Forests

11 pages, 2917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Water Uptake Patterns of Different Plant Functional Types in the Monsoon Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest of Southern China

by Deqiang Gao, Beibei Zhang, Qing Xu, Shirong Liu, Ying Zhang, Ting Wang, Wenbin Xu and Haijun Zuo

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1527; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091527 - 19 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1664

Abstract

The precipitation changes induced by climate warming have substantially increased extreme precipitation and seasonal drought events. Different plant functional types (PFTs) could exert an important role in resisting extreme climate. However, the patterns of plant water uptake in different PFTs remain uncertain, especially [...] Read more.

The precipitation changes induced by climate warming have substantially increased extreme precipitation and seasonal drought events. Different plant functional types (PFTs) could exert an important role in resisting extreme climate. However, the patterns of plant water uptake in different PFTs remain uncertain, especially under different magnitudes of rainfall events. Here, we employed a stable hydrogen isotope (δD) to determine the water sources of different PFTs, including Castanopsis chinensis in the canopy layer, Schima superba in the canopy sublayer, Psychotria asiatica in the shrub layer, and Blechnum orientale on the forest floor in the monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, China. We further used a two-end linear mixing model to explore the water utilization among different PFTs. Our results revealed that precipitation and soil water before rainfall were the water sources of different PFTs. Furthermore, the proportions of precipitation utilized by S. superba in the canopy sublayer under light and moderate rainfalls were 6.9%–59.4% and 30.5%–66.3%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of other species in both the dry and wet seasons. After heavy rainfall, the proportion of precipitation utilized by S. superba was the lowest (4.7%–26.5%), while B. orientale had the highest proportion of precipitation utilization (31.6%–91.5%), whether in the dry or wet season. These findings imply that different PFTs would compete with one another for water uptake. Especially under climate warming, the uneven distribution of precipitation would intensify the water competition among species, ultimately resulting in the plant community structure becoming much more unstable than before. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Hydrology)

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20 pages, 4072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Before Becoming a World Heritage: Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Spatial Dependency of the Soundscapes in Kulangsu Scenic Area, China

by Zhu Chen, Tian-Yuan Zhu, Jiang Liu and Xin-Chen Hong

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1526; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091526 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 2518

Abstract

Kulangsu is a famous scenic area in China and a World Heritage Site. It is important to obtain knowledge with regard to the status of soundscape and landscape resources and their interrelationships in Kulangsu before it became a World Heritage. The objective of [...] Read more.

Kulangsu is a famous scenic area in China and a World Heritage Site. It is important to obtain knowledge with regard to the status of soundscape and landscape resources and their interrelationships in Kulangsu before it became a World Heritage. The objective of this study was to explore the spatial dependency of the soundscapes in Kulangsu, based on the spatiotemporal dynamics of soundscape and landscape perceptions, including perceived sound sources, soundscape quality, and landscape satisfaction degree, and the spatial landscape characteristics, including the distance to green spaces, normalized difference vegetation index, and landscape spatial patterns. The results showed that perception of soundscape and landscape were observed in significant spatiotemporal dynamics, and the dominance of biological sounds in all sampling periods and human sounds in the evening indicated that Kulangsu scenic area had a good natural environment and a developed night-time economy, respectively. The green spaces and commercial lands may contribute to both the soundscape pleasantness and eventfulness. Moreover, the soundscape quality was dependent on the sound dominant degree and landscape satisfaction degree but not on the landscape characteristics. The GWR model had better goodness of fit than the OLS model, and possible non-linear relationships were found between the soundscape pleasantness and the variables of perceived sound sources and landscape satisfaction degree. The GWR models with spatial stationarity were found to be more effective in understanding the spatial dependence of soundscapes. In particular, the data applied should ideally include a complete temporal dimension to obtain a relatively high fitting accuracy of the model. These findings can provide useful data support and references for future planning and design practices, and management strategies for the soundscape resources in scenic areas and World Heritage Sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soundscape in Urban Forests)

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16 pages, 4557 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mangrove Propagule Dispersal in a Shallow and Narrow Coastal Lagoon: A Simulation-Based Assessment of the Setiu Wetlands, Malaysia

by Zuraini Zainol, Atteleth Don Peris, Mohd Fadzil Akhir, Nur Hannah Abd Rahim, Behara Satyanarayana and Farid Dahdouh-Guebas

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1525; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091525 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2532

Abstract

The short- to long-distance dispersal (SDD and LDD) of propagules is critical for the regeneration of mangrove forests. Mark–recapture experiments are considered to be a good tool for assessing such dispersal patterns. However, dense mangrove roots, exposed mudflats, shallow water, etc. often limit [...] Read more.

