Energies

14 pages, 7872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Fault-Tolerant Operation Capabilities of an Isolated Bidirectional Current-Source DC–DC Converter

by Andrei Blinov, Roman Kosenko, Andrii Chub and Volodymyr Ivakhno

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3203; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163203 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3218

Reliable and predictable operation of power electronics is of increasing importance due to continuously growing penetration of such systems in industrial applications. This article focuses on the fault-tolerant operation of the bidirectional secondary-modulated current-source DC–DC converter. The study analyzes possible topology reconfigurations in [...] Read more.

Reliable and predictable operation of power electronics is of increasing importance due to continuously growing penetration of such systems in industrial applications. This article focuses on the fault-tolerant operation of the bidirectional secondary-modulated current-source DC–DC converter. The study analyzes possible topology reconfigurations in case an open- or short-circuit condition occurs in one of the semiconductor devices. In addition, multi-mode operation based on topology-morphing is evaluated to extend the operating range of the case study topology. The influence of post-failure modes on the functionality and performance is analyzed with a 300 W converter prototype. It is demonstrated that failure of one transistor in the current-source side can be mitigated without dramatic loss in the efficiency at maximum power, while preserving bidirectional operation capability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronic Systems for Efficient and Sustainable Energy Supply)

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17 pages, 594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability Assessment of Distribution Networks with Optimal Coordination of Distributed Generation, Energy Storage and Demand Management

by Alberto Escalera, Edgardo D. Castronuovo, Milan Prodanović and Javier Roldán-Pérez

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3202; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163202 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2955

Abstract

Modern power distribution networks assume the connection of Distributed Generators (DGs) and energy storage systems as well as the application of advanced demand management techniques. After a network fault these technologies and techniques can contribute individually to the supply restoration of the interrupted [...] Read more.

Modern power distribution networks assume the connection of Distributed Generators (DGs) and energy storage systems as well as the application of advanced demand management techniques. After a network fault these technologies and techniques can contribute individually to the supply restoration of the interrupted areas and help improve the network reliability. However, the optimal coordination of control actions between these resources will lead to their most efficient use, maximizing the network reliability improvement. Until now, the effect of such networks with optimal coordination has not been considered in reliability studies. In this paper, DGs, energy storage and demand management techniques are jointly modelled and evaluated for reliability assessment. A novel methodology is proposed for the calculation of the reliability indices. It evaluates the optimal coordination of energy storage and demand management in order to reduce the energy-not-supplied during outages. The formulation proposed for the calculation of the reliability indices (including the modelling of optimal coordination) is described in detail. The methodology is applied to two distribution systems combining DGs, energy storage and demand management. Results demonstrate the capability of the proposed method to assess the reliability of such type of networks and emphasise the impact of the optimal coordination on reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

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12 pages, 3134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Stator Design of Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Generator for Enhancing the Electromagnetic Performance

by Vannakone Lounthavong, Warat Sriwannarat, Apirat Siritaratiwat and Pirat Khunkitti

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3201; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163201 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4218

Abstract

An optimal stator design technique of a three-phase doubly salient permanent magnet generator (DSPMG) for improving the output power is proposed. The stator configuration was optimally designed by adjusting the stator pole depth and stator pole arc. The trapezoid outer stator tip was [...] Read more.

An optimal stator design technique of a three-phase doubly salient permanent magnet generator (DSPMG) for improving the output power is proposed. The stator configuration was optimally designed by adjusting the stator pole depth and stator pole arc. The trapezoid outer stator tip was also designed. Then, the output characteristics of the designed DSPMG including the flux linkage, electromotive force (EMF), harmonic, cogging torque, efficiency, magnetic flux distribution and voltage regulation were characterized by using the finite element method. Results were compared to the original structure in the literature. It was found that the flux linkage, EMF, cogging torque, and efficiency of the proposed DSPMG were significantly improved after the stator pole depth and stator pole arc were suitably modified. Further details of optimal stator pole depth and stator pole arc are presented. The EMF produced by the optimal proposed structure was 47% higher than that of the conventional structure, while 56% cogging torque improvement and 20% increased efficiency were achieved. The EMF generated by the proposed structure was classified in the high-range scale compared to the other existing models. The symmetrical magnetic flux distribution of all structures was indicated. The voltage regulation of the modified structure was also significantly improved from the conventional model. The proposed design technique can be utilized to maximize the electromagnetic performance of this particular generator type. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Power & Internet Energy Systems)

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31 pages, 1193 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Application of Ontologies in Multi-Agent Systems in the Energy Sector: A Scoping Review

by Zheng Ma, Mette Jessen Schultz, Kristoffer Christensen, Magnus Værbak, Yves Demazeau and Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3200; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163200 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 6629

Abstract

Multi-agent systems are well-known for their expressiveness to explore interactions and knowledge representation in complex systems. Multi-agent systems have been applied in the energy domain since the 1990s. As more applications of multi-agent systems in the energy domain for advanced functions, the interoperability [...] Read more.

Multi-agent systems are well-known for their expressiveness to explore interactions and knowledge representation in complex systems. Multi-agent systems have been applied in the energy domain since the 1990s. As more applications of multi-agent systems in the energy domain for advanced functions, the interoperability raises challenge raises to an increasing requirement for data and information exchange between systems. Therefore, the application of ontology in multi-agent systems needs to be emphasized and a systematic approach for the application needs to be developed. This study aims to investigate literature on the application of ontology in multi-agent systems within the energy domain and map the key concepts underpinning these research areas. A scoping review of the existing literature on ontology for multi-agent systems in the energy domain is conducted. This paper presents an overview of the application of multi-agent systems (MAS) and ontologies in the energy domain with five aspects of the definition of agent and MAS; MAS applied in the energy domain, defined ontologies in the energy domain, MAS design methodology, and architectures, and the application of ontology in the MAS development. Furthermore, this paper provides a recommendation list for the ontology-driven multi-agent system development with the aspects of 1) ontology development process in MAS design, 2) detail design process and realization of ontology-driven MAS development, 3) open standard implementation and adoption, 4) inter-domain MAS development, and 5) agent listing approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Agent Energy Systems Simulation)

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18 pages, 5499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Short-Term Load Prediction Based on Seq2seq Model

by Gangjun Gong, Xiaonan An, Nawaraj Kumar Mahato, Shuyan Sun, Si Chen and Yafeng Wen

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3199; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163199 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 5915

Abstract

Electricity load prediction is the primary basis on which power-related departments to make logical and effective generation plans and scientific scheduling plans for the most effective power utilization. The perpetual evolution of deep learning has recommended advanced and innovative concepts for short-term load [...] Read more.

