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Sustainable Water Treatment and Contaminants Control: Technologies and Strategies
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Sustainable Water Treatment and Contaminants Control: Technologies and Strategies

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Wastewater Treatment and Reuse".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (21 October 2024) | Viewed by 4686

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Shihai Deng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 712000, China
Interests: water and wastewater treatment; AOPs; biological processes; membrane processes; resource recovery for circular economy and carbon neutrality; metallic catalysts and materials; micro-electrolysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The goal of wastewater treatment systems has extended from contaminant removal to improving sustainability. It includes technology and strategy innovations to improve resource recovery and reduce consumption during wastewater treatment. Resource recovery involves effluent reuse, energy recovery, nutrient recovery and recovering pollutants such as metals and organics. Resource consumption reduction includes the improvement of treatment capability with effective energy and chemical usage. The Special Issue on “Sustainable Water Treatment and Contaminants Control: Technologies and Strategies” of the journal Water explores the barriers and opportunities of sustainable wastewater treatment and aims to bring ideas to academia and industry fields for sustainable wastewater treatment.

It welcomes Original Research, Reviews, Mini Reviews and Perspectives on the innovations in technologies and strategies for sustainable water treatment and contaminants control. The themes include, but are not limited to:

  • Use of green materials, e.g., catalysts and adsorbents for sustainable wastewater treatment.
  • Green technologies and processes for wastewater treatment.
  • Sustainable solutions for various challenges in water treatment and management.
  • Case studies on applications of innovations in sustainabile wastewater treatment.
  • Resource, e.g., nutrients, energy and metals, recovery processes from wastewater.

Prof. Dr. Shihai Deng
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wastewater treatment
  • sustainability
  • water reuse
  • resource recovery
  • consumption reduction
  • green materials
  • green technologies and processes
  • applications

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 4251 KiB  
Article
High Salinity Tolerance of Zn-Rich g-C3N4 in the Photocatalytic Treatment of Chlorophenol Wastewater
by Hongyu Chen, Ying Wang, Suiyi Zhu, Xiaoshu Wang, Jiancong Liu, Lei Wang, Wei Fan and Yang Yu
Water 2024, 16(19), 2756; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16192756 - 27 Sep 2024
Viewed by 477
Abstract
Organic saline wastewater has become a concern in recent decades due to its resistance to biological treatment and potential harm to municipal wastewater treatment plants. While photocatalytic methods have been used for treatment, they often lead to catalyst deterioration. The use of salt-tolerant [...] Read more.
Organic saline wastewater has become a concern in recent decades due to its resistance to biological treatment and potential harm to municipal wastewater treatment plants. While photocatalytic methods have been used for treatment, they often lead to catalyst deterioration. The use of salt-tolerant catalysts presents a viable solution for treating organic saline wastewater. In this study, a Zn-rich g-C3N4 was synthesized, demonstrating excellent performance in removing 2,4-DCP and its derivatives from saline wastewater. More than 75.6% of 2,4-DCP was effectively removed with the addition of Zn-rich g-C3N4, nearly doubling the removal rate compared to pure g-C3N4 and those doped with Co, Ag, Mo, and Bi. Notably, the removal efficiency of 2,4-DCP slightly increased as salinity rose from 0.1 to 2.3 wt.%. Adding 0.1 g L−1 of Zn-rich g-C3N4 resulted in the removal of 2,4-DCP, 2-chlorohydroquinone, chloroacetophenone, and 2-chloropropionic acid by 99.3%, 99.8%, 98.2%, and 99.9%, respectively, from a real saline wastewater sample with 2.2 wt.% salinity, corresponding to a 67.7% removal of TOC. The EPR results indicated that Zn-rich g-C3N4 generated more free radicals compared to pure g-C3N4, such as·OH and Cl, to degrade organic contaminants. The degradation pathway revealed that 2,4-DCP was first dechlorinated into p-phenol and catechol, which were subsequently degraded into maleic acid/fumaric acid, trihydroxyethylene, acetic acid, oxalic acid, and other products. Furthermore, Zn-rich g-C3N4 demonstrated excellent stability and holds promising potential for applications in saline wastewater treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Treatment and Contaminants Control: Technologies and Strategies)
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13 pages, 1595 KiB  
Article
Functional and Microbiological Responses of Iron–Carbon Galvanic Cell-Supported Autotrophic Denitrification to Organic Carbon Variation and Dissolved Oxygen Shaking
by Jinlong Li, Xiaowei Wang, Shi-Hai Deng, Zhaoxu Li, Bin Zhang and Desheng Li
Water 2024, 16(17), 2455; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172455 - 29 Aug 2024
Viewed by 599
Abstract
Iron–carbon galvanic-cell-supported autotrophic denitrification (IC-ADN) is a burgeoning efficient and cost-effective process for low-carbon wastewater treatment. This study revealed the influence of organic carbon (OC) and dissolved oxygen (DO) on IC-ADN in terms of functional and microbiological characteristics. The nitrogen removal efficiency increased [...] Read more.
Iron–carbon galvanic-cell-supported autotrophic denitrification (IC-ADN) is a burgeoning efficient and cost-effective process for low-carbon wastewater treatment. This study revealed the influence of organic carbon (OC) and dissolved oxygen (DO) on IC-ADN in terms of functional and microbiological characteristics. The nitrogen removal efficiency increased to 91.6% and 94.7% with partial organic carbon source addition to COD/TN of 1 and 3, respectively. The results of 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing with nirS and cbbL clone libraries showed that Thiobacillus was the predominant autotrophic denitrifying bacteria (ADB) in the micro-electrolysis-based autotrophic denitrification, which obtained nitrogen removal efficiency of 80.9% after 96 h. The ADBs shifted gradually to heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria Thauera with increasing COD/TN ratio. DO concentration of 0.8 rarely affected the denitrification efficiency and the denitrifying communities. When the DO concentration increased to 2.8 mg/L, the nitrogen removal efficiency decreased to 69.1%. These results demonstrated that autotrophic denitrification was notably affected by COD/TN and high DO concentration, which could be used to acquire optimum conditions for nitrogen removal. These results provided an in-depth understanding of the influential factors for galvanic-cell-based denitrification and helped us construct a stable and highly efficient treatment process for insufficient carbon source wastewater. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Treatment and Contaminants Control: Technologies and Strategies)
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19 pages, 3869 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Adsorption of Aqueous Pb(II) by Acidic Group-Modified Biochar Derived from Peanut Shells
by Yumeng Wu, Ci Li, Zhimiao Wang, Fang Li, Jing Li, Wei Xue and Xinqiang Zhao
Water 2024, 16(13), 1871; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131871 - 29 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 813
Abstract
Using peanut shells, a sustainable agricultural waste product, as its raw material, the acid group-modified biochar (AMBC) was prepared through phosphoric acid activation, partial carbonization, and concentrated sulfuric acid sulfonation for efficient removal of lead ion from aqueous solutions. Characterization techniques such as [...] Read more.
Using peanut shells, a sustainable agricultural waste product, as its raw material, the acid group-modified biochar (AMBC) was prepared through phosphoric acid activation, partial carbonization, and concentrated sulfuric acid sulfonation for efficient removal of lead ion from aqueous solutions. Characterization techniques such as N2 isothermal adsorption–desorption, SEM, XRD, FT-IR, TG-DTA, and acid–base titration were utilized to fully understand the properties of the AMBC. It was found that there were high densities of acidic oxygen-containing functional groups (-SO3H, -COOH, Ph-OH) on the surface of the AMBC. The optimal adsorption performance of the AMBC for Pb(II) in water occurred when the initial concentration of Pb(II) was 100 mg/L, the pH was 5, the dosage of the adsorbent was 0.5 g/L, and the contact time was 120 min. Under the optimal conditions, the removal ratio of Pb(II) was 76.0%, with an adsorption capacity of 148.6 mg/g. This performance far surpassed that of its activated carbon precursor, which achieved a removal ratio of 39.7% and an adsorption capacity of 83.1 mg/g. The superior adsorption performance of AMBC can be caused by the high content of acidic oxygen-containing functional groups on its surface. These functional groups facilitate the strong binding between AMBC and Pb(II), enabling effective removal from water solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Treatment and Contaminants Control: Technologies and Strategies)
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13 pages, 2778 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Influence of Reverse Osmosis on Lakes Using Water Quality Indices: A Case Study in Saudi Arabia
by Mohammed T. Aljassim, Abdulaziz A. AlMulla, Mahmoud M. Berekaa and Abdulmalik S. Alsaif
Water 2024, 16(10), 1351; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101351 - 10 May 2024
Viewed by 1176
Abstract
A drastic level of resource degradation was revealed through a preliminary evaluation (completed in 2016) of water quality in a recreational lake in the second industrial city in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The primary signs were a foul smell, algal bloom, high turbidity, and [...] Read more.
A drastic level of resource degradation was revealed through a preliminary evaluation (completed in 2016) of water quality in a recreational lake in the second industrial city in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The primary signs were a foul smell, algal bloom, high turbidity, and lack of aquatic life. This study aims to evaluate the influence of reverse osmosis (RO) on lake water quality. The recreational lake consists of two connected lakes (Lakes 1 and 2), which receive treated effluent from an industrial wastewater treatment plant. Composite samples were collected from the lakes to analyze their physiochemical parameters. Descriptive analyses were performed, and two water quality indices were developed to observe the variations in water quality conditions between the two periods (2016 and 2021). The results indicated that the water parameters of total dissolved solids (TDS), sulphate (SO42−), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and dissolved oxygen (DO) in 2016 (3356, 4100, 516, and 1.32 mg/L, respectively) were significantly improved in 2021 (2502, 1.28, 9.39, and 7.79 mg/L, respectively). The results of the water quality index (WQI) and comprehensive pollution index (CPI) indicated that the water quality in Lake 1 was significantly enhanced in 2021 (WQI = 85, CPI = 1) in comparison with assessment data from 2016 (WQI = 962, CPI = 8). However, the data from Lake 2 revealed higher pollution levels in 2021 (WQI = 1722, CPI = 18) than those recorded in 2016 (WQI = 1508, CPI = 13). As indicated by the absence of bad smells, algal blooms, and restoration of aquatic life, the RO intervention successfully improved the water quality in Lake 1. The WQI and CPI were helpful tools for evaluating lake water quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Treatment and Contaminants Control: Technologies and Strategies)
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Review

