Plateau State, Nigeria
by Asabe A. Dzikwi-Emennaa, Clement Meseko, Paulinus Emennaa, Adedeji J. Adeyinka, Andrew M. Adamu and Oyelola A. Adegboye
Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2618; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122618 - 24 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2083
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a vector-borne viral hemorrhagic disease with global clinical significance. Certain species of ticks are vectors of CCHF, which can be transmitted from animals to humans and humans to humans by direct exposure to blood or other body fluids. [...] Read more.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a vector-borne viral hemorrhagic disease with global clinical significance. Certain species of ticks are vectors of CCHF, which can be transmitted from animals to humans and humans to humans by direct exposure to blood or other body fluids. The zoonotic transmission at the human–animal interface from viremic animal hosts to humans is a public health concern with a paucity of data in Nigeria. Samples from 184 pastoral cattle from three local government areas (LGAs) of Plateau state, Nigeria, were screened for CCHF virus using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ID Screen® CCHF Double Antigen for Multi-Species). Overall seropositivity of 30.4% (n = 56) (95% CI: 23.88%, 37.63%) was recorded from the study areas in Plateau State, while 48/126 (38.1%, 95% CI: 29.59%, 47.17%) sampled cows tested positive for CCHFV antibodies. Seropositivity was significantly higher (p < 0.001) among older cattle greater than two years, 54.69% (95% CI: 2.88%, 11.24%) compared to cattle younger than two years, 17.5% (95% CI: 11.17%, 25.50%). The location of farms played a significant role in the seropositivity of CCHF with the least risk observed in Wase LGA. CCHF is an important zoonotic disease in different parts of the globe with a high risk of transmission to pastoralists, livestock keepers/slaughterhouse workers, and veterinarians who handle animals. There is a need for a collaborative one-health approach with various stakeholders to unravel the dynamics of CCHFV epidemiology in Nigeria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bunyavirus, Volume II)
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11 pages, 1470 KiB  
Article
The Relationship between DUGBE Virus Infection and Autophagy in Epithelial Cells
by Marie Moroso, Aurore Rozières, Pauline Verlhac, Florence Komurian-Pradel, Olivier Ferraris, Christophe N. Peyrefitte, Glaucia Paranhos-Baccalà, Christophe Viret and Mathias Faure
Viruses 2022, 14(10), 2230; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102230 - 11 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1941
Abstract
Dugbe orthonairovirus (DUGV) is a tick-borne arbovirus within the order Bunyavirales. Although displaying mild pathogenic potential, DUGV is genetically related to the Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), another orthonairovirus that causes severe liver dysfunction and hemorrhagic fever with a high mortality rate in [...] Read more.
Dugbe orthonairovirus (DUGV) is a tick-borne arbovirus within the order Bunyavirales. Although displaying mild pathogenic potential, DUGV is genetically related to the Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), another orthonairovirus that causes severe liver dysfunction and hemorrhagic fever with a high mortality rate in humans. As we previously observed that CCHFV infection could massively recruit and lipidate MAP1LC3 (LC3), a core factor involved in the autophagic degradation of cytosolic components, we asked whether DUGV infection also substantially impacts the autophagy machinery in epithelial cells. We observed that DUGV infection does impose LC3 lipidation in cultured hepatocytes. DUGV infection also caused an upregulation of the MAP1LC3 and SQSTM1/p62 transcript levels, which were, however, more moderate than those seen during CCHFV infection. In contrast, unlike during CCHFV infection, the modulation of core autophagy factors could influence both LC3 lipidation and viral particle production: the silencing of ATG5 and/or ATG7 diminished the induction of LC3 lipidation and slightly upregulated the level of infectious DUGV particle production. Overall, the results are compatible with the notion that in epithelial cells infected with DUGV in vitro, the autophagy machinery may be recruited to exert a certain level of restriction on viral replication. Thus, the relationship between DUGV infection and autophagy in epithelial cells appears to present both similarities and distinctions with that seen during CCHFV infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bunyavirus, Volume II)
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18 pages, 2506 KiB  
Article
RIOK3 and Its Alternatively Spliced Isoform Have Disparate Roles in the Innate Immune Response to Rift Valley Fever Virus (MP12) Infection
by Thomas C. Bisom, Luke A. White, Jean-Marc Lanchy and J. Stephen Lodmell
Viruses 2022, 14(9), 2064; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14092064 - 17 Sep 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2374
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a pathogenic human and livestock RNA virus that poses a significant threat to public health and biosecurity. During RVFV infection, the atypical kinase RIOK3 plays important roles in the innate immune response. Although its exact functions in [...] Read more.