Electricity load prediction is the primary basis on which power-related departments to make logical and effective generation plans and scientific scheduling plans for the most effective power utilization. The perpetual evolution of deep learning has recommended advanced and innovative concepts for short-term load prediction. Taking into consideration the time and nonlinear characteristics of power system load data and further considering the impact of historical and future information on the current state, this paper proposes a Seq2seq short-term load prediction model based on a long short-term memory network (LSTM). Firstly, the periodic fluctuation characteristics of users’ load data are analyzed, establishing a correlation of the load data so as to determine the model’s order in the time series. Secondly, the specifications of the Seq2seq model are given preference and a coalescence of the Residual mechanism (Residual) and the two Attention mechanisms (Attention) is developed. Then, comparing the predictive performance of the model under different types of Attention mechanism, this paper finally adopts the Seq2seq short-term load prediction model of Residual LSTM and the Bahdanau Attention mechanism. Eventually, the prediction model obtains better results when merging the actual power system load data of a certain place. In order to validate the developed model, the Seq2seq was compared with recurrent neural network (RNN), LSTM, and gated recurrent unit (GRU) algorithms. Last but not least, the performance indices were calculated. when training and testing the model with power system load data, it was noted that the root mean square error (RMSE) of Seq2seq was decreased by 6.61%, 16.95%, and 7.80% compared with RNN, LSTM, and GRU, respectively. In addition, a supplementary case study was carried out using data for a small power system considering different weather conditions and user behaviors in order to confirm the applicability and stability of the proposed model. The Seq2seq model for short-term load prediction can be reported to demonstrate superiority in all areas, exhibiting better prediction and stable performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

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21 pages, 3754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Power Quality Disturbances Assessment during Unintentional Islanding Scenarios. A Contribution to Voltage Sag Studies

by Alexandre Serrano-Fontova, Pablo Casals Torrens and Ricard Bosch

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3198; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163198 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3505

Abstract

This paper presents a novel voltage sag topology that occurs during an unintentional islanding operation (IO) within a distribution network (DN) due to large induction motors (IMs). When a fault occurs, following the circuit breaker (CB) fault clearing, transiently, the IMs act as [...] Read more.

This paper presents a novel voltage sag topology that occurs during an unintentional islanding operation (IO) within a distribution network (DN) due to large induction motors (IMs). When a fault occurs, following the circuit breaker (CB) fault clearing, transiently, the IMs act as generators due to their remanent kinetic energy until the CB reclosing takes place. This paper primarily contributes to voltage sag characterization. Therefore, this novel topology is presented, analytically modelled and further validated. It is worth mentioning that this voltage sag has been identified in a real DN in which events have been recorded for two years. The model validation of the proposed voltage sag is done via digital simulations with a model of the real DN implemented in Matlab considering a wide range of scenarios. Both simulations and field measurements confirm the voltage sag analytical expression presented in this paper as well as exhibiting the high accuracy achieved in the three-phase model adopted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis for Power Quality Monitoring)

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23 pages, 3393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Working Fluid Selection for Organic Rankine Cycle Using Single-Screw Expander

by Xinxin Zhang, Yin Zhang, Min Cao, Jingfu Wang, Yuting Wu and Chongfang Ma

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3197; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163197 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3792

Abstract

The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is a popular technology used in waste heat recovery and medium-low-temperature heat utilization. Working fluid plays a very important role in ORC. The selection of working fluid can greatly affect the efficiency, the operation condition, the impact on [...] Read more.

The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is a popular technology used in waste heat recovery and medium-low-temperature heat utilization. Working fluid plays a very important role in ORC. The selection of working fluid can greatly affect the efficiency, the operation condition, the impact on the environment, and the economic feasibility of ORC. The expander is a key device in ORC. As a novel expander, single-screw expanders have been becoming a research focus in the above two areas because of their many good characteristics. One of the advantages of single-screw configurations is that they can conduct a vapor–liquid two-phase expansion. Therefore, in order to give full play to this advantage, a working fluid selection for ORC using a single-screw expander was conducted in this paper. Three indicators, namely, net work output, thermal efficiency, and heat exchange load of condenser, were used to analyze the performance of an ORC system. Through calculation and analysis, it can be seen that an ORC system that uses a single-screw expander and undergoes a vapor–liquid two-phase expansion is able to obtain a higher thermal efficiency, higher net work output, and a smaller heat exchange load of the condenser. Regardless of whether isentropic efficiency of the expander is considered or not, cis-butene may be the best candidate for working in subcritical cycles. HFO working fluids are more suitable for working in transcritical cycles, and HFO-1234ze(E) may be the best. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Working Fluid Selection for Organic Rankine Cycle and Other Related Cycles)

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15 pages, 3049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Bio-Hydrogenated Kerosene from Refined Palm Oil by Catalytic Hydrocracking

by Praepilas Dujjanutat, Arthit Neramittagapong and Pakawadee Kaewkannetra

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3196; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163196 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4395

Abstract

In this work, hydro-processing was used as an alternative route for producing bio-hydrogenated kerosene (BHK) from refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RPO) in the presence of a 0.5 wt% Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The Box-Behnken Design was used to determine the effects [...] Read more.