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24 pages, 3169 KiB  
Review
Transformation and Mitigation of Tar and Related Secondary Pollutants during Sewage Sludge Pyrolysis
by Qingyuan Lin, Yongxiao Liu, Yimeng Jiao, Pengzhao Lv, Yanbo Liu, Wei Zuo, Yu Tian and Jun Zhang
Water 2024, 16(14), 2066; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16142066 - 22 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1063
Abstract
Sewage sludge has long been perceived as the bottleneck of wastewater treatment plants in China, restraining the healthy development of sewage treatment for decades. In recent years, pyrolysis as a promising multifunctional platform has attracted increasing interest for converting sludge into valuable resources. [...] Read more.
Sewage sludge has long been perceived as the bottleneck of wastewater treatment plants in China, restraining the healthy development of sewage treatment for decades. In recent years, pyrolysis as a promising multifunctional platform has attracted increasing interest for converting sludge into valuable resources. However, the generation and presence of pyrolysis tar, one of the key by-products during sludge pyrolysis, limit the wide application of pyrolysis product resources. The efficient and selective conversion of tar is complicated by the inherent complexity of sludge and various pollutants (e.g., N-, S-, and Cl-containing organic pollutants, heavy metals) in pyrolysis products, which may either migrate into tar or be released into the environment, complicating the in-depth treatment of tar and posing environmental risks. This review systematically examines the transformation and migration of tar and related secondary pollutants during sludge pyrolysis in order to optimize the pyrolysis process for resource recovery. We provide an overview of the research progress on tar generation, transformation, and secondary pollutants during pyrolysis; discuss potential control strategies for pollution abatement; and highlight the importance of understanding tar transformation during pyrolysis. Additionally, we offer insights into future development trends and research hotpots in this field. This review aims to deliver valuable information on the mechanism of tar formation, the conversion pathways of secondary pollutants, and corresponding control strategies, thus guiding the design and optimization of sludge pyrolysis processes to achieve higher efficiency and selectivity, with minimal environmental pollution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Treatment and Contaminants Control: Technologies and Strategies)
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