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Viruses
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State-of-the-Art Plant Viruses Research in Asia
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State-of-the-Art Plant Viruses Research in Asia

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Viruses of Plants, Fungi and Protozoa".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 September 2022) | Viewed by 18077

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Tao Zhou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Interests: plant viruses and associated diseases; molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity and symptoms of plant viruses; cultivation of virus-resistant transgenic plants
Prof. Dr. Zhiyou Du

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
Interests: molecular characterization and genetic engineering of plant viruses and satellite RNAs; viral translation and replication; RNA structures and functions
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

More recently, various breakthroughs have led to the rapid advance of plant viruses research in China. Plant virus infections cause significant losses, drastically reducing crop yields and deteriorating crop quality. In China, outbreaks of virus and virus-like diseases on many important crops have generated considerable concerns within agriculture and food security. Moreover, new viruses are emerging and rapid spreading on rice, maize, tomato, cucurbits, apple trees, etc. Almost research teams on plant viruses in China have formed research expertise and interests, and have been devoting to revealing basic mechanisms involved in pathogenicity of important viruses, developing novel antiviral strategies and exploiting beneficial uses of viruses.

To present the state-of-the-art plant viruses research in China, this Special Issue welcomes research and review papers on the new progress in major plant virus research areas from China.

Dr. Tao Zhou
Guest Editor

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • pathogenicity
  • virus-host interaction
  • replication
  • infection
  • protein modification
  • new virus identification
  • symptom
  • viroid
  • resistance
  • susceptibility
  • variation
  • transmission
  • vector