In this work, hydro-processing was used as an alternative route for producing bio-hydrogenated kerosene (BHK) from refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RPO) in the presence of a 0.5 wt% Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The Box-Behnken Design was used to determine the effects of reaction temperature, H₂ pressure, and reaction time in terms of liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) on BHK production. The kerosene selectivity was used as the response for staticial interpretation. The results show that both temperature and LHSV produced significant effects, whereas H₂ pressure did not. The optimal conditions were found to be 483 °C, 5.0 MPa, and 1.4 h⁻¹ LHSV; these conditions provided approximately 57.30% kerosene selectivity and a 47.46% yield. The BHK product had a good heating value and flash point. However, the mass percentage of carbon and hydrogen was 99.1%, which is just below the minimum standard (99.5%), according to the carbon loss by the reaction pathway to form as CO and CO₂. Water can be produced from the reaction induced by oxygen removal, which results in a high freezing point. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A4: Bio-Energy)

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9 pages, 3677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilization of Petroleum Coke Soot as Energy Storage Material

by Won-Ju Lee, Dae-Young Kim, Jae-Hyuk Choi, Ji-Woong Lee, Jun-Soo Kim, Kwangho Son, Min-Jae Ha and Jun Kang

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3195; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163195 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5229

Abstract

Anode active materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) were produced by using waste soot generated after combustion in a plant using petroleum coke as fuel. The soot collected from the boilers in the plant was graphitized through annealing, and this annealed soot was [...] Read more.

Anode active materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) were produced by using waste soot generated after combustion in a plant using petroleum coke as fuel. The soot collected from the boilers in the plant was graphitized through annealing, and this annealed soot was applied to anode active materials. After annealing at 2700 °C, the soot was converted into highly crystalline graphite with ring shapes approximately 100 nm in diameter. The lithium ion coin cells produced using graphitized soot showed high discharge capacity and excellent life cycle with a reversible capacity of 250 mAh/g even after 300 cycles at a rate of 1 C. This study describes a new possibility of using environmentally harmful combustion wastes of petroleum coke as a low-price anode material for LIBs by converting them into a graphite multilayer structure with a unique ring shape through annealing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization)

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18 pages, 4636 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fast Modelling of nZEB Metrics of Office Buildings Built with Advanced Glass and BIPV Facade Structures

by Suzana Domjan, Sašo Medved, Boštjan Černe and Ciril Arkar

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3194; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163194 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2768

Abstract

The planning process of nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB), as defined in Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), requires that designers check their solutions at all stages of planning. In the initial design phase, methods and tools for which only basic design knowledge [...] Read more.

The planning process of nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB), as defined in Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), requires that designers check their solutions at all stages of planning. In the initial design phase, methods and tools for which only basic design knowledge of the modelling of energy efficiency indicators is required are often sufficient. With the introduction of fast modelling techniques, designers’ work can be simplified. A method and software for the fast modelling of nZEB energy efficiency indicators of buildings constructed with advanced multi-layer glass and building integrated photovoltaics facade (BIPV) structures are presented. The computer tool for fast modelling combines (i) upgraded national certificated software for energy performance of buildings (EPB) evaluation, which is used for performing auto-repeating numerical calculations based on the design of experiments (DOE) and (ii) software for the determination of multiple linear regression models and the presentation of results. The case studies made for different buildings and climate conditions show the variety of options offered by the developed fast modelling approach. It can be seen that buildings with a large proportion of advanced glassed facade and even all-glass buildings can fulfil nZEB requirements via the on-site production of electricity with BIPV facade structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section G: Energy and Buildings)

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31 pages, 17122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of a Direct Lightning Strike to the 24 kV Distribution Lines in Thailand

by Pornchai Sestasombut and Atthapol Ngaopitakkul

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3193; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163193 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6313

Abstract

This paper evaluates the effect of a lightning strike directly on the 24 kV distribution lines in Thailand, where such strikes are one of the main causes of power outages. The voltage across the insulator, and the arrester energy absorbed due to the [...] Read more.

This paper evaluates the effect of a lightning strike directly on the 24 kV distribution lines in Thailand, where such strikes are one of the main causes of power outages. The voltage across the insulator, and the arrester energy absorbed due to the lightning, need to be analyzed for different grounding distances of the overhead ground wire, ground resistance, lightning impact positions, and lightning current waveforms. Analysis and simulations are conducted using the Alternative Transients Program/Electromagnetic Transients Program (ATP/EMTP) to find the energy absorbed by the arrester and the voltages across the insulator. The results indicate that when surge arresters are not installed, the voltage across the insulator at the end of the line is approximately 1.4 times that in the middle of the line. In addition, the ground resistance and grounding distance of the overhead ground wire affect the voltage across the insulator if the overhead ground wire is struck. When surge arresters are installed, a shorter grounding distance of the overhead ground wire and a lower ground resistance are not always desirable; this is because they reduce the back-flashover rate and the voltage across the insulator if lightning strikes the overhead ground wire. However, lightning strikes to the phase conductor result in high arrester energy and the possibility that the arrester will fail. Furthermore, the tail time of the lightning waveform is a significant variable when considering the energy absorbed by the arrester, whereas the front time is important for the voltage across the insulator. In case lightning strikes directly on the connected point between the overhead lines and the underground cables, the distribution line system is protected only by the lightning arrester at the connection point. The overvoltage at the connection point is lower than the basic impulse level at 24 kV of 125 kV, but the overvoltage at the end of the cable is still more than 125 kV in case the cable is longer than 400 m. When the distribution line system is protected by the lightning arrester at both the connection point and the end of the cable, it results in overvoltage throughout the cable is lower than the critical flashover of insulation. This method is the best way to reduce the failure rate of underground cables and equipment that are connected to the distribution line system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transient and Dynamic Simulations of Distribution Networks)

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18 pages, 2039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving the Energy Efficiency, Limiting Costs and Reducing CO₂ Emissions of a Museum Using Geothermal Energy and Energy Management Policies

by Gianluca Cadelano, Francesco Cicolin, Giuseppe Emmi, Giulia Mezzasalma, Davide Poletto, Antonio Galgaro and Adriana Bernardi

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3192; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163192 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4985

Abstract

Museums are major energy consumers amongst buildings, especially if they are housed in historical constructions. Museums usually present high energy demand for the air-conditioning due to their architectonical and structural characteristics, such as the presence of large exhibition rooms and open spaces. At [...] Read more.