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a pathogenic human and livestock RNA virus that poses a significant threat to public health and biosecurity. During RVFV infection, the atypical kinase RIOK3 plays important roles in the innate immune response. Although its exact functions in innate immunity are not completely understood, RIOK3 has been shown to be necessary for mounting an antiviral interferon (IFN) response to RVFV in epithelial cells. Furthermore, after immune stimulation, the splicing pattern for RIOK3 mRNA changes markedly, and RIOK3′s dominant alternatively spliced isoform, RIOK3 X2, exhibits an opposite effect on the IFN response by dampening it. Here, we further investigate the roles of RIOK3 and its spliced isoform in other innate immune responses to RVFV, namely the NFκB-mediated inflammatory response. We find that while RIOK3 is important for negatively regulating this inflammatory pathway, its alternatively spliced isoform, RIOK3 X2, stimulates it. Overall, these data demonstrate that both RIOK3 and its X2 isoform have unique roles in separate innate immune pathways that respond to RVFV infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bunyavirus, Volume II)
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22 pages, 2001 KiB  
Article
Understanding Host–Virus Interactions: Assessment of Innate Immune Responses in Mastomys natalensis Cells after Arenavirus Infection
by Nele Marie Brinkmann, Chris Hoffmann, Stephanie Wurr, Elisa Pallasch, Julia Hinzmann, Eleonore Ostermann, Wolfram Brune, Maria Elisabeth Eskes, Lukas Jungblut, Stephan Günther, Ludmilla Unrau and Lisa Oestereich
Viruses 2022, 14(9), 1986; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14091986 - 8 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2091
Abstract
Mastomys natalensis is the natural host of various arenaviruses, including the human-pathogenic Lassa virus. Homologous arenaviruses, defined here as those having M. natalensis as a natural host, can establish long-lasting infection in M. natalensis, while these animals rapidly clear arenaviruses having another rodent [...] Read more.
Mastomys natalensis is the natural host of various arenaviruses, including the human-pathogenic Lassa virus. Homologous arenaviruses, defined here as those having M. natalensis as a natural host, can establish long-lasting infection in M. natalensis, while these animals rapidly clear arenaviruses having another rodent species as a natural host (heterologous viruses). Little is known about the mechanisms behind the underlying arenavirus–host barriers. The innate immune system, particularly the type I interferon (IFN) response, might play a role. In this study, we developed and validated RT-PCR assays to analyse the expression of M. natalensis interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). We then used these assays to study if homologous and heterologous viruses induce different IFN responses in M. natalensis cells. Infection experiments were performed with the homologous Lassa and Morogoro viruses and the related but heterologous Mobala virus. Compared to the direct induction with IFN or Poly(I:C), arenaviruses generally induced a weak IFN response. However, the ISG-expression profiles of homologous and heterologous viruses were similar. Our data indicate that, at least in M. natalensis cells, the IFN system is not a major factor in the virus–host barrier for arenaviruses. Our system provides a valuable tool for future in vivo investigation of arenavirus host restrictions at the level of the innate immune response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bunyavirus, Volume II)
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10 pages, 2299 KiB  
Communication
Seed Transmission of Tomato Spotted Wilt Orthotospovirus in Peppers
by Hongwei Wang, Xiujuan Wu, Xiande Huang, Shujun Wei, Zhijun Lu and Jian Ye
Viruses 2022, 14(9), 1873; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14091873 - 25 Aug 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2970
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) severely damaged agricultural production in many places around the world. It is generally believed that TSWV transmits among plants via their insect vector. In this study, we provide evidence on the seed-borne transmission of TSWV in pepper ( [...] Read more.
Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) severely damaged agricultural production in many places around the world. It is generally believed that TSWV transmits among plants via their insect vector. In this study, we provide evidence on the seed-borne transmission of TSWV in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants. RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, and transmission electron microscopy data demonstrate the seed transmission ability of TSWV in peppers. Endosperm, but not the embryo, is the abundant virus-containing seed organ. TSWV can also be detected in the second generation of newly germinated seedlings from virus-containing seed germination experiments. Our data are useful for researchers, certification agencies, the seed industry, and policy makers when considering the importance of TSWV in vegetable production all over the world. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bunyavirus, Volume II)
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14 pages, 2291 KiB  
Article
Establishment of Recombinant Trisegmented Mopeia Virus Expressing Two Reporter Genes for Screening of Mammarenavirus Inhibitors
by Lisa Oestereich, Stephanie Wurr, Beate Becker-Ziaja, Sabrina Bockholt, Meike Pahlmann, Daniel Cadar, Beate M. Kümmerer, Stephan Günther and Romy Kerber
Viruses 2022, 14(9), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14091869 - 25 Aug 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1980
Abstract
Highly pathogenic Arenaviruses, like the Lassa Virus (LASV), pose a serious public health threat in affected countries. Research and development of vaccines and therapeutics are urgently needed but hampered by the necessity to handle these pathogens under biosafety level 4 conditions. These containment [...] Read more.
Highly pathogenic Arenaviruses, like the Lassa Virus (LASV), pose a serious public health threat in affected countries. Research and development of vaccines and therapeutics are urgently needed but hampered by the necessity to handle these pathogens under biosafety level 4 conditions. These containment restrictions make large-scale screens of antiviral compounds difficult. Therefore, the Mopeia virus (MOPV), closely related to LASV, is often used as an apathogenic surrogate virus. We established for the first time trisegmented MOPVs (r3MOPV) with duplicated S segments, in which one of the viral genes was replaced by the reporter genes ZsGreen (ZsG) or Renilla Luciferase (Rluc), respectively. In vitro characterization of the two trisegmented viruses (r3MOPV ZsG/Rluc and r3MOPV Rluc/ZsG), showed comparable growth behavior to the wild type virus and the expression of the reporter genes correlated well with viral titer. We used the reporter viruses in a proof-of-principle in vitro study to evaluate the antiviral activity of two well characterized drugs. IC50 values obtained by Rluc measurement were similar to those obtained by virus titers. ZsG expression was also suitable to evaluate antiviral effects. The trisegmented MOPVs described here provide a versatile and valuable basis for rapid high throughput screening of broadly reactive antiviral compounds against arenaviruses under BSL-2 conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bunyavirus, Volume II)
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25 pages, 6140 KiB  
Article
Bunyaviral N Proteins Localize at RNA Processing Bodies and Stress Granules: The Enigma of Cytoplasmic Sources of Capped RNA for Cap Snatching
by Min Xu, Magdalena Mazur, Nigel Gulickx, Hao Hong, Hein Overmars, Xiaorong Tao and Richard Kormelink
Viruses 2022, 14(8), 1679; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14081679 - 29 Jul 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3334
Abstract
Most cytoplasmic-replicating negative-strand RNA viruses (NSVs) initiate genome transcription by cap snatching. The source of host mRNAs from which the cytoplasmic NSVs snatch capped-RNA leader sequences has remained elusive. Earlier reports have pointed towards cytoplasmic-RNA processing bodies (P body, PB), although several questions [...] Read more.
Most cytoplasmic-replicating negative-strand RNA viruses (NSVs) initiate genome transcription by cap snatching. The source of host mRNAs from which the cytoplasmic NSVs snatch capped-RNA leader sequences has remained elusive. Earlier reports have pointed towards cytoplasmic-RNA processing bodies (P body, PB), although several questions have remained unsolved. Here, the nucleocapsid (N) protein of plant- and animal-infecting members of the order Bunyavirales, in casu Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Rice stripe virus (RSV), Sin nombre virus (SNV), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) have been expressed and localized in cells of their respective plant and animal hosts. All N proteins localized to PBs as well as stress granules (SGs), but extensively to docking stages of PB and SG. TSWV and RSV N proteins also co-localized with Ran GTPase-activating protein 2 (RanGAP2), a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling factor, in the perinuclear region, and partly in the nucleus when co-expressed with its WPP domain containing a nuclear-localization signal. Upon silencing of PB and SG components individually or concomitantly, replication levels of a TSWV minireplicon, as measured by the expression of a GFP reporter gene, ranged from a 30% reduction to a four-fold increase. Upon the silencing of RanGAP homologs in planta, replication of the TSWV minireplicon was reduced by 75%. During in vivo cap-donor competition experiments, TSWV used transcripts destined to PB and SG, but also functional transcripts engaged in translation. Altogether, the results implicate a more complex situation in which, besides PB, additional cytoplasmic sources are used during transcription/cap snatching of cytoplasmic-replicating and segmented NSVs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bunyavirus, Volume II)
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Review

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14 pages, 868 KiB  
Review
An Overview of the Infectious Cycle of Bunyaviruses
by Hani Boshra
Viruses 2022, 14(10), 2139; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102139 - 28 Sep 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3601
Abstract
Bunyaviruses represent the largest group of RNA viruses and are the causative agent of a variety of febrile and hemorrhagic illnesses. Originally characterized as a single serotype in Africa, the number of described bunyaviruses now exceeds over 500, with its presence detected around [...] Read more.