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 6160 KiB  
Article
Interactions of Tomato Chlorosis Virus p27 Protein with Tomato Catalase Are Involved in Viral Infection
by Xiaohui Sun, Lianyi Zang, Xiaoying Liu, Shanshan Jiang, Xianping Zhang, Dan Zhao, Kaijie Shang, Tao Zhou, Changxiang Zhu and Xiaoping Zhu
Viruses 2023, 15(4), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040990 - 18 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1750
Abstract
Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) severely threatens tomato production worldwide. P27 is known to be involved in virion assembly, but its other roles in ToCV infection are unclear. In this study, we found that removal of p27 reduced systemic infection, while ectopic expression of [...] Read more.
Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) severely threatens tomato production worldwide. P27 is known to be involved in virion assembly, but its other roles in ToCV infection are unclear. In this study, we found that removal of p27 reduced systemic infection, while ectopic expression of p27 promoted systemic infection of potato virus X in Nicotiana benthamiana. We determined that Solanum lycopersicum catalases (SlCAT) can interact with p27 in vitro and in vivo and that amino acids 73 to 77 of the N-terminus of SlCAT represent the critical region for their interaction. p27 is distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and its coexpression with SlCAT1 or SlCAT2 changes its distribution in the nucleus. Furthermore, we found that silencing of SlCAT1 and SlCAT2 can promote ToCV infection. In conclusion, p27 can promote viral infection by binding directly to inhibit anti-ToCV processes mediated by SlCAT1 or SlCAT2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant Viruses Research in Asia)
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15 pages, 4582 KiB  
Article
Movement Protein Mediates Systemic Necrosis in Tomato Plants with Infection of Tomato Mosaic Virus
by Qiansheng Liao, Ge Guo, Ran Lu, Xiaoyi Wang and Zhiyou Du
Viruses 2023, 15(1), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15010157 - 4 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2394
Abstract
The necrogenic strain N5 of tomato mosaic virus (ToMV-N5) causes systemic necrosis in tomato cultivar Hezuo903. In this work, we mapped the viral determinant responsible for the induction of systemic necrosis. By exchanging viral genes between N5 and a non-necrogenic strain S1, we [...] Read more.
The necrogenic strain N5 of tomato mosaic virus (ToMV-N5) causes systemic necrosis in tomato cultivar Hezuo903. In this work, we mapped the viral determinant responsible for the induction of systemic necrosis. By exchanging viral genes between N5 and a non-necrogenic strain S1, we found that movement protein (MP) was the determinant for the differential symptoms caused by both strains. Compared with S1 MP, N5 MP had an additional ability to increase virus accumulation, which was not due to its functions in viral cell-to-cell movement. Actually, N5 MP, but not S1 MP, was a weak RNA silencing suppressor, which assisted viral accumulation. Sequence alignment showed that both MPs differed by only three amino acid residues. Experiments with viruses having mutated MPs indicated that the residue isoleucine at position 170 in MP was the key site for MP to increase virus accumulation, but also was required for MP to induce systemic necrosis in virus-infected tomato plants. Collectively, the lethal necrosis caused by N5 is dependent on its MP protein that enhances virus accumulation via its RNA silencing suppressor activity, probably leading to systemic necrosis responses in tomato plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant Viruses Research in Asia)
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16 pages, 3008 KiB  
Article
Comparative Proteomic Analyses of Susceptible and Resistant Maize Inbred Lines at the Stage of Enations Forming following Infection by Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus
by Rong Wang, Kaitong Du, Tong Jiang, Dianping Di, Zaifeng Fan and Tao Zhou
Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2604; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122604 - 23 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1512
Abstract
Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) is the main pathogen causing maize rough dwarf disease (MRDD) in China. Typical enation symptoms along the abaxial leaf veins prevail in RBSDV-infected maize inbred line B73 (susceptible to RBSDV), but not in X178 (resistant to RBSDV). Observation [...] Read more.
Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) is the main pathogen causing maize rough dwarf disease (MRDD) in China. Typical enation symptoms along the abaxial leaf veins prevail in RBSDV-infected maize inbred line B73 (susceptible to RBSDV), but not in X178 (resistant to RBSDV). Observation of the microstructures of epidermal cells and cross section of enations from RBSDV-infected maize leaves found that the increase of epidermal cell and phloem cell numbers is associated with enation formation. To identify proteins associated with enation formation and candidate proteins against RBSDV infection, comparative proteomics between B73 and X178 plants were conducted using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) with leaf samples at the enation forming stage. The proteomics data showed that 260 and 316 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in B73 and X178, respectively. We found that the majority of DEPs are located in the chloroplast and cytoplasm. Moreover, RBSDV infection resulted in dramatic changes of DEPs enriched by the metabolic process, response to stress and the biosynthetic process. Strikingly, a cell number regulator 10 was significantly down-regulated in RBSDV-infected B73 plants. Altogether, these data will provide value information for future studies to analyze molecular events during both enation formation and resistance mechanism to RBSDV infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant Viruses Research in Asia)
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19 pages, 2954 KiB  
Article
Molecular Detection of Southern Tomato Amalgavirus Prevalent in Tomatoes and Its Genomic Characterization with Global Evolutionary Dynamics
by Muhammad Dilshad Hussain, Tahir Farooq, Xi Chen, Tong Jiang, Lianyi Zang, Muhammad Taimoor Shakeel and Tao Zhou
Viruses 2022, 14(11), 2481; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112481 - 9 Nov 2022
Viewed by 2715
Abstract
Southern tomato amalgavirus (STV) is a cryptic pathogen that is abundant in tomato production fields and intensifies the resurgence of tomato yellow stunt disease (ToYSD), together with other phytoviruses. Here, we mapped the geographical and genomic diversity, phylogenetics, and evolutionary dynamics of STV. [...] Read more.
Southern tomato amalgavirus (STV) is a cryptic pathogen that is abundant in tomato production fields and intensifies the resurgence of tomato yellow stunt disease (ToYSD), together with other phytoviruses. Here, we mapped the geographical and genomic diversity, phylogenetics, and evolutionary dynamics of STV. We found that STV prevailed across China and Pakistan, with a maximum average rate of infection of 43.19% in Beijing, China, and 40.08% in Punjab, Pakistan. Subsequently, we amplified, cloned, and annotated the complete genome sequences of STV isolates from Solanum lycopersicum L. in China (OP548653 and OP548652) and Pakistan (MT066231) using Sanger and next-generation sequencing (NGS). These STV isolates displayed close evolutionary relationships with others from Asia, America, and Europe. Whole-genome-based molecular diversity analysis showed that STV populations had 33 haplotypes with a gene diversity (Hd) of 0.977 and a nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.00404. The genetic variability of RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) was higher than that of the putative coat protein (CP) p42. Further analysis revealed that STV isolates were likely to be recombinant but with a lower-to-moderate level of confidence. With a variable distribution pattern of positively and negatively selected sites, negative selection pressure predominantly acted on p42 and RdRp. These findings elaborated on the molecular variability and evolutionary trends among STV populations across major tomato-producing regions of the world. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant Viruses Research in Asia)
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17 pages, 3002 KiB  
Article
Host Plants Shape the Codon Usage Pattern of Turnip Mosaic Virus
by Lang Qin, Shiwen Ding, Zhilei Wang, Runzhou Jiang and Zhen He
Viruses 2022, 14(10), 2267; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102267 - 15 Oct 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1981
Abstract
Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), an important pathogen that causes mosaic diseases in vegetable crops worldwide, belongs to the genus Potyvirus of the family Potyviridae. Previously, the areas of genetic variation, population structure, timescale, and migration of TuMV have been well studied. However, [...] Read more.
Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), an important pathogen that causes mosaic diseases in vegetable crops worldwide, belongs to the genus Potyvirus of the family Potyviridae. Previously, the areas of genetic variation, population structure, timescale, and migration of TuMV have been well studied. However, the codon usage pattern and host adaptation analysis of TuMV is unclear. Here, compositional bias and codon usage of TuMV were performed using 184 non-recombinant sequences. We found a relatively stable change existed in genomic composition and a slightly lower codon usage choice displayed in TuMV protein-coding sequences. Statistical analysis presented that the codon usage patterns of TuMV protein-coding sequences were mainly affected by natural selection and mutation pressure, and natural selection was the key influencing factor. The codon adaptation index (CAI) and relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI) revealed that TuMV genes were strongly adapted to Brassica oleracea from the present data. Similarity index (SiD) analysis also indicated that B. oleracea is potentially the preferred host of TuMV. Our study provides the first insights for assessing the codon usage bias of TuMV based on complete genomes and will provide better advice for future research on TuMV origins and evolution patterns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant Viruses Research in Asia)
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17 pages, 4375 KiB  
Article
Occurrence, Distribution, and Transmission of Alfalfa Viruses in China
by Jin Li, Qiaoxia Shang, Yanqi Liu, Wenting Dai, Xin Li, Shuhua Wei, Guixin Hu, Mark Richard McNeill and Liping Ban
Viruses 2022, 14(7), 1519; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14071519 - 12 Jul 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2486
Abstract
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most important quality forages worldwide and is cultivated throughout China. Alfalfa is susceptible to a variety of viral diseases during its growth, which has caused huge amounts of commercial losses. However, the profile of [...] Read more.
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most important quality forages worldwide and is cultivated throughout China. Alfalfa is susceptible to a variety of viral diseases during its growth, which has caused huge amounts of commercial losses. However, the profile of the alfalfa virus in China remains ambiguous and the viruses transmitted by Odontothrips loti (Haliday), dominant insect pests in alfalfa, are also poorly understood. In the present study, virus diversity was investigated in the primary alfalfa-growing areas in China. A total of 18 alfalfa viruses were identified through RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Two new plant viruses, Medicago sativa virus 1 (MsV1) and Medicago sativa luteovirus 1 (MsLV1), were detected for the first time. Another four viruses, including the Alfalfa ringspot-associated virus (ARaV), Alfalfa virus F (AVF), Alfalfa enamovirus 1 (AEV1), and Alfalfa deltaparitivirus (ADPV), were reported in China for the first time as well. Both Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and Medicago sativa alphapartitivirus 2 (MsAPV2) are the dominant pathogens, with an infection incidence of 91.7–100%, and 74.4–97.2%, respectively. Additionally, O. loti with first- and second-instar nymphs were shown to acquire the AMV within 0.25 h of feeding on a virus-infected alfalfa. Transmission by thrips to healthy alfalfa plants was also demonstrated. Additionally, we clarified the dynamic changes in the AMV in pre-adult stages of O. loti, which indicated that the AMV is propagated in the nymph stage of O. loti. These findings provide valuable information for understanding the alfalfa virome, confirm the role thrips O. loti plays in alfalfa virus transmission, and improve our fundamental knowledge and management of diseases in China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant Viruses Research in Asia)
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Review