Museums are major energy consumers amongst buildings, especially if they are housed in historical constructions. Museums usually present high energy demand for the air-conditioning due to their architectonical and structural characteristics, such as the presence of large exhibition rooms and open spaces. At the same time, temperature and humidity have to be strictly controlled in order to assure proper microclimate conditions for the conservation of the housed collections and adequate thermal comfort for visitors and personnel. Moreover, despite being subjected to architectural protection that limits most structural refurbishment interventions, these buildings must be adequate from an energy point of view to allow their reuse or continuity of use according to current quality standards, while retaining their heritage significance. In this awkward context, ground source heat pump working with high temperature terminals is proposed as a viable refurbishment solution. The use of shallow geothermal systems can improve the energy efficiency of the heating ventilation air-conditioning systems and, at the same time, increases the renewable energy source exploitation without affecting the indoor environmental conditions. However, after the interventions, the expected benefits and the sought-after limitation of energy consumption/cost may not occur for different reasons. In fact, even if the installed solution is working perfectly and properly designed, every effort will be in vain if adequate attention is not paid to the management of the plants during the operational phase. This document is meant to evaluate and compare the magnitude that invasive (i.e., technical interventions) and not invasive (i.e., energy management policies) actions respectively and their combined interaction, have on a museum. Through energy simulations it has been possible to quantify the effects that different interventions and energy management strategies had on an existing museum housed in an historical building, from energy consumption, energy costs and CO₂ emission standpoints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Use of Energy in Buildings)

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21 pages, 8153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Electrical Topology, Capacity Factor and Line Length on Economic Performance of Offshore Wind Investments

by Sadik Kucuksari, Nuh Erdogan and Umit Cali

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3191; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163191 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4891

Abstract

In this study, an economic performance assessment of offshore wind investments is investigated through electrical topology, capacity factor and line length. First, annual energy yield production and electrical system losses for AC and DC offshore wind configurations are estimated by using Weibull probability [...] Read more.

In this study, an economic performance assessment of offshore wind investments is investigated through electrical topology, capacity factor and line length. First, annual energy yield production and electrical system losses for AC and DC offshore wind configurations are estimated by using Weibull probability distributions of wind speed. A cost model for calculating core energy economic metrics for offshore wind environment is developed by using a discount cash flow analysis. A case study is then conducted for a projected offshore wind farm (OWF) rated 100 MW and 300 MW sizes situated in the Aegean sea. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed for AC and DC OWFs with three different capacity factors (e.g., 45%, 55% and 60%) and various transmission line lengths ranging from 20 km to 120 km. The OWF is found to be economically viable for both AC and DC configurations with the estimated levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) ranging from 88.34 $/MWh to 113.76 $/MWh and from 97.61 $/MWh to 126.60 $/MWh, respectively. LCOEs for both options slightly change even though the wind farm size was increased three-fold. The sensitivity analysis reveals that, for further offshore locations with higher capacity factors, the superiority of AC configuration over the DC option in terms of LCOE reduces while the advantage of DC configuration over the AC option in terms of electrical losses is significant. Losses in the AC and DC configurations range from 3.75% to 5.86% and 3.75% to 5.34%, respectively, while LCOEs vary between 59.90 $/MWh and 113.76 $/MWh for the AC configuration and 66.21 $/MWh and 124.15 $/MWh for the DC configuration. Capacity factor was found to be more sensitive in LCOE estimation compared to transmission line length while line length is more sensitive in losses estimation compared to capacity factor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy in Marine Environment)

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20 pages, 6069 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Earth Fault Protection Algorithm Based on MV Cable Screen Zero Sequence Current Filter

by Krzysztof Lowczowski, Jozef Lorenc, Jerzy Andruszkiewicz, Zbigniew Nadolny and Jozef Zawodniak

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3190; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163190 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4977

Abstract

This paper presents novel zero sequence current filter and earth fault protection relay, which utilize cable screens earthing current in protection algorithm. Different problems connected with state of the art of zero sequence current filters and protection relays are presented and compared with [...] Read more.

This paper presents novel zero sequence current filter and earth fault protection relay, which utilize cable screens earthing current in protection algorithm. Different problems connected with state of the art of zero sequence current filters and protection relays are presented and compared with the proposed solution. The presented concept is verified in PowerFactory simulation software, experiment concerning modeling the earth fault current flow in medium voltage (MV) cable supplied from the low voltage (LV) network and measurements in the MV network in the Polish distribution system. The proposed solution is characterized by higher sensitivity and reduced number of erroneous trips. The presented solution is suitable for any MV cable lines. Biggest advantages are observed in power output lines from renewable energy sources, which are often operated under no-load conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

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17 pages, 7042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electromechanical Analysis of the Medium Voltage Earthing Switch due to Short-Time and Peak Withstand Current Test

by Maja Krčum, Marko Zubčić and Tatijana Dlabač

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3189; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163189 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3976

Abstract

The chosen electrical equipment, i.e., the earthing switch has its application in marine switchgear. In this paper, the reduction of dimensions is considered with the purpose of making it more energy efficient in terms of onboard application. This test validates that the earthing [...] Read more.

The chosen electrical equipment, i.e., the earthing switch has its application in marine switchgear. In this paper, the reduction of dimensions is considered with the purpose of making it more energy efficient in terms of onboard application. This test validates that the earthing switch as an electromechanical device is capable of withstanding electrodynamic forces. Two approaches are applied and compared. Both approaches are based on a simplified three-dimensional (3D) model of the earthing switch. The first approach is analytical: the electrodynamic forces are calculated with the assumption that currents flow in concentrated lines. Maximum static stress is compared to the yield point of the earthing knife material. The second approach applies the finite element method in the time domain. The results show that the rectangular cross-section can withstand the electrodynamic forces produced by the given currents. Simple cost analysis shows how much material is saved by changing the design from standard earthing knifes with C channel profile to the rectangular profile. Material savings make this study interesting for marine switchgear application. The paper shows qualitative influence of the obtained results on the Energy Efficiency Design Index of the ships. Full article

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17 pages, 5088 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Wake Interactions of Marine Hydrokinetic Turbines

by Clemente Gotelli, Mirko Musa, Michele Guala and Cristián Escauriaza

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3188; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163188 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3478

Abstract

To study the performance and environmental impacts of marine hydrokinetic (MHK) turbine arrays, we carry out an investigation based on laboratory experiments and numerical models able to resolve the dynamics of turbulent wake interactions and their effects on the river bed. We investigate [...] Read more.

To study the performance and environmental impacts of marine hydrokinetic (MHK) turbine arrays, we carry out an investigation based on laboratory experiments and numerical models able to resolve the dynamics of turbulent wake interactions and their effects on the river bed. We investigate a scaled Sabella D10 mounted on a mobile bed for a single and two aligned turbines, measuring the flow velocity, the rotor angular velocity, and the scour on the sediment bed. Numerical simulations are performed using a detached-eddy simulation (DES) turbulence model coupled with the blade-element momentum (BEM) approach, which can capture the mean flow and resolve the dynamics of turbulent coherent structures in the wakes. The simulations show a good agreement on the velocity statistics obtained experimentally. Power and thrust coefficients for the downstream turbine show an average decrease and a larger variability due to the turbulent intensity produced by the upstream turbine, as compared to the single turbine case. Results of this investigation also provide a framework to assess the predictive capabilities, scope, and applicability of computational models parameterizing the turbines using BEM, for testing different turbine designs and siting strategies within the MHK array. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluid Dynamics in Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy System)

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14 pages, 2253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Radio Interference Levels for 500 and 600 kV Bipolar HVDC Transmission Lines

by Carlos Tejada-Martinez, Fermin P. Espino-Cortes, Suat Ilhan and Aydogan Ozdemir

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3187; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163187 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3817

Abstract

In this work, a method to compute the radio interference (RI) lateral profiles generated by corona discharge in high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines is presented. The method is based on a transmission line model that considers the skin effect, through the [...] Read more.

In this work, a method to compute the radio interference (RI) lateral profiles generated by corona discharge in high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines is presented. The method is based on a transmission line model that considers the skin effect, through the concept of complex penetration depth, in the conductors and in the ground plane. The attenuation constants are determined from the line parameters and the bipolar system is decoupled by using modal decomposition theory. As application cases, ±500 and ±600 kV bipolar transmission lines were analyzed. Afterwards, parametric sweeps of five variables that affect the RI levels are presented. Both the RI and the maximum electric field were calculated as a function of sub-conductor radius, bundle spacing, and the number of sub-conductors in the bundle. Additionally, the RI levels were also calculated as a function of the soil resistivity, and the RIV (radio interference voltage) frequency. Following this, vector optimization was applied to minimize the RI levels produced by the HVDC lines and differences between the designs with nominal and optimal values are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

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14 pages, 2394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Large-Signal Stability of DC Microgrid Based on Droop Control

by Haifeng Liang, Yuxi Huang, Hao Sun and Zhiqian Liu

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3186; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163186 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2470

Abstract

Ensuring the large signal stability of the DC microgrid is the premise of the safe operation of the DC microgrid, but the research on the large-signal stability of microgrids with multiple droop control micro-sources is still scarce. In this paper, a DC microgrid [...] Read more.

Ensuring the large signal stability of the DC microgrid is the premise of the safe operation of the DC microgrid, but the research on the large-signal stability of microgrids with multiple droop control micro-sources is still scarce. In this paper, a DC microgrid system model with multiple droop control micro-sources was established by appropriate simplification. Addressing the problem that most stability research methods cannot be quantitatively analyzed, the mixed potential function method was used to analyze the large signal stability of the system. However, the criterion obtained by the conventional mixed potential function method is complicated and contains multiple time-varying parameters, which is not convenient for analysis. Therefore, the simple form of the criterion was obtained through simplification and the analysis proved the rationality of the simplification. On this basis, a nonlinear droop control method was proposed to improve the anti-interference ability of the system. Finally, the accuracy of the large signal stability criterion and the effectiveness of nonlinear droop control on the system’s large signal stability were verified by simulation. Full article

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22 pages, 16153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study of Variable Camber Continuous Trailing Edge Flap at Off-Design Conditions

by Mohammed Abdul Raheem, Prasetyo Edi, Amjad A. Pasha, Mustafa M. Rahman and Khalid A. Juhany

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3185; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163185 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4142

Abstract

Numerical simulations are performed to study the outboard airfoil of advanced technology regional aircraft (ATRA) wings with five different variable camber continuous trailing edge flap (VCCTEF) configurations. The computational study aims to improve the aerodynamic efficiency of the airfoil under cruise conditions. The [...] Read more.