The short- to long-distance dispersal (SDD and LDD) of propagules is critical for the regeneration of mangrove forests. Mark–recapture experiments are considered to be a good tool for assessing such dispersal patterns. However, dense mangrove roots, exposed mudflats, shallow water, etc. often limit the number of recaptured propagules and their implication studies. Therefore, a combination of hydrodynamic and particle tracking models, together with a mark–recapture experiment, were applied to identify the dispersal behavior of Rhizophora mucronata Lamk. propagules in a coastal lagoon of Setiu Wetlands, Malaysia. The transport trajectories revealed that the dispersal of propagules is leptokurtic, with majority of them confined to very-short-distance dispersal (VSDD; 3–5 m) to SDD (1400 m). While higher obstacle density (e.g., mangrove roots) constrained the propagule dispersal, weaker tidal currents that coupled with less upstream discharge increased their retention time and settlement closer to the point of release. Under this scenario, the chances for propagules to exit from the lagoon mouth and their entry into the open waters for LDD are very limited. These results can explain the abundance of Rhizophora spp. in the northern sector of the Setiu Wetlands and be useful for species-level conservation/management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)

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11 pages, 1931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Localization of TWISTED NEEDLES Locus on Linkage Map of Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don)

by Yoshinari Moriguchi, Ryunosuke Saito, Saneyoshi Ueno, Yoichi Hasegawa, Hiroyuki Kakui and Asako Matsumoto

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1524; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091524 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2069

Abstract

Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) is an important forestry species in Japan. C. japonica ‘Spiralis’ is a mutant with twisted needles. The mutant is called Yore-sugi in Japan and is known as ‘Rasen’ in other countries. The twisted trait is regulated by [...] Read more.

Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) is an important forestry species in Japan. C. japonica ‘Spiralis’ is a mutant with twisted needles. The mutant is called Yore-sugi in Japan and is known as ‘Rasen’ in other countries. The twisted trait is regulated by a dominant gene called TWISTED NEEDLES, and it can be identified by observing the needles within 1 to 2 months after germination. The TWISTED NEEDLES gene may be useful for improving the efficiency of genome editing technology in C. japonica. In this study, we attempted to identify the linkage group of the TWISTED NEEDLES locus and investigate markers that sandwich this locus using the mapping family. First, we identified the linkage group containing the TWISTED NEEDLES locus based on the distortion from the expected segregation ratio using 32 mutant individuals of the mapping family. The segregation distortion showed that the TWISTED NEEDLES locus was located on the 11th linkage group (LG11). Next, a linkage map of LG11 was constructed based on genotype data from the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and double digested restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) using 123 individuals of the MMY-1 family. On this map, six markers were located at the same position as the TWISTED NEEDLES locus. To investigate markers sandwiching the TWISTED NEEDLES locus, a partial linkage map around the TWISTED NEEDLES locus was constructed using 643 individuals of the MMY-1 family. The TWISTED NEEDLES locus was located in the 0.6 cM region between gSNP01822 and the other five markers (Contig_4705-179, Contig_4518-93, Contig_4398-118, gSNP04056, and Contig_4970-113). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biotechnology Techniques on Tree Species—Series II)

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19 pages, 2774 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Giving Voice to Tourists: Improving the Governance of Protected Areas through Tourists’ Perceptions and Expectations

by Bojie Wang, Siyuan He, Yehong Sun and Qingwen Min

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1523; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091523 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1894

Abstract

Although numerous studies have explored the role of government, conservation managers and local residents in the governance of protected areas, little attention has been paid to the role of tourists. Based on a field survey and a network-based content analysis of tourists’ perceptions [...] Read more.

Although numerous studies have explored the role of government, conservation managers and local residents in the governance of protected areas, little attention has been paid to the role of tourists. Based on a field survey and a network-based content analysis of tourists’ perceptions and expectations of Wuyishan National Park, this research sought to promote the governance of national parks by strengthening the tourists’ influence. The results showed that: (1) tourists had a changing, but still narrow understanding of the national park’s functions, (2) tourists’ expectations of tourism and recreational functions are growing more diversified, and (3) lack of information restrained them from making an effective contribution to conservation. The results suggest that tourists can be effective in conservation governance with the aid of better publicity and closer interactions with other stakeholders. This study has theoretical and managerial implications for understanding the role of tourists in the governance of national parks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Based Tourism and Nature Conservation Activation by Tourism)

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20 pages, 2452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Laser Caliper Reliability in Upper-Stem Diameter Measurements by Multiple Users

by Cornel Cristian Tereşneu, Ciprian Tudor and Maria Magdalena Vasilescu

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1522; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091522 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1664

Abstract

Considering the uncertainty of upper-stem diameter measurements and the fact that there are few studies on the accuracy of diameters using the Mantax Black caliper with Gator Eyes (Haglöf, Långsele, Sweden), the aim of this research is to check laser caliper reliability in [...] Read more.