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23 pages, 1189 KiB  
Review
A Review of Vector-Borne Rice Viruses
by Pengyue Wang, Jianjian Liu, Yajing Lyu, Ziting Huang, Xiaoli Zhang, Bingjian Sun, Pengbai Li, Xinxin Jing, Honglian Li and Chao Zhang
Viruses 2022, 14(10), 2258; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102258 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4066
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the major staple foods for global consumption. A major roadblock to global rice production is persistent loss of crops caused by plant diseases, including rice blast, sheath blight, bacterial blight, and particularly various vector-borne rice [...] Read more.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the major staple foods for global consumption. A major roadblock to global rice production is persistent loss of crops caused by plant diseases, including rice blast, sheath blight, bacterial blight, and particularly various vector-borne rice viral diseases. Since the late 19th century, 19 species of rice viruses have been recorded in rice-producing areas worldwide and cause varying degrees of damage on the rice production. Among them, southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) and rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) in Asia, rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) in Africa, and rice stripe necrosis virus (RSNV) in America currently pose serious threats to rice yields. This review systematizes the emergence and damage of rice viral diseases, the symptomatology and transmission biology of rice viruses, the arm races between viruses and rice plants as well as their insect vectors, and the strategies for the prevention and control of rice viral diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant Viruses Research in Asia)
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