Numerical simulations are performed to study the outboard airfoil of advanced technology regional aircraft (ATRA) wings with five different variable camber continuous trailing edge flap (VCCTEF) configurations. The computational study aims to improve the aerodynamic efficiency of the airfoil under cruise conditions. The design of outboard airfoil complies with the hybrid laminar flow control design criteria. This work is unique in terms of analysis of the effects of VCCTEF on the ATRA wing’s outboard airfoil during the off-design condition. The Reynolds–Averaged Navier–Stokes equations coupled with the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model are employed to perform the simulations for the baseline case and VCCTEF configurations. The current computational study is performed at an altitude of 10 km with a cruise Mach number of 0.77 and a Reynolds number of 2.16 × 10⁷. Amongst all five configurations of VCCTEF airfoils studied, a flap having a parabolic profile (VCCTEF 123) configuration shows the maximum airfoil efficiency and resulted in an increase of 6.3% as compared to the baseline airfoil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling of Aerospace Vehicle Dynamics)

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16 pages, 963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pre- and Post-Adoption Beliefs about the Diffusion and Continuation of Biogas-Based Cooking Fuel Technology in Pakistan

by Nazia Yasmin and Philipp Grundmann

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3184; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163184 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4940

Abstract

A high level of acceptance and adoption is necessary to facilitate the widespread utilization of renewable energy technologies for cooking, as such utilization is essential for displacing the population’s massive dependence on fossil fuels and solid biomass. Economic and demographic aspects have been [...] Read more.

A high level of acceptance and adoption is necessary to facilitate the widespread utilization of renewable energy technologies for cooking, as such utilization is essential for displacing the population’s massive dependence on fossil fuels and solid biomass. Economic and demographic aspects have been the focus of recent literature in exploring the adoption phenomenon of biogas technology. However, literature to date has given little attention to the behavioral factors and the perceptions of the end-users. Our study does not only include behavioral factors, but it employs a hybrid model to explore the continued attentions of users based on their post-adoption beliefs and performance expectations. Using a survey conducted in Pakistan in 2017, the study conducts a multivariate analysis through structural equation modeling to measure the effect of pre- and post-adoption beliefs and expectation on adoption and the continuing intention of households towards biogas technology. Results show that the acceptance of the households towards biogas technology is highly influenced by their perceptions on the benefits, as well as their trust in the technology. The perceived cost and risk attached to the technology are found to be negatively correlated with the acceptance. Households’ intentions to continue the use of biogas technology is highly influenced by the satisfaction level of the users of biogas technology. With the integrated model of adoption and continuation, the study illustrates the dynamic process in obtaining a deeper understanding of a user’s behavior to better formulate the policies for increasing the rate of technology adoption. Full article

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24 pages, 5855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Overpressure Generation Mechanisms and Its Distribution in the Paleocene Shahejie Formation in the Linnan Sag, Huimin Depression, Eastern China

by Chao Li, Xiaorong Luo, Likuan Zhang, Bing Wang, Xiaoyan Guan, Hongmei Luo and Yuhong Lei

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3183; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163183 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4219

Abstract

The Linnan Sag is one of the main oil-producing units in the Huimin Depression, Eastern China, and the pore pressure gradients obtained from drill stem tests (DSTs) range from 9.0 to 16.0 MPa/km. Uncertainty about the origin and distribution of abnormally high pressures [...] Read more.

The Linnan Sag is one of the main oil-producing units in the Huimin Depression, Eastern China, and the pore pressure gradients obtained from drill stem tests (DSTs) range from 9.0 to 16.0 MPa/km. Uncertainty about the origin and distribution of abnormally high pressures in the Linnan Sag has led to different interpretations of hydrocarbon accumulation and resource assessments, and it interferes with safe drilling. In the Linnan Sag, mudstone compaction curves are substantially affected by several non-compaction factors, and the normal trend of the compaction curve is difficult to determine. The determination of the origin and distribution of overpressure in the Linnan Sag is a challenge. In this study, the factors that may affect mudstone compaction—such as the shale volume, higher calcareous, and organic matter content—were carefully examined and processed. The pressures in the mudstones were estimated by the corrected mudstone compaction curves, which were compiled from acoustic, density, and neutron logs, and calibrated using DST and mud weight data. The log response–vertical effective stress and acoustic velocity-density crossplots were used to identify the mechanisms that generate overpressure. The comprehensive compaction curve shows that the mudstones in the overpressured layer exhibit clear disequilibrium compaction characteristics. The logging response crossplots demonstrate that those overpressured points were consistent with the loading curve. The findings suggest that, the fundamental mechanism resulting in overpressures is the disequilibrium compaction of thick Paleocene mudstones. Hydrocarbon generation and vertical transfer of overpressure may be the main unloading mechanisms, which corresponds to the overpressure points that deviate from the loading curves. Since organic matter cracking may occur in formations at depths greater than 4000 m (Ro > 1.0%), the contribution of hydrocarbon generation to overpressuring is expected to be limited. The transfer of overpressure through opening faults is therefore considered to be the main cause of higher overpressure in local sandstones. The overpressures in the mudstones are characterized by a gradual decrease from the center to the margin in the Linnan Sag. The pressure in the isolated sand bodies are generally similar to that in the surrounding mudstones, whereas it can be lower or higher when the overpressure in the sand bodies are vertically transferred by faults to other pressure systems. The results of this analysis provide an indication of the magnitude, mechanism, and distribution of overpressure in the Linnan Sag. This insight can be used to guide further exploration of the Linnan Sag and similar geological basins. Full article

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19 pages, 7492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Direct Adaptive Controller Design for Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracking Application

by M. Bani Salim, H. S. Hayajneh, A. Mohammed and S. Ozcelik

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3182; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163182 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3087

Abstract

Tracking the maximum output power of a photovoltaic (PV) cell is an important problem to harvest more energy at different weather and load conditions. This paper presents the design and simulation of a robust direct adaptive controller (RDAC) for maximum power point tracking [...] Read more.

Tracking the maximum output power of a photovoltaic (PV) cell is an important problem to harvest more energy at different weather and load conditions. This paper presents the design and simulation of a robust direct adaptive controller (RDAC) for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) device based on boost converter topology. A mathematical model is developed, and a suitable RDAC is designed for MPPT device, and simulations are performed using MATLAB/Simulink to verify the controller’s robustness at varying operating conditions. The real-time irradiance and temperature data are used on an hourly basis to test the suggested MPPT adaptive controller for a typical sunny day in summer and winter. The simulation results show that the RDAC performs excellent tracking under varying conditions such as irradiance, temperature, load, boost converter inductance, and capacitance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)

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18 pages, 5400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Active Fluidic Turn-Down Rectifier

by Václav Tesař

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3181; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163181 - 19 Aug 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3085

Abstract

Paper discusses a device belonging into an interesting and yet little-known family of no-moving-part active fluidic rectifiers. The generated steady component of flow and pressure are driven by input alternating flow from an external source. The absence of moving components results in the [...] Read more.

Paper discusses a device belonging into an interesting and yet little-known family of no-moving-part active fluidic rectifiers. The generated steady component of flow and pressure are driven by input alternating flow from an external source. The absence of moving components results in the unique capability of unlimited life and reliability, especially useful for safety devices. In the experiment, the rectifier generated a pressure keeping dangerous liquid in the active zone. When the driving oscillation stops (like, e.g., due to coolant loss), the liquid leaves the zone under gravity, stopping the performed reaction. This safety facility is simple, inexpensive, and extremely reliable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics: Theory, Methods and Applications)

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20 pages, 2962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Integral Backstepping Based Nonlinear MPPT Control for a PV System

by Kamran Ali, Laiq Khan, Qudrat Khan, Shafaat Ullah, Saghir Ahmad, Sidra Mumtaz, Fazal Wahab Karam and Naghmash

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3180; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163180 - 19 Aug 2019

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 4630

Abstract

A photovoltaic system generates energy that depends on the environmental conditions such as temperature, irradiance and the variations in the load connected to it. To adapt to the consistently increasing interest of energy, the photovoltaic (PV) system must operate at maximum power point [...] Read more.

A photovoltaic system generates energy that depends on the environmental conditions such as temperature, irradiance and the variations in the load connected to it. To adapt to the consistently increasing interest of energy, the photovoltaic (PV) system must operate at maximum power point (MPP), however, it has the issue of low efficiency because of the varying climatic conditions. To increase its efficiency, a maximum power point technique is required to extract maximum power from the PV system. In this paper, a nonlinear fast and efficient maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is developed based on the robust integral backstepping (RIB) approach to harvest maximum power from a PV array using non-inverting DC-DC buck-boost converter. The study uses a NeuroFuzzy network to generate the reference voltage for MPPT. Asymptotic stability of the whole system is verified using Lyapunov stability criteria. The MATLAB/Simulink platform is used to test the proposed controller performance under varying meteorological conditions. The simulation results validate that the proposed controller effectively improves the MPPT in terms of tracking speed and efficiency. For further validation of the proposed controller performance, a comparative study is presented with backstepping controller, integral backstepping, robust backstepping and conventional MPPT algorithms (PID and P&O) under rapidly varying environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)

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27 pages, 1063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Analysis of an Integrated Production–Inventory System under Stochastic Production Capacity and Energy Consumption

by Iqra Asghar, Biswajit Sarkar and Sung-jun Kim

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3179; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163179 - 19 Aug 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3656

Abstract

Expensive power cost is a significant concern in today’s manufacturing world. Reduction in energy consumption is an ultimate measure towards achieving manufacturing efficiency and emissions control. In the existing literature of scheduling problems, the consumption of energy is considered uncertain under the dimensions [...] Read more.

Expensive power cost is a significant concern in today’s manufacturing world. Reduction in energy consumption is an ultimate measure towards achieving manufacturing efficiency and emissions control. In the existing literature of scheduling problems, the consumption of energy is considered uncertain under the dimensions of uncertain demand and supply. In reality, it is a random parameter that also depends on production capacity, manufacturing technology, and operational condition of the manufacturing system. As the unit production cost varies with production rate and reliability of the manufacturing system, the energy consumption of the system also varies accordingly. Therefore, this study investigated an unreliable manufacturing system under stochastic production capacities and energy consumption. A stochastic production–inventory policy is developed to optimize production quantity, production rate, and manufacturing reliability under variable energy consumption costs. As energy consumption varies in different operational states of manufacturing, we consider three specific states of power consumption, namely working, idle, and repair time, for an integrated production–maintenance model. The considered production system is subjected to stochastic failure and repair time, where productivity and manufacturing reliability is improved through additional technology investment. The robustness of the model is shown through numerical example, comparative study, and sensitivity analysis of model parameters. Several graphical illustrations are also provided to obtain meaningful managerial insights. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Renewable Energy in Production and Supply Chain Management)

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14 pages, 4478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristic Analysis of DFIG Wind Turbine under Blade Mass Imbalance Fault in View of Wind Speed Spatiotemporal Distribution

by Shuting Wan, Kanru Cheng, Xiaoling Sheng and Xuan Wang

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3178; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163178 - 19 Aug 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3173

Abstract

The blade mass imbalance fault is one of the common faults of the DFIG (Doubly-Fed Induction Generator) wind turbines (WTs). In this paper, considering the spatiotemporal distribution of natural wind speed and the influence of wind shear and tower shadow effect, the influence [...] Read more.

The blade mass imbalance fault is one of the common faults of the DFIG (Doubly-Fed Induction Generator) wind turbines (WTs). In this paper, considering the spatiotemporal distribution of natural wind speed and the influence of wind shear and tower shadow effect, the influence of blade mass imbalance faults on the electrical characteristics of DFIG WTs is analyzed. Firstly, the analytical expressions and variation characteristics of electromagnetic torque and electromagnetic power under blade mass imbalance are derived before and after consideration of the spatiotemporal distribution of wind speed. Then simulations on the MATLAB/Simulink platform were done to verify the theoretical analysis results. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that, considering the spatiotemporal distribution of wind speed and the influence of wind shear and tower shadow effect, the blade mass imbalance fault will cause fluctuation at the frequency of 1P (P = the frequency of rotor rotation), 3P, and 6P on electromagnetic power. Fluctuation at 1P is caused by mass imbalance while fluctuation at 3P and 6P are caused by wind speed spatiotemporal distribution; the amplitude of fluctuation at 1P is proportional to the degree of the imbalance fault. Since the equivalent wind speed has been used in this paper instead of the average wind speed, the data is more suitable for the actual operation of the WT in the natural world and can be applied for fault diagnosis in field WT operation. Full article

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17 pages, 9195 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Linearized Discrete Charge Balance Control with Simplified Algorithm for DCM Buck Converter

by Run Min, Dian Lyu, Shuai Cheng, Yingshui Sun and Linkai Li

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3177; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163177 - 19 Aug 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2489

Abstract

In this paper, a linearized discrete charge balance (LDCB) control strategy is proposed for buck converter operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). For DC-DC power converters, discrete charge balance (DCB) control is an attractive approach to improve the output voltage transient response. However, [...] Read more.

In this paper, a linearized discrete charge balance (LDCB) control strategy is proposed for buck converter operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). For DC-DC power converters, discrete charge balance (DCB) control is an attractive approach to improve the output voltage transient response. However, as a non-linear control strategy, the algorithm is complex, which is difficult for implementation. To reduce the complexity, this paper proposes the LDCB control strategy that is derived through linearizing conventional DCB controller. By deriving the differential functions of the DCB control algorithm, the small signal relationship between the input and output of DCB controller is explored. Furthermore, based on the relationship, the LDCB controller is formed through three parallel feed loops to the duty ratio. As a linear control approach, the achieved LDCB controller is greatly simplified for implementation. This not only saves the hardware cost, but also reduces the calculation lag, which provides potential to improve the switching frequency. Besides, since the LDCB controller shares the same small signal model as that of DCB controller, it achieves similar control loop bandwidth and transient performance. Effectiveness of the proposed LDCB control is verified by zero/pole plots, transient analyses and experimental results. Full article

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26 pages, 376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack Design Optimization Using an Improved Jaya Algorithm

by Uday K. Chakraborty

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3176; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163176 - 19 Aug 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3841

Abstract

Fuel cell stack configuration optimization is known to be a problem that, in addition to presenting engineering challenges, is computationally hard. This paper presents an improved computational heuristic for solving the problem. The problem addressed in this paper is one of constrained optimization, [...] Read more.

Fuel cell stack configuration optimization is known to be a problem that, in addition to presenting engineering challenges, is computationally hard. This paper presents an improved computational heuristic for solving the problem. The problem addressed in this paper is one of constrained optimization, where the goal is to seek optimal (or near-optimal) values of (i) the number of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) to be connected in series to form a group, (ii) the number of such groups to be connected in parallel, and (iii) the cell area, such that the PEMFC assembly delivers the rated voltage at the rated power while the cost of building the assembly is as low as possible. Simulation results show that the proposed method outperforms four of the best-known methods in the literature. The improvement in performance afforded by the proposed algorithm is validated with statistical tests of significance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Machine Learning and Data Mining in Electrical Engineering)

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20 pages, 12986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Desiccant-Assisted Air Conditioning System Relying on Solar and Geothermal Energy during Summer and Winter

by Peter Niemann, Finn Richter, Arne Speerforck and Gerhard Schmitz

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3175; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163175 - 19 Aug 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3619

Abstract

At Hamburg University of Technology the combination of an open cycle desiccant-assisted air conditioning system and a geothermal system is investigated in the framework of different research projects for several years. The objective of this study is to investigate the energy efficiency of [...] Read more.

At Hamburg University of Technology the combination of an open cycle desiccant-assisted air conditioning system and a geothermal system is investigated in the framework of different research projects for several years. The objective of this study is to investigate the energy efficiency of the overall system and to evaluate the geothermal system during summer and winter mode, based on data measured for a temperate climate region. Monitoring results of the performance for dehumidification and remoistening of supply air are presented. Furthermore, the investigated system is compared to reference air conditioning processes. During summer mode, an average dehumidification efficiency of 1.15 is achieved. The electrical energy savings compared to a conventional reference system sum up to 50% for the investigated cooling period. System operation during winter shows an average moisture recovery efficiency of 0.75. The electrical energy demand for air humidification is reduced by 50% compared to a system with electric isothermal air humidification. The geothermal system is operated efficiently throughout the year for cooling and heating application. Besides the energetic system evaluation, measured data regarding the soil temperature and thermal comfort are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alternative Energy Systems in Buildings)

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20 pages, 11721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Implementation of a Low Power Outer-Rotor Line-Start Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor for Ultra-Light Electric Vehicles

by Mustafa Tumbek and Selami Kesler

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3174; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163174 - 19 Aug 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5835

Abstract

Recently, while electric vehicles (EV) have substituted the fossil fuel vehicles, the design of the electrical motors with more efficient and less mechanical converters has become mandatory due to the weighting gears, mechanical differentials, and other cost-increasing parts. To overcome these problems, double [...] Read more.

Recently, while electric vehicles (EV) have substituted the fossil fuel vehicles, the design of the electrical motors with more efficient and less mechanical converters has become mandatory due to the weighting gears, mechanical differentials, and other cost-increasing parts. To overcome these problems, double electrical motors with low speed and high torque have been designed and used in the rear wheels of the EVs without any gearbox and mechanical differential. In this study, a novel outer rotor line-start hybrid synchronous motor is proposed as another solution. For this aim, four different hybrid rotor types, including magnets and rotor bars, have been designed and analyzed. Calculation and estimation of all parameters to design a motor are introduced. All of the analyses were carried out by Finite Elements Method (FEM). One of the analyzed motors, which is called Type-D was selected and implemented because of the best startup performance and better steady-state behavior under the rated load and overload. While holding this motor at synchronous speed under nominal load, in case of overloading, it remained in asynchronous mode, thus maintaining the sustainability of the system. Obtained results prove that the newly proposed outer rotor LSSM has the advantages of both synchronous motor and asynchronous motor. All of the experimental results validate the simulations well. The effects of the magnet alignments and dimensions on the performance of the motors are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)

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