Bunyaviruses represent the largest group of RNA viruses and are the causative agent of a variety of febrile and hemorrhagic illnesses. Originally characterized as a single serotype in Africa, the number of described bunyaviruses now exceeds over 500, with its presence detected around the world. These predominantly tri-segmented, single-stranded RNA viruses are transmitted primarily through arthropod and rodent vectors and can infect a wide variety of animals and plants. Although encoding for a small number of proteins, these viruses can inflict potentially fatal disease outcomes and have even developed strategies to suppress the innate antiviral immune mechanisms of the infected host. This short review will attempt to provide an overall description of the order Bunyavirales, describing the mechanisms behind their infection, replication, and their evasion of the host immune response. Furthermore, the historical context of these viruses will be presented, starting from their original discovery almost 80 years ago to the most recent research pertaining to viral replication and host immune response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bunyavirus, Volume II)
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15 pages, 4850 KiB  
Review
Batai Orthobunyavirus: An Emerging Mosquito-Borne Virus in Europe
by Karen L. Mansfield, Arran J. Folly, Luis M. Hernández-Triana, Sanam Sewgobind and Nicholas Johnson
Viruses 2022, 14(9), 1868; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14091868 - 25 Aug 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2794
Abstract
Batai virus (BATV) is a zoonotic orthobunyavirus transmitted by a wide range of mosquito vectors. The virus is distributed throughout Asia and parts of Africa and has been sporadically detected in several European countries. There is increasing evidence that BATV is emerging in [...] Read more.
Batai virus (BATV) is a zoonotic orthobunyavirus transmitted by a wide range of mosquito vectors. The virus is distributed throughout Asia and parts of Africa and has been sporadically detected in several European countries. There is increasing evidence that BATV is emerging in Europe as a potential threat to both animal and human health, having been detected in mosquitoes, mammals, birds and humans. In recent years, serological surveillance in cattle, sheep and goats has suggested an antibody prevalence of up to 46% in European livestock, although human serological prevalence remains generally low. However, the recent and continued spread of invasive mosquito species into Europe may facilitate the establishment of competent populations of mosquitoes leading to increased BATV transmission. Migratory birds may also potentially facilitate the emergence of BATV in geographical locations where it was previously undetected. Although BATV has the potential to cause disease in humans and livestock, our understanding of the impact in wild animal populations is extremely limited. Therefore, there is a need for increased surveillance for BATV in mosquitoes, livestock, wild mammals and birds in Europe to understand the true impact of this virus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bunyavirus, Volume II)
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22 pages, 2289 KiB  
Review
An Overview of Neglected Orthobunyaviruses in Brazil
by Helver Gonçalves Dias, Flávia Barreto dos Santos and Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
Viruses 2022, 14(5), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14050987 - 7 May 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4150
Abstract
Dozens of orthobunyaviruses have been isolated in Brazil, and at least thirteen have been associated with human disease. The Oropouche virus has received most attention for having caused explosive epidemics with hundreds of thousands of cases in the north region between the 1960sand [...] Read more.
Dozens of orthobunyaviruses have been isolated in Brazil, and at least thirteen have been associated with human disease. The Oropouche virus has received most attention for having caused explosive epidemics with hundreds of thousands of cases in the north region between the 1960sand the 1980s, and since then has been sporadically detected elsewhere in the country. Despite their importance, little is known about their enzootic cycles of transmission, amplifying hosts and vectors, and biotic and abiotic factors involved in spillover events to humans. This overview aims to combine available data of neglected orthobunyaviruses of several serogroups, namely, Anopheles A, Anopheles B, Bunyamwera, California, Capim, Gamboa, Group C, Guama, Simbu and Turlock, in order to evaluate the current knowledge and identify research gaps in their natural transmission cycles in Brazil to ultimately point to the future direction in which orthobunyavirus research should be guided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bunyavirus, Volume II)
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