Considering the uncertainty of upper-stem diameter measurements and the fact that there are few studies on the accuracy of diameters using the Mantax Black caliper with Gator Eyes (Haglöf, Långsele, Sweden), the aim of this research is to check laser caliper reliability in upper-stem diameter measurements. The study was conducted in Parc Aventura Braşov (Romania), where a target tree was marked with visible signs at 1 m, 3 m, 5 m, 7 m, 9 m, and 13 m above the ground, and the diameters of the six sections were measured using a conventional caliper and climbing equipment. Later on, 14 forest mensurationists used a laser caliper to measure the diameters of the marked sections 13 m away from the tree, maintaining the direction of measurement. Each user performed repeated independent measurements of the upper-stem diameters, resulting in 14 data sets with 10 values for every section and a total number of 840 observations. Applying ANOVA for all the sections, we found that there are significant differences between the data sets collected by many users, and the pairwise t-test and the Benjamini-Hochberg method showed significant differences. Taking into account the analysis of the individual errors in measuring the upper-stem diameters using a laser caliper, we were able to identify the data sets affected by abnormal errors. By measuring the diameters along the stem up to 13 m above the ground using a laser caliper, one out of 2.4 measurements up to one out of approximately 1.5 was determined with an error below 2 cm. At heights above 5 m, a maximum of one out of five measurements was affected by errors above 4 cm. In addition, it was noted that there is generally a tendency to underestimate the upper-stem diameter and volume estimate when the laser caliper is used for the measurements. The absolute mean error varied between 1.46 cm and 2.52 cm along the stem and the root mean squared error varied between 1.84 cm and 3.04 cm. Nevertheless, general uncertainty about this subject remains, because if we measure upper-stem diameters without contact with the trunk, we will never know whether a single reading shows a negligible error to be used for calibrating taper equations or for increasing volume estimation accuracy. Consequently, we recommend that when used for this purpose, diameters should be measured several times, by experienced users who have proven their skill in measurements that yield smaller errors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Remote Sensing of Vegetation Structural Parameters)

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18 pages, 6639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Dormancy Characteristics of Chinese Pistache (Pistacia chinensis Bunge) Seeds

by Huanhuan Guo, Yong Liu, Haijiao Wang and Shiqin Li

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1521; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091521 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2146

Abstract

Chinese pistache tree (Pistacia chinensis Bunge, Anacardiaceae) is an important oil, ornamental and afforestation tree species. Seeds of this species are known due to their erratic germination, so it is urgent to determine the causes of such dormancy. To do so, we [...] Read more.

Chinese pistache tree (Pistacia chinensis Bunge, Anacardiaceae) is an important oil, ornamental and afforestation tree species. Seeds of this species are known due to their erratic germination, so it is urgent to determine the causes of such dormancy. To do so, we tested water permeability, respiration rate, mechanical constraint and germination inhibitors. The results indicated that the testa was water-permeable, the raphe and hilum as the areas that contributed most to imbibition. Removal of the testa increased the imbibition rate and improved the oxygen availability to the embryo. Furthermore, the analysis of the extracts showed that the endotesta and embryo may contain inhibitors that negatively affect germination and seedling growth. The widely targeted metabolomics revealed that phenolic acids and organic acids may be the potential inhibitors. Seed scarification, exogenous gibberellin (GA₃) and cold stratification greatly increased the germination, but seed scarification (removal of the exotesta and 1/2 cotyledon) was the most effective strategy, since it increased the germination up to 89% after 5 days of incubation, a rate significantly higher regarding the other strategies, which barely reached 60% in 20 days. In conclusion, there seems to exist both a mechanical dormancy due to the testa and a physiological inhibition due to the embryo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Forest Tree Seedling Cultivation Technology)

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30 pages, 5882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Design of Hybrid Tower Yarder Drivetrains: A Case Study

by Stefan Leitner, Massimiliano Renzi, Raffaele Spinelli and Renato Vidoni

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1520; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091520 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3150

Abstract

Meeting ever-tightening emission regulations and ambitious climate targets requires drastic efficiency improvements and emission reduction across all sectors. Hybridization as an intermediary step towards electrification is a prominent approach to achieve this. Within the forestry sector, most equipment still relies on conventional mechanical [...] Read more.

Meeting ever-tightening emission regulations and ambitious climate targets requires drastic efficiency improvements and emission reduction across all sectors. Hybridization as an intermediary step towards electrification is a prominent approach to achieve this. Within the forestry sector, most equipment still relies on conventional mechanical or hydraulical drivetrains. This work focuses on the design of hybrid tower yarder drivetrains, in order to facilitate the technological transition to more sustainable equipment. Tower yarder duty cycle data are extracted from the literature and organized into a set of reference duty cycle data via Matlab simulations. Based on typical performance requirements, various technological solutions are studied for the following key tower yarder subsystems: energy storage, winch drive, energy source, and energy dissipation. The objective is to determine the most performing design considering system cost, performance, weight, and durability. Challenging control considerations are discussed and control algorithms are presented. Further presented are drivetrain architecture alternatives to boost overall efficiency. The best hybrid drivetrain, based on a large set of operation data gathered from other studies, is finally subjected to design calculations and a case study involving a 5-ton tower yarder. Results indicate that off-the-shelf electric drives, reduction gearing, and energy dissipation systems can satisfy all performance requirements, including a maximum power of about 100 kW per drive. A 15–45 kWh power-dense battery pack or a 100 kWh energy-dense battery pack may be required to cope with a power of up to 70 kW RMS, pointing to a need for substantial overdesign and confirming that the energy storage system represents the largest design challenge. The engine should achieve at least 41.5 kW of power to compensate for combined average net energy consumption in the yarder. These results confirm the feasibility of tower yarder hybridization and the large potential for energy recovery. This is especially true in the closed-loop setup, with a recovered energy of up to 5 kWh per transport cycle. Finally, differences between the proposed optimal design and the commercial hybrid design by Koller Forsttechnik are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Operations and Engineering)

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38 pages, 8813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamics and Management of Restored Forests in Post-Mining Sites with Respect to Their Recreation Value: A Matrix Growth Model

by Jan Melichar, Emil Cienciala, Jan Albert, Markéta Braun Kohlová, Vojtěch Máca and Petr Pavelčík

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1519; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091519 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1644

Abstract

Afforestation has been a popular restoration procedure for spoil heaps in the sites affected by coal open-cast mining in the Czech Republic. Forest replantation is a frequent restoration variant when spoil heaps are recovered, but unreclaimed sites are often left to spontaneous succession. [...] Read more.

Afforestation has been a popular restoration procedure for spoil heaps in the sites affected by coal open-cast mining in the Czech Republic. Forest replantation is a frequent restoration variant when spoil heaps are recovered, but unreclaimed sites are often left to spontaneous succession. Studies on the dynamics of such restored forests are missing, and the evidence of restored forests with respect to their recreation value is also sporadic. To study the dynamics and management of restored forests—both replanted and recovered by spontaneous succession—on spoil heaps, we used a matrix growth model, which accounts for harvest, artificial and natural regeneration, and recreation value of these forest stands. The model calibration was performed on data from 250 inventory plots distributed across the Velká Podkrušnohorská spoil heap and the Matyáš spoil heap in the Sokolov brown-coal mining area. The growth model was applied on six restored forest types to simulate—over 65 years with a 10-year cutting cycle—the effect of various management regimes of thinning on their recreation value and aboveground biomass (AGB). The results indicate that initial planting density and stand type have an effect on the dynamics of restored forest stands in the short-term horizon. Applying the thinning management resulted in an increase in recreation value for all types of restored stands, while AGB decreased. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Ecosystem Services and Landscape Design)

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16 pages, 2391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Occupational Accidents in Tree Climbers

by Luboš Staněk, Ondřej Augustin and Jindřich Neruda

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1518; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091518 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2976

Abstract

The work of tree climbers is a hazardous activity during which many risks of occupational accidents must be faced. Numerous injuries happen during the performance of this professional activity. This is why our research was conducted, and the principle of which was to [...] Read more.

The work of tree climbers is a hazardous activity during which many risks of occupational accidents must be faced. Numerous injuries happen during the performance of this professional activity. This is why our research was conducted, and the principle of which was to gather and evaluate, on the basis of the questionnaire method, injuries occurring to tree climbers during their work. An anonymous online questionnaire was prepared in order to obtain data about the rate of accidents recorded amongst tree climbers working in the territory of the Czech Republic. There were 121 tree climbers participating in the collection of data. The questionnaire was divided into seven sections, each section including questions focused on possible injuries related to the work of tree climbers and first aid. Answers of respondents indicated that the highest number of injuries were caused by cutting with the manual saw. Burns caused by the power saw and damage to eyes by sawdust or dust during sawing followed. The results also showed that nearly 30% of tree climbers work alone, and 47% of tree climbers collaborate with a ground worker who is not able to rescue them from the tree in the case of an exceptional unexpected situation. The research also revealed surprising results as to carrying first aid kits. Only 62% of tree climbers have a personal first aid kit on them in the tree crown. However, a positive finding appears in the fact that 75% of tree climbers are graduates of some medical course. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Operations and Engineering)

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13 pages, 1650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical Composition of Extractives in the Inner Cork Layer of Cork Oaks with Low and Moderate Coraebus undatus Attack

by Rita Simões, Manuela Branco, Carla Nogueira, Carolina Carvalho, Conceição Santos-Silva, Suzana Ferreira-Dias, Isabel Miranda and Helena Pereira

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1517; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091517 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1857

Abstract

The beetle Coraebus undatus, during its larval stage feeds, and excavates galleries on the cork-generating layer of Quercus suber L. trees, seriously affecting the cork quality with significant economic losses for the cork industry. This work compared the composition of the extracts [...] Read more.

The beetle Coraebus undatus, during its larval stage feeds, and excavates galleries on the cork-generating layer of Quercus suber L. trees, seriously affecting the cork quality with significant economic losses for the cork industry. This work compared the composition of the extracts present in the innermost cork layers (the belly) of cork planks from Q. suber trees with low and moderate C. undatus attack in one stand. The total extractives in the inner cork layer from trees with moderate and low C. undatus attacks were similar (on average 22% of the cork mass) with a high proportion of polar compounds (91% of the total extractives). The chemical composition of the inner cork lipophilic extractives was the same in trees infested and free of larvae, with triterpenes as the most abundant family accounting for 77% of all the compounds, predominantly friedeline. The hydrophilic extractives differed on the levels of phenolic compounds, with higher levels in the inner cork extracts of samples from trees with low attack (90.0 mg GAE g⁻¹ vs. 59.0 mg GAE g⁻¹ of inner cork mass) The potential toxic activity of phenolic compounds may have a role in decreasing the larval feeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Diversity of Wood and Non-Wood Forest Products: Anatomical, Physical and Chemical Properties, and Potential Applications)

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10 pages, 42392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Giant Trees Exhibited Great Cooling Effect in Residential Area Southwest of China

by Rongfei Zhang and Ziyan Zhao

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1516; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091516 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2073

Abstract

In recent years, extreme weather has become more and more frequent. The extreme heat in summer is a serious threat to human health. Chongqing is one of the hottest cities in China, and the high temperature in summer can cause skin cancer and [...] Read more.

In recent years, extreme weather has become more and more frequent. The extreme heat in summer is a serious threat to human health. Chongqing is one of the hottest cities in China, and the high temperature in summer can cause skin cancer and heat stroke. Green plants in residential areas play a great role in cooling down air temperature. However, there are no accurate numerical references for which plants have a better cooling effect. Therefore, seven species of trees with the highest planting rate were selected in seven residential areas as research objects in this study. By measuring the temperature under the trees and related control factors, this study was conducted to clarify the following: (1) Which species of tree has the best cooling effect? (2) Whether tree species and size matter with the cooling effect. (3) What are the controlling factors and principles that affect the tree cooling effect? The results showed that: (1) Giant trees have the best cooling effect. (2) The cooling effects of Ficus virens, Camphor tree, and Ficus macrocarpa were significantly better than the other four species of trees. (3) The high rate of water replenishment in plants gives giant trees a greater cooling effect. This study is of great practical significance to the selection of plants in the green belt of residential communities, and has great theoretical significance to understand the principle of the plant cooling effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on the Influence of Vegetation and Forest on Urban Air Quality and Thermal Comfort)

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23 pages, 2434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Unique Grubbing Head Prototype for Environmentally Friendly and Sustainable Stump Removal

by Luboš Staněk, Ladislav Zvěřina, Radomír Ulrich and Eva Abramuszkinová Pavlíková

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1515; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091515 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1573

Abstract

Stumps left behind after the felling of trees represent an important source of renewable energy that could be used for fuel mixtures as a sustainable solution. The subject of this research was to determine the influence of tree species, stump diameter size, and [...] Read more.

Stumps left behind after the felling of trees represent an important source of renewable energy that could be used for fuel mixtures as a sustainable solution. The subject of this research was to determine the influence of tree species, stump diameter size, and subsoil on the time required for stump processing. Evaluated parameters included the mean time for one stump’s processