Molecules

15 pages, 3159 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

New G-Quadruplex-Forming Oligodeoxynucleotides Incorporating a Bifunctional Double-Ended Linker (DEL): Effects of DEL Size and ODNs Orientation on the Topology, Stability, and Molecularity of DEL-G-Quadruplexes

by Maria Marzano, Andrea Patrizia Falanga, Stefano D’Errico, Brunella Pinto, Giovanni Nicola Roviello, Gennaro Piccialli, Giorgia Oliviero and Nicola Borbone

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030654 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4347

Abstract

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are unusual secondary structures of DNA occurring in guanosine-rich oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) strands that are extensively studied for their relevance to the biological processes in which they are involved. In this study, we report the synthesis of a new kind of G4-forming [...] Read more.

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are unusual secondary structures of DNA occurring in guanosine-rich oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) strands that are extensively studied for their relevance to the biological processes in which they are involved. In this study, we report the synthesis of a new kind of G4-forming molecule named double-ended-linker ODN (DEL-ODN), in which two TG₄T strands are attached to the two ends of symmetric, non-nucleotide linkers. Four DEL-ODNs differing for the incorporation of either a short or long linker and the directionality of the TG₄T strands were synthesized, and their ability to form G4 structures and/or multimeric species was investigated by PAGE, HPLC–size-exclusion chromatography (HPLC–SEC), circular dichroism (CD), and NMR studies in comparison with the previously reported monomeric tetra-ended-linker (TEL) analogues and with the corresponding tetramolecular species (TG₄T)₄. The structural characterization of DEL-ODNs confirmed the formation of stable, bimolecular DEL-G4s for all DEL-ODNs, as well as of additional DEL-G4 multimers with higher molecular weights, thus suggesting a way towards the obtainment of thermally stable DNA nanostructures based on reticulated DEL-G4s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecules for Biotechnologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1433 KiB

Open AccessReview

Molecular Mechanisms of Colistin-Induced Nephrotoxicity

by Zhibo Gai, Sophia L. Samodelov, Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick and Michele Visentin

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030653 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 91 | Viewed by 9673

Abstract

The emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) infections and the shortage of new therapeutic options have made colistin, a polymyxin antibiotic, the main option for the treatment of MDR Gram-negative bacterial infections in the last decade. However, the rapid onset of renal damage often [...] Read more.

The emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) infections and the shortage of new therapeutic options have made colistin, a polymyxin antibiotic, the main option for the treatment of MDR Gram-negative bacterial infections in the last decade. However, the rapid onset of renal damage often prevents the achievement of optimal therapeutic doses and/or forces the physicians to interrupt the therapy, increasing the risk of drug resistance. The proper management of colistin-induced nephrotoxicity remains challenging, mostly because the investigation of the cellular and molecular pharmacology of this drug, off the market for decades, has been largely neglected. For years, the renal damage induced by colistin was considered a mere consequence of the detergent activity of this drug on the cell membrane of proximal tubule cells. Lately, it has been proposed that the intracellular accumulation is a precondition for colistin-mediated renal damage, and that mitochondria might be a primary site of damage. Antioxidant approaches (e.g., ascorbic acid) have shown promising results in protecting the kidney of rodents exposed to colistin, yet none of these strategies have yet reached the bedside. Here we provide a critical overview of the possible mechanisms that may contribute to colistin-induced renal damage and the potential protective strategies under investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymyxins)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 5334 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of 4-Alkyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole Derivatives by Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions and Their Luminescence Properties

by Monika Olesiejuk, Agnieszka Kudelko, Marcin Swiatkowski and Rafal Kruszynski

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 652; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030652 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4424

Abstract

New derivatives of 4-alkyl-3,5-diaryl-4H-1,2,4-triazole were synthesized utilizing the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. The presented methodology comprises of the preparation of bromine-containing 4-alkyl-4H-1,2,4-triazoles and their coupling with different commercially available boronic acids in the presence of ionic liquids or in conventional [...] Read more.

New derivatives of 4-alkyl-3,5-diaryl-4H-1,2,4-triazole were synthesized utilizing the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. The presented methodology comprises of the preparation of bromine-containing 4-alkyl-4H-1,2,4-triazoles and their coupling with different commercially available boronic acids in the presence of ionic liquids or in conventional solvents. The obtained compounds were tested for their luminescence properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Heterocyclic Compounds)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 2353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Molecular Composition of Head Group and Temperature on Micellar Properties of Ionic Surfactants with C12 Alkyl Chain

by Jarmila Oremusová, Zuzana Vitková, Anton Vitko, Marián Tárník, Eva Miklovičová, Oľga Ivánková, Ján Murgaš and Daniel Krchňák

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030651 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3873

Abstract

The paper analyses influences of the temperature and hydrophilic groups on micellar properties of ionic surfactants with 12-carbonic hydrophobic chains. The aim is to assess the impact of hydrophilic groups and temperature on thermodynamic parameters and micellization. This knowledge is indispensable for the [...] Read more.

The paper analyses influences of the temperature and hydrophilic groups on micellar properties of ionic surfactants with 12-carbonic hydrophobic chains. The aim is to assess the impact of hydrophilic groups and temperature on thermodynamic parameters and micellization. This knowledge is indispensable for the formulation of new dosage forms. The method uses conductometric measurements. The following hydrophilic groups are analyzed: trimethylammonium bromide, trimethylammonium chloride, ethyldimethylammonium bromide, didodecyldimethylammonium bromide, pyridinium chloride, benzyldimethyl-ammonium chloride, methylephedrinium bromide, cis and trans-[(2-benzyloxy)-cyclohexyl-methyl]-N, N-dimethylammonium bromide, sodium sulphate and lithium sulphate. Except for a few cases, there is a good agreement between values of critical micellar concentrations (CMC) and critical vesicle concentration (CVC) obtained here and those which were obtained by other authors and/or by other physicochemical methods. Values of the CMC are compared with respect to the molar masses of hydrophilic groups. It was found that CMC values increased non-linearly with increasing system temperature. The degrees of counterion binding and thermodynamic parameters, like the standard molar Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of micellization are determined and discussed in detail. The results obtained will be incorporated into in silico processes of modeling and design of optimal dosage forms, a current interdisciplinary research focus of the team. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Apricot Kernel Extract and Amygdalin Inhibit Urban Particulate Matter-Induced Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

by Soo-Wang Hyun, Junghyun Kim, Bongkyun Park, Kyuhyung Jo, Tae Gu Lee, Jin Sook Kim and Chan-Sik Kim

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030650 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4221

Abstract

Exposure to particulate matter is a risk factor for various ocular surface diseases, including keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). In this study, we investigated the protective effects of apricot kernel extract (AKE) and its bioactive compound, amygdalin, on KCS induced by exposure to urban particulate [...] Read more.

Exposure to particulate matter is a risk factor for various ocular surface diseases, including keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). In this study, we investigated the protective effects of apricot kernel extract (AKE) and its bioactive compound, amygdalin, on KCS induced by exposure to urban particulate matter (UPM). In the in vivo experiments, eye drops containing 0.5 mg/mL AKE (AKE-0.5) or 1 mg/mL AKE (AKE-1) were administered directly into the eyes of female rats after UPM exposure. Additionally, the effect of AKE and amygdalin on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity and the expressions of inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, was investigated in conjunctival epithelial cells in vitro. Topical administration of AKE-1 attenuated UPM exposure-induced reduction of tear secretion. Both AKE-0.5 and AKE-1 inhibited UPM exposure-induced corneal epithelial damage and irregularity. AKE also protected against UPM exposure-induced disruption of the mucin-4 layer on the ocular surface. In addition, AKE and amygdalin prevented UPM-induced activation of MMPs and upregulation of TNF-α and IL-6 in conjunctival epithelial cells. Therefore, AKE may have protective effects against UPM exposure-induced KCS via the inhibition of MMPs and inflammation. The pharmacological activities of AKE may be in part due to its bioactive compound, amygdalin. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 5002 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Korean Thistle (Cirsium japonicum var. maackii (Maxim.) Matsum.): A Potential Dietary Supplement against Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease

by Aditi Wagle, Su Hui Seong, Srijan Shrestha, Hyun Ah Jung and Jae Sue Choi

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030649 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5299

Abstract

In the search for natural products having a dual inhibitory action on diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease, this study investigated the activity of different parts of Korean thistle (Cirsium japonicum var. maackii (Maxim.) Matsum), and its fractional constituents by in vitro enzymatic and [...] Read more.

In the search for natural products having a dual inhibitory action on diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease, this study investigated the activity of different parts of Korean thistle (Cirsium japonicum var. maackii (Maxim.) Matsum), and its fractional constituents by in vitro enzymatic and in silico molecular docking studies. Cirsium maackii has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases. The ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions of a leaf extract showed α-glucosidase and BACE1 inhibitory activity, respectively. Furthermore, the isolated compound, luteolin, exhibited concentration-dependent non-competitive inhibition against both α-glucosidase and BACE1 (IC₅₀ = 51.27 ± 1.23 and 13.75 ± 0.26 μM; K_i value = 52.04 and 14.76 μM, respectively). Moreover, docking studies showed that luteolin formed a strong hydrogen bond with the peripheral binding amino acid residues, and hydrophobic interactions with the α-glucosidase and BACE1 enzymes. Therefore, Korean thistle may act as an important dietary supplement against diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease, especially the leaves, because of the preponderance of the active component, luteolin, making Korean thistle a promising candidate for more detailed in vitro and in vivo studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 860 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hesperidin as a Neuroprotective Agent: A Review of Animal and Clinical Evidence

by Marziyeh Hajialyani, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Javier Echeverría, Seyed Mohammad Nabavi, Eugenio Uriarte and Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030648 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 250 | Viewed by 15960

Abstract

Neuroprotection is the preservation of function and networks of neural tissues from damages caused by various agents, as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s diseases, and multiple sclerosis. Hesperidin, a flavanone glycoside, is a natural phenolic compound with a wide [...] Read more.

Neuroprotection is the preservation of function and networks of neural tissues from damages caused by various agents, as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s diseases, and multiple sclerosis. Hesperidin, a flavanone glycoside, is a natural phenolic compound with a wide range of biological effects. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that hesperidin possesses inhibitory effect against development of neurodegenerative diseases. Our review discusses neuropharmacological mechanisms for preventive and therapeutic effects of hesperidin in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, the review examines clinical evidence confirming its neuroprotective function. Various cellular and animal models specific to neurodegenerative diseases have been conducted to evaluate the underlying neuropharmacological mechanisms of hesperidin. Neuroprotective potential of this flavonoid is mediated by improvement of neural growth factors and endogenous antioxidant defense functions, diminishing neuro-inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. Despite the various preclinical studies on the role of hesperidin in the neurodegenerative diseases, less is known about its definite effect on humans. A limited number of clinical trials showed that hesperidin-enriched dietary supplements can significantly improve cerebral blood flow, cognition, and memory performance. Further clinical trials are also required for confirming neuroprotective efficacy of this natural flavonoid and evaluating its safety profile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 7424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cucurbitacin B Induces the Lysosomal Degradation of EGFR and Suppresses the CIP2A/PP2A/Akt Signaling Axis in Gefitinib-Resistant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

by Pengfei Liu, Yuchen Xiang, Xuewen Liu, Te Zhang, Rui Yang, Sen Chen, Li Xu, Qingqing Yu, Huzi Zhao, Liang Zhang, Ying Liu and Yuan Si

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030647 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 8119

Abstract

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients carrying an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation are initially sensitive to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) treatment, but soon develop an acquired resistance. The treatment effect of EGFR-TKIs-resistant NSCLC patients still faces challenges. Cucurbitacin B (CuB), a [...] Read more.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients carrying an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation are initially sensitive to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) treatment, but soon develop an acquired resistance. The treatment effect of EGFR-TKIs-resistant NSCLC patients still faces challenges. Cucurbitacin B (CuB), a triterpene hydrocarbon compound isolated from plants of various families and genera, elicits anticancer effects in a variety of cancer types. However, whether CuB is a viable treatment option for gefitinib-resistant (GR) NSCLC remains unclear. Here, we investigated the anticancer effects and underlying mechanisms of CuB. We report that CuB inhibited the growth and invasion of GR NSCLC cells and induced apoptosis. The inhibitory effect of CuB occurred through its promotion of the lysosomal degradation of EGFR and the downregulation of the cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A/protein phosphatase 2A/Akt (CIP2A/PP2A/Akt) signaling axis. CuB and cisplatin synergistically inhibited tumor growth. A xenograft tumor model indicated that CuB inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Immunohistochemistry results further demonstrated that CuB decreased EGFR and CIP2A levels in vivo. These findings suggested that CuB could suppress the growth and invasion of GR NSCLC cells by inducing the lysosomal degradation of EGFR and by downregulating the CIP2A/PP2A/Akt signaling axis. Thus, CuB may be a new drug candidate for the treatment of GR NSCLC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antitumoral Properties of Natural Products)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 6932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On-Line Raman Spectroscopic Study of Cytochromes’ Redox State of Biofilms in Microbial Fuel Cells

by Adolf Krige, Magnus Sjöblom, Kerstin Ramser, Paul Christakopoulos and Ulrika Rova

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030646 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4615

Abstract

Bio-electrochemical systems such as microbial fuel cells and microbial electrosynthesis cells depend on efficient electron transfer between the microorganisms and the electrodes. Understanding the mechanisms and dynamics of the electron transfer is important in order to design more efficient reactors, as well as [...] Read more.

Bio-electrochemical systems such as microbial fuel cells and microbial electrosynthesis cells depend on efficient electron transfer between the microorganisms and the electrodes. Understanding the mechanisms and dynamics of the electron transfer is important in order to design more efficient reactors, as well as modifying microorganisms for enhanced electricity production. Geobacter are well known for their ability to form thick biofilms and transfer electrons to the surfaces of electrodes. Currently, there are not many “on-line” systems for monitoring the activity of the biofilm and the electron transfer process without harming the biofilm. Raman microscopy was shown to be capable of providing biochemical information, i.e., the redox state of C-type cytochromes, which is integral to external electron transfer, without harming the biofilm. In the current study, a custom 3D printed flow-through cuvette was used in order to analyze the oxidation state of the C-type cytochromes of suspended cultures of three Geobacter sulfurreducens strains (PCA, KN400 and ΔpilA). It was found that the oxidation state is a good indicator of the metabolic state of the cells. Furthermore, an anaerobic fluidic system enabling in situ Raman measurements was designed and applied successfully to monitor and characterize G. sulfurreducens biofilms during electricity generation, for both a wild strain, PCA, and a mutant, ΔS. The cytochrome redox state, monitored by the Raman peak areas, could be modulated by applying different poise voltages to the electrodes. This also correlated with the modulation of current transferred from the cytochromes to the electrode. The Raman peak area changed in a predictable and reversible manner, indicating that the system could be used for analyzing the oxidation state of the proteins responsible for the electron transfer process and the kinetics thereof in-situ. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Raman Spectroscopy: A Spectroscopic 'Swiss-Army Knife')

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

21 pages, 3967 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Small Molecule Docking of DNA Repair Proteins Associated with Cancer Survival Following PCNA Metagene Adjustment: A Potential Novel Class of Repair Inhibitors

by Leif E. Peterson

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030645 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5176

Abstract

Natural and synthetic small molecules from the NCI Developmental Therapeutics Program (DTP) were employed in molecular dynamics-based docking with DNA repair proteins whose RNA-Seq based expression was associated with overall cancer survival (OS) after adjustment for the PCNA metagene. The compounds employed were [...] Read more.

Natural and synthetic small molecules from the NCI Developmental Therapeutics Program (DTP) were employed in molecular dynamics-based docking with DNA repair proteins whose RNA-Seq based expression was associated with overall cancer survival (OS) after adjustment for the PCNA metagene. The compounds employed were required to elicit a sensitive response (vs. resistance) in more than half of the cell lines tested for each cancer. Methodological approaches included peptide sequence alignments and homology modeling for 3D protein structure determination, ligand preparation, docking, toxicity and ADME prediction. Docking was performed for unique lists of DNA repair proteins which predict OS for AML, cancers of the breast, lung, colon, and ovaries, GBM, melanoma, and renal papillary cancer. Results indicate hundreds of drug-like and lead-like ligands with best-pose binding energies less than −6 kcal/mol. Ligand solubility for the top 20 drug-like hits approached lower bounds, while lipophilicity was acceptable. Most ligands were also blood-brain barrier permeable with high intestinal absorption rates. While the majority of ligands lacked positive prediction for HERG channel blockage and Ames carcinogenicity, there was a considerable variation for predicted fathead minnow, honey bee, and Tetrahymena pyriformis toxicity. The computational results suggest the potential for new targets and mechanisms of repair inhibition and can be directly employed for in vitro and in vivo confirmatory laboratory experiments to identify new targets of therapy for cancer survival. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 2321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Potential Gallium-68-Labelled Radiotracer Based on DOTA-Curcumin for Colon-Rectal Carcinoma: From Synthesis to In Vivo Studies

by Giulia Orteca, Federica Pisaneschi, Sara Rubagotti, Tracy W. Liu, Giacomo Biagiotti, David Piwnica-Worms, Michele Iori, Pier Cesare Capponi, Erika Ferrari and Mattia Asti

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030644 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3894

Abstract

Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly occurring cancer in men and the second most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide. We have recently reported that curcuminoid complexes labelled with gallium-68 have demonstrated preferential uptake in HT29 colorectal cancer and K562 lymphoma cell [...] Read more.

Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly occurring cancer in men and the second most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide. We have recently reported that curcuminoid complexes labelled with gallium-68 have demonstrated preferential uptake in HT29 colorectal cancer and K562 lymphoma cell lines compared to normal human lymphocytes. In the present study, we report a new gallium-68-labelled curcumin derivative (⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-C21) and its initial validation as marker for early detection of colorectal cancer. The precursor and non-radioactive complexes were synthesized and deeply characterized by analytical methods then the curcuminoid was radiolabelled with gallium-68. The in vitro stability, cell uptake, internalization and efflux properties of the probe were studied in HT29 cells, and the in vivo targeting ability and biodistribution were investigated in mice bearing HT29 subcutaneous tumour model. ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-C21 exhibits decent stability (57 ± 3% after 120 min of incubation) in physiological media and a curcumin-mediated cellular accumulation in colorectal cancer cell line (121 ± 4 KBq of radiotracer per mg of protein within 60 min of incubation). In HT29 tumour-bearing mice, the tumour uptake of ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-C21 is 3.57 ± 0.3% of the injected dose per gram of tissue after 90 min post injection with a tumour to muscle ratio of 2.2 ± 0.2. High amount of activity (12.73 ± 1.9% ID/g) is recorded in blood and significant uptake of the radiotracer occurs in the intestine (13.56 ± 3.3% ID/g), lungs (8.42 ± 0.8% ID/g), liver (5.81 ± 0.5% ID/g) and heart (4.70 ± 0.4% ID/g). Further studies are needed to understand the mechanism of accumulation and clearance; however, ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-C21 provides a productive base-structure to develop further radiotracers for imaging of colorectal cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Production and Applications of Metal Radionuclides for Nuclear Medicine)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 2465 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Synthesis of a Conformationally Stable Atropisomeric Pair of Biphenyl Scaffold Containing Additional Stereogenic Centers

by Chi-Tung Yeung, Wesley Ting Kwok Chan, Wai-Sum Lo, Ga-Lai Law and Wing-Tak Wong

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030643 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3384

Abstract

The synthesis of a new CF₃-containing stereogenic atropisomeric pair of ortho-disubstituted biphenyl scaffold is presented. The atropisomers are surprisingly conformationally stable for isolation. X-ray structures show that their stability comes from an intramolecular hydrogen bond formation from their two hydroxyl groups [...] Read more.

The synthesis of a new CF₃-containing stereogenic atropisomeric pair of ortho-disubstituted biphenyl scaffold is presented. The atropisomers are surprisingly conformationally stable for isolation. X-ray structures show that their stability comes from an intramolecular hydrogen bond formation from their two hydroxyl groups and renders the spatial arrangement of their peripheral CF₃ and CH₃ groups very different. The synthesized stereogenic scaffold proved to be effective in catalyzing the asymmetric N-nitroso aldol reaction of enamine and nitrosobenzene. Compared to similar scaffolds without CF₃ groups, one of our atropisomer exhibits an increase in enantioselectivity in this reaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organic Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 2302 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Synthesis of Meso-Diarylaminocorroles via S_NAr Reactions

by Kento Ueta, Takayuki Tanaka and Atsuhiro Osuka

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030642 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4352

Abstract

A corrole is a tetrapyrrolic macrocycle known as a ring-contracted porphyrinoid. Despite the progress of the synthetic chemistry of meso-aryl-substituted corroles since the early 2000s, meso-heteroatom-substituted corroles have been scarcely reported. Herein we report that the S_NAr-type substitution reaction [...] Read more.

A corrole is a tetrapyrrolic macrocycle known as a ring-contracted porphyrinoid. Despite the progress of the synthetic chemistry of meso-aryl-substituted corroles since the early 2000s, meso-heteroatom-substituted corroles have been scarcely reported. Herein we report that the S_NAr-type substitution reaction of a meso-chlorocorrole silver complex with diphenylamine or carbazole in the presence of NaH as a base produced meso-aminocorroles. The structures, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV/Vis), and emission spectra of these meso-aminocorroles were discussed. Furthermore, the oxidation reaction of a meso-diphenylaminocorrole was examined, which resulted in the formation of 10,10-diethoxyisocorrole. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tetrapyrrolic Macrocycles: Synthesis, Functionalization and Applications 2018)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 1735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intrinsic Flexibility of the EMT Zeolite Framework under Pressure

by Antony Nearchou, Mero-Lee U. Cornelius, Jonathan M. Skelton, Zöe L. Jones, Andrew B. Cairns, Ines E. Collings, Paul R. Raithby, Stephen A. Wells and Asel Sartbaeva

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030641 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5066

Abstract

The roles of organic additives in the assembly and crystallisation of zeolites are still not fully understood. This is important when attempting to prepare novel frameworks to produce new zeolites. We consider 18-crown-6 ether (18C6) as an additive, which has previously been shown [...] Read more.

The roles of organic additives in the assembly and crystallisation of zeolites are still not fully understood. This is important when attempting to prepare novel frameworks to produce new zeolites. We consider 18-crown-6 ether (18C6) as an additive, which has previously been shown to differentiate between the zeolite EMC-2 (EMT) and faujasite (FAU) frameworks. However, it is unclear whether this distinction is dictated by influences on the metastable free-energy landscape or geometric templating. Using high-pressure synchrotron X-ray diffraction, we have observed that the presence of 18C6 does not impact the EMT framework flexibility—agreeing with our previous geometric simulations and suggesting that 18C6 does not behave as a geometric template. This was further studied by computational modelling using solid-state density-functional theory and lattice dynamics calculations. It is shown that the lattice energy of FAU is lower than EMT, but is strongly impacted by the presence of solvent/guest molecules in the framework. Furthermore, the EMT topology possesses a greater vibrational entropy and is stabilised by free energy at a finite temperature. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the role of the 18C6 additive is to influence the free energy of crystallisation to assemble the EMT framework as opposed to FAU. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High–Pressure Behaviour of Solids: From Molecular Species to 3D-Framework Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 2403 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Therapeutic Radiometals: Worldwide Scientific Literature Trend Analysis (2008–2018)

by Licia Uccelli, Petra Martini, Corrado Cittanti, Aldo Carnevale, Loretta Missiroli, Melchiore Giganti, Mirco Bartolomei and Alessandra Boschi

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030640 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4316 | Correction

Abstract

Academic journals have published a large number of papers in the therapeutic nuclear medicine (NM) research field in the last 10 years. Despite this, a literature analysis has never before been made to point out the research interest in therapeutic radionuclides (RNs). For [...] Read more.

Academic journals have published a large number of papers in the therapeutic nuclear medicine (NM) research field in the last 10 years. Despite this, a literature analysis has never before been made to point out the research interest in therapeutic radionuclides (RNs). For this reason, the present study aims specifically to analyze the research output on therapeutic radiometals from 2008 to 2018, with intent to quantify and identify global trends in scientific literature and emphasize the interdisciplinary nature of this research field. The data search targeted conventional (¹³¹I, ⁹⁰Y, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁵³Sm, ⁸⁹Sr, ¹⁸⁶Er) and emergent (⁶⁷Cu, ⁴⁷Sc, ²²³Ra, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁶¹Tb, ¹⁴⁹Tb, ²¹²Pb/²¹²Bi, ²²⁵Ac, ²¹³Bi, ²¹¹At, ^117mSn) RNs. Starting from this time frame, authors have analyzed and interpreted this scientific trend quantitatively first, and qualitatively after. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Production and Applications of Metal Radionuclides for Nuclear Medicine)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 3556 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First-Principles Calculations of Angular and Strain Dependence on Effective Masses of Two-Dimensional Phosphorene Analogues (Monolayer α-Phase Group-IV Monochalcogenides MX)

by Yuanfeng Xu, Ke Xu and Hao Zhang

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030639 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4664

Abstract

Group IV monochalcogenides

M X

(M = Ge, Sn; X = S, Se)-semiconductor isostructure to black phosphorene-have recently emerged as promising two-dimensional materials for ultrathin-film photovoltaic applications owing to the fascinating electronic and optical properties. Herein, using first-principles calculations, we systematically investigate [...] Read more.

Group IV monochalcogenides

M X

(M = Ge, Sn; X = S, Se)-semiconductor isostructure to black phosphorene-have recently emerged as promising two-dimensional materials for ultrathin-film photovoltaic applications owing to the fascinating electronic and optical properties. Herein, using first-principles calculations, we systematically investigate the orbital contribution electronic properties, angular and strain dependence on the carrier effective masses of monolayer

M X

. Based on analysis on the orbital-projected band structure, the VBMs are found to be dominantly contributed from the

p_{z}

orbital of X atom, while the CBM is mainly dominated by

p_{x}

or

p_{y}

orbital of M atom. 2D SnS has the largest anisotropy ratio due to the lacking of s orbital contribution which increases the anisotropy. Moreover, the electron/hole effective masses along the x direction have the steeper tendency of increase under the uniaxial tensile strain compared to those along y direction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Black Phosphorus: Application in Materials Science)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3069 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Evaluation of the Thermal Polarization in Direct Contact Membrane Distillation Using Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes Doped With Molecular Probes

by Sergio Santoro, Ivan Vidorreta, Isabel Coelhoso, Joao Carlos Lima, Giovanni Desiderio, Giuseppe Lombardo, Enrico Drioli, Reyes Mallada, Joao Crespo, Alessandra Criscuoli and Alberto Figoli

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 638; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030638 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 4345

Abstract

Membrane distillation (MD) has recently gained considerable attention as a valid process for the production of fresh-water due to its ability to exploit low grade waste heat for operation and to ensure a nearly feed concentration-independent production of high-purity distillate. Limitations have been [...] Read more.

Membrane distillation (MD) has recently gained considerable attention as a valid process for the production of fresh-water due to its ability to exploit low grade waste heat for operation and to ensure a nearly feed concentration-independent production of high-purity distillate. Limitations have been related to polarization phenomena negatively affecting the thermal efficiency of the process and, as a consequence, its productivity. Several theoretical models have been developed to predict the impact of the operating conditions of the process on the thermal polarization, but there is a lack of experimental validation. In this study, electrospun nanofiber membranes (ENMs) made of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and doped with (1, 10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) Ru(phen)₃ were tested at different operating conditions (i.e., temperature and velocity of the feed) in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). The temperature sensitive luminophore, Ru(phen)₃, allowed the on-line and non-invasive mapping of the temperature at the membrane surface during the process and the experimental evaluation of the effect of the temperature and velocity of the feed on the thermal polarization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Membrane Preparation and Applications)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 232 KiB

Open AccessReview

Computational Structural Biology: Successes, Future Directions, and Challenges

by Ruth Nussinov, Chung-Jung Tsai, Amarda Shehu and Hyunbum Jang

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030637 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6705

Abstract

Computational biology has made powerful advances. Among these, trends in human health have been uncovered through heterogeneous ‘big data’ integration, and disease-associated genes were identified and classified. Along a different front, the dynamic organization of chromatin is being elucidated to gain insight into [...] Read more.

Computational biology has made powerful advances. Among these, trends in human health have been uncovered through heterogeneous ‘big data’ integration, and disease-associated genes were identified and classified. Along a different front, the dynamic organization of chromatin is being elucidated to gain insight into the fundamental question of genome regulation. Powerful conformational sampling methods have also been developed to yield a detailed molecular view of cellular processes. when combining these methods with the advancements in the modeling of supramolecular assemblies, including those at the membrane, we are finally able to get a glimpse into how cells’ actions are regulated. Perhaps most intriguingly, a major thrust is on to decipher the mystery of how the brain is coded. Here, we aim to provide a broad, yet concise, sketch of modern aspects of computational biology, with a special focus on computational structural biology. We attempt to forecast the areas that computational structural biology will embrace in the future and the challenges that it may face. We skirt details, highlight successes, note failures, and map directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 11th Computational Structural Bioinformatics Workshop (CSBW-2018))

11 pages, 1099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyalcohols as Hydrogen-Bonding Donors in Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction of Xanthones from the Pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L.

by Kamarza Mulia, Farah Fauzia and Elsa Anisa Krisanti

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030636 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 6264

Abstract

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a fruit that is rich in xanthones, utilized as health supplements or additives in food products due to their high antioxidant activities. Choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with polyalcohols (ethylene glycol, glycerol, propanediols, and butanediols) [...] Read more.

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a fruit that is rich in xanthones, utilized as health supplements or additives in food products due to their high antioxidant activities. Choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with polyalcohols (ethylene glycol, glycerol, propanediols, and butanediols) as hydrogen bonding donors (HBDs) were used to extract the xanthones from the pericarp of mangosteen. DESs with 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, and 1,2-butanediol as HBDs (ChCl to HBD mole ratio of 1:3) afforded the highest extraction yields (2.40-2.63%) of α-mangostin, the most abundant component that represents xanthones. These DESs have intermediate Nile Red polar parameter values similar to that of ethanol and provide extraction yields with a quadratic dependence on the polar parameter. Polarity and viscosity, the important physicochemical properties to consider in the selection of DES as an extraction solvent, could be adjusted based on the consideration of the molecular structure of the polyalcohols. The following factors qualifies the ChCl-1,2-propanediol DES as a designer solvent for green extraction: It is selected from a set of DESs having a homologous class of HBDs to deliver the highest α-mangostin extraction yield, its extract composition similar to that obtained using ethanol, it has low or negligible vapor pressure, both of its components are generally recognized as safe chemicals so that direct utilization of a DES extract is possible, and this DES is used for utilization of agricultural waste products as the resource of bioactive compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green and Sustainable Solvents)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 4728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sonication of Yeast Biomasses to Improve the Ageing on Lees Technique in Red Wines

by Juan Manuel del Fresno, Antonio Morata, Carlos Escott, Iris Loira, Rafael Cuerda and José Antonio Suárez-Lepe

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 635; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030635 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4171

Abstract

Ageing on Lees (AOL) is a technique to improve the aromatic and gustatory complexity of wine, mainly by improving its body and reducing its astringency. However, the autolytic process is slow, resulting in high production costs. This work evaluated the effect of adding [...] Read more.

Ageing on Lees (AOL) is a technique to improve the aromatic and gustatory complexity of wine, mainly by improving its body and reducing its astringency. However, the autolytic process is slow, resulting in high production costs. This work evaluated the effect of adding sonicated lees and combining it with oak chips, as a new technique to accelerate the AOL process and improve the aromatic quality of aged red wine. Cell disruption due to sonication was verified by optical microscopy. Volatile acidity, total polyphenol index, color intensity, tonality, dissolved oxygen, anthocyanins, and fermentative volatiles were monitored throughout the ageing of the wines. Sensory analysis was performed at the end of the ageing process. Polysaccharides released from the cell walls and the oxygen consumption, was quantified using a hydroalcoholic solution. The results indicated a 20% increase of the polysaccharide content and suggested an increase in the antioxidant capacity of the lees. No significant changes were observed in the fermentative volatile compounds and the total polyphenol index (TPI), except for those wines in contact with wood. The sonication of lees had some protective effect on the total anthocyanins content, however, color intensity was significantly lower in the sonicated treatments. The sonication of the lees did not cause any defect at the sensory level. Therefore, sonication could allow a reduction in the SO₂ addition to wine, as well as a shortening of the ageing times. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 1323 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Onion (Allium cepa L.) Skin: A Rich Resource of Biomolecules for the Sustainable Production of Colored Biofunctional Textiles

by Lucia Pucciarini, Federica Ianni, Valentina Petesse, Federica Pellati, Virginia Brighenti, Claudia Volpi, Marco Gargaro, Benedetto Natalini, Catia Clementi and Roccaldo Sardella

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030634 - 11 Feb 2019

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 8990

Abstract

The aqueous extract of dry onion skin waste from the ‘Dorata di Parma’ cultivar was tested as a new source of biomolecules for the production of colored and biofunctional wool yarns, through environmentally friendly dyeing procedures. Specific attention was paid to the antioxidant [...] Read more.

The aqueous extract of dry onion skin waste from the ‘Dorata di Parma’ cultivar was tested as a new source of biomolecules for the production of colored and biofunctional wool yarns, through environmentally friendly dyeing procedures. Specific attention was paid to the antioxidant and UV protection properties of the resulting textiles. On the basis of spectrophotometric and mass spectrometry analyses, the obtained deep red-brown color was assigned to quercetin and its glycoside derivatives. The Folin–Ciocalteu method revealed good phenol uptakes on the wool fiber (higher than 27% for the textile after the first dyeing cycle), with respect to the original total content estimated in the water extract (78.50 ± 2.49 mg equivalent gallic acid/g onion skin). The manufactured materials showed remarkable antioxidant activity and ability to protect human skin against lipid peroxidation following UV radiation: 7.65 ± 1.43 (FRAP assay) and 13.60 (ORAC assay) mg equivalent trolox/g textile; lipid peroxidation inhibition up to 89.37%. This photoprotective and antioxidant activity were therefore ascribed to the polyphenol pool contained in the outer dried gold skins of onion. It is worth noting that citofluorimetric analysis demonstrated that the aqueous extract does not have a significative influence on cell viability, neither is capable of inducing a proapoptotic effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Phenolic Compounds from Plants: Chemistry, Analysis and Biological Activity)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 2418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simultaneous Determination of Pharmaceuticals by Solid-phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: A Case Study from Sharjah Sewage Treatment Plant

by Mohammad H. Semreen, Abdallah Shanableh, Lucy Semerjian, Hasan Alniss, Mouath Mousa, Xuelian Bai and Kumud Acharya

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030633 - 11 Feb 2019

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 6222

Abstract

The present work describes the optimization and validation of a highly selective and sensitive analytical method using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SPE LC-MS/MS) for the determination of some frequently prescribed pharmaceuticals in urban wastewater received and treated by [...] Read more.

The present work describes the optimization and validation of a highly selective and sensitive analytical method using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SPE LC-MS/MS) for the determination of some frequently prescribed pharmaceuticals in urban wastewater received and treated by Sharjah sewage treatment plant (STP). The extraction efficiency of different SPE cartridges was tested and the simultaneous extraction of pharmaceuticals was successfully accomplished using hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced reversed phase Waters^® Oasis HLB cartridge (200 mg/ 6 mL) at pH 3. The analytes were separated on an Aquity BEH C18 column (1.7 µm, 2.1 mm × 150 mm) using gradient elution and mass spectrometric analysis were performed in multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) selecting two precursor ions to produce ion transition for each pharmaceutical using positive electrospray ionization (+ESI) mode. The correlation coefficient values in the linear calibration plot for each target compound exceeded 0.99 and the recovery percentages of the investigated pharmaceuticals were more than 84%. Limit of detection (LOD) varied between 0.1–1.5 ng/L and limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.3–5 ng/L for all analytes. The precision of the method was calculated as the relative standard deviation (RSD%) of replicate measurements and was found to be in the ranges of 2.2% to 7.7% and 2.2% to 8.6% for inter and intra-day analysis, respectively. All of the obtained validation parameters satisfied the requirements and guidelines of analytical method validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Analytical Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 1293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Neural Network Prediction of Retention of Amino Acids in Reversed-Phase HPLC under Application of Linear Organic Modifier Gradients and/or pH Gradients

by Angelo Antonio D’Archivio

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030632 - 11 Feb 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3575

Abstract

A multi-layer artificial neural network (ANN) was used to model the retention behavior of 16 o-phthalaldehyde derivatives of amino acids in reversed-phase liquid chromatography under application of various gradient elution modes. The retention data, taken from literature, were collected in acetonitrile–water eluents [...] Read more.

A multi-layer artificial neural network (ANN) was used to model the retention behavior of 16 o-phthalaldehyde derivatives of amino acids in reversed-phase liquid chromatography under application of various gradient elution modes. The retention data, taken from literature, were collected in acetonitrile–water eluents under application of linear organic modifier gradients ( gradients), pH gradients, or double pH/ gradients. At first, retention data collected in  gradients and pH gradients were modeled separately, while these were successively combined in one dataset and fitted simultaneously. Specific ANN-based models were generated by combining the descriptors of the gradient profiles with 16 inputs representing the amino acids and providing the retention time of these solutes as the response. Categorical “bit-string” descriptors were adopted to identify the solutes, which allowed simultaneously modeling the retention times of all 16 target amino acids. The ANN-based models tested on external gradients provided mean errors for the predicted retention times of 1.1% ( gradients), 1.4% (pH gradients), 2.5% (combined  and pH gradients), and 2.5% (double pH/ gradients). The accuracy of ANN prediction was better than that previously obtained by fitting of the same data with retention models based on the solution of the fundamental equation of gradient elution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Chemical Analysis Procedures (Part II): Statistical and Chemometric Approaches)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 7453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stratification of Breast Cancer by Integrating Gene Expression Data and Clinical Variables

by Zongzhen He, Junying Zhang, Xiguo Yuan, Jianing Xi, Zhaowen Liu and Yuanyuan Zhang

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030631 - 11 Feb 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4522

Abstract

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Although gene expression profiling has led to the definition of several subtypes of breast cancer, the precise discovery of the subtypes remains a challenge. Clinical data is another promising source. In this study, clinical variables are utilized [...] Read more.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Although gene expression profiling has led to the definition of several subtypes of breast cancer, the precise discovery of the subtypes remains a challenge. Clinical data is another promising source. In this study, clinical variables are utilized and integrated to gene expressions for the stratification of breast cancer. We adopt two phases: gene selection and clustering, where the integration is in the gene selection phase; only genes whose expressions are most relevant to each clinical variable and least redundant among themselves are selected for further clustering. In practice, we simply utilize maximum relevance minimum redundancy (mRMR) for gene selection and k-means for clustering. We compare the results of our method with those of two commonly used only expression-based breast cancer stratification methods: prediction analysis of microarray 50 (PAM50) and highest variability (HV). The result is that our method outperforms them in identifying subtypes significantly associated with five-year survival and recurrence time. Specifically, our method identified recurrence-associated breast cancer subtypes that were not identified by PAM50 and HV. Additionally, our analysis discovered three survival-associated luminal-A subgroups and two survival-associated luminal-B subgroups. The study indicates that screening clinically relevant gene expressions yields improved breast cancer stratification. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 4988 KiB

Open AccessReview

Stereoselective Multicomponent Reactions in the Synthesis or Transformations of Epoxides and Aziridines

by Allan Ribeiro da Silva, Deborah Araujo dos Santos, Marcio Weber Paixão and Arlene Gonçalves Corrêa

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 630; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030630 - 11 Feb 2019

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7007

Abstract

Small ring heterocycles, such as epoxides and aziridines, are present in several natural products and are also highly versatile building blocks, frequently involved in the synthesis of numerous bioactive products and pharmaceuticals. Because of the potential for increased efficiency and selectivity, along with [...] Read more.

Small ring heterocycles, such as epoxides and aziridines, are present in several natural products and are also highly versatile building blocks, frequently involved in the synthesis of numerous bioactive products and pharmaceuticals. Because of the potential for increased efficiency and selectivity, along with the advantages of environmentally benign synthetic procedures, multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have been explored in the synthesis and ring opening of these heterocyclic units. In this review, the recent advances in MCRs involving the synthesis and applications of epoxides and aziridines to the preparation of other heterocycles are discussed emphasizing the stereoselectivity of the reactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enantioselective Synthesis, Enantiomeric Separations and Chiral Recognition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 1442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mori Ramulus (Chin.Ph.)—the Dried Twigs of Morus alba L./Part 1: Discovery of Two Novel Coumarin Glycosides from the Anti-Hyperuricemic Ethanol Extract

by Jianbiao Yao, Houhong He, Jin Xue, Jianfang Wang, Huihui Jin, Jian Wu, Jiangning Hu, Ruwei Wang and Kenny Kuchta

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030629 - 11 Feb 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5077

Abstract

In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Mori ramulus (Chin.Ph.)—the dried twigs of Morus alba L.—is extensively used as an antirheumatic agent and also finds additional use in asthma therapy. As a pathological high xanthine oxidase (XO, EC 1.1.3.22) activity is strongly correlated to hyperuricemy [...] Read more.

In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Mori ramulus (Chin.Ph.)—the dried twigs of Morus alba L.—is extensively used as an antirheumatic agent and also finds additional use in asthma therapy. As a pathological high xanthine oxidase (XO, EC 1.1.3.22) activity is strongly correlated to hyperuricemy and gout, standard anti-hyperuremic therapy typically involves XO inhibitors like allopurinol, which often cause adverse effects by inhibiting other enzymes involved in purine metabolism. Mori ramulus may therefore be a promissing source for the development of new antirheumatic therapeutics with less side effects. Coumarins, one of the dominant groups of bioactive constituents of M. alba, have been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet aggregation, antitumor, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities. The combination of HPLC (DAD) and Q-TOF technique could give excellent separating and good structural characterization abilities which make it suitable to analyze complex multi-herbal extracts in TCM. The aim of this study was to develop a HPLC (DAD)/ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS method for the identification and profiling of pharmacologically active coumarin glycosides in Mori ramulus refined extracts for used in TCM. This HPLC (DAD)/ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS method provided a rapid and accurate method for identification of coumarin glycosides—including new natural products described here for the first time—in the crude extract of M. alba L. In the course of this project, two novel natural products moriramulosid A (umbelliferone-6-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranoside) and moriramulosid B (6-[[6-O-(6-deoxy-α-l-mannopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]oxy]-2H-1-benzopyran-1-one) were newly discovered and the known natural product Scopolin was identified in M. alba L. for the first time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Herbal Medicine Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formation and Investigation of Electrospun Eudragit E100/Oregano Mats

by Juste Baranauskaite, Erika Adomavičiūtė, Virginija Jankauskaitė, Mindaugas Marksa, Zita Barsteigienė and Jurga Bernatoniene

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030628 - 11 Feb 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4375

Abstract

An electrospun mat of Eudragit E100 (EE100) (a cationic copolymer based on dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, and methyl methacrylate) was used as a delivery system for oregano ethanolic extract (OEE). Oregano is a biologically active material which is widely used because of the [...] Read more.

An electrospun mat of Eudragit E100 (EE100) (a cationic copolymer based on dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, and methyl methacrylate) was used as a delivery system for oregano ethanolic extract (OEE). Oregano is a biologically active material which is widely used because of the antibacterial and antifungal activity. The oregano herb consists of phenolic compounds, the main of which are rosmarinic acid and from essential oil—carvacrol. Such a material could be an ideal candidate for oral drug systems. The influence of the EE100 concentration in the OEE on the structure of electrospun mats, encapsulation efficiency, dissolution profile, release kinetics and the stability of biologically active compounds was investigated. The concentration of the solution is a critical parameter for the structure and properties of electrospun mats. The diameter of electrospun fibers increased with the increase of EE100 concentration in the OEE. Electrospun mats obtained from 24% to 32% EE100 solutions showed high encapsulation efficiency, quick release and high stability of rosmarinic acid and carvacrol. Dissolution tests showed that 99% of carvacrol and 80% of rosmarinic acid were released after 10 min from electrospun nano-microfiber mats and capsules obtained from such formulations. The stability tests showed that physicochemical properties, dissolution profiles, and rosmarinic acid and carvacrol contents of the formulations were not significantly affected by storage. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

21 pages, 6697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of a Novel Specific Cucurbitadienol Synthase Allele in Siraitia grosvenorii Correlates with High Catalytic Efficiency

by Jing Qiao, Zuliang Luo, Zhe Gu, Yanling Zhang, Xindan Zhang and Xiaojun Ma

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030627 - 11 Feb 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4790

Abstract

Mogrosides, the main bioactive compounds isolated from the fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii, are a group of cucurbitane-type triterpenoid glycosides that exhibit a wide range of notable biological activities and are commercially available worldwide as natural sweeteners. However, the extraction cost is high [...] Read more.

Mogrosides, the main bioactive compounds isolated from the fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii, are a group of cucurbitane-type triterpenoid glycosides that exhibit a wide range of notable biological activities and are commercially available worldwide as natural sweeteners. However, the extraction cost is high due to their relatively low contents in plants. Therefore, molecular breeding needs to be achieved when conventional plant breeding can hardly improve the quality so far. In this study, the levels of 21 active mogrosides and two precursors in 15 S. grosvenorii varieties were determined by HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS, respectively. The results showed that the variations in mogroside V content may be caused by the accumulation of cucurbitadienol. Furthermore, a total of four wild-type cucurbitadienol synthase protein variants (50R573L, 50C573L, 50R573Q, and 50C573Q) based on two missense mutation single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites were discovered. An in vitro enzyme reaction analysis indicated that 50R573L had the highest activity, with a specific activity of 10.24 nmol min⁻¹ mg⁻¹. In addition, a site-directed mutant, namely, 50K573L, showed a 33% enhancement of catalytic efficiency compared to wild-type 50R573L. Our findings identify a novel cucurbitadienol synthase allele correlates with high catalytic efficiency. These results are valuable for the molecular breeding of luohanguo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 2076 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Temperature-Dependent Evolution of Raman Spectra of Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskites, CH₃NH₃PbX₃ (X = I, Br)

by Kousuke Nakada, Yuki Matsumoto, Yukihiro Shimoi, Koji Yamada and Yukio Furukawa

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030626 - 11 Feb 2019

Cited by 86 | Viewed by 9371

Abstract

We present a Raman study on the phase transitions of organic/inorganic hybrid perovskite materials, CH₃NH₃PbX₃ (X = I, Br), which are used as solar cells with high power conversion efficiency. The temperature dependence of the Raman bands of [...] Read more.

We present a Raman study on the phase transitions of organic/inorganic hybrid perovskite materials, CH₃NH₃PbX₃ (X = I, Br), which are used as solar cells with high power conversion efficiency. The temperature dependence of the Raman bands of CH₃NH₃PbX₃ (X = I, Br) was measured in the temperature ranges of 290 to 100 K for CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ and 340 to 110 K for CH₃NH₃PbI₃. Broad ν₁ bands at ~326 cm⁻¹ for MAPbBr₃ and at ~240 cm⁻¹ for MAPbI₃ were assigned to the MA–PbX₃ cage vibrations. These bands exhibited anomalous temperature dependence, which was attributable to motional narrowing originating from fast changes between the orientational states of CH₃NH₃⁺ in the cage. Phase transitions were characterized by changes in the bandwidths and peak positions of the MA–cage vibration and some bands associated with the NH₃⁺ group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Raman Spectroscopy: A Spectroscopic 'Swiss-Army Knife')

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

8 pages, 1006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Iridoid Derivatives from the Fruits of Cornus officinalis and Their Neuroprotective Activities

by Lin-lin Ji, Xin Wang, Jin-jie Li, Xiang-jian Zhong, Bo Zhang, Jing Juan and Xiao-ya Shang

Molecules 2019, 24(3), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030625 - 11 Feb 2019

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 3764

Abstract

Three previously undescribed iridoids, cornusfurals A–C, were isolated from the ethanolic extracts of fruits of Cornus officinalis. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The neuroprotective activity was [...] Read more.

Three previously undescribed iridoids, cornusfurals A–C, were isolated from the ethanolic extracts of fruits of Cornus officinalis. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The neuroprotective activity was evaluated by measuring corticosterone-induced damage in PC12 cells. The results showed that cornusfural B decreased corticosterone-induced PC12 cell damage compared with that in model cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Molecules, Volume 24, Issue 3 (February-1 2019) – 278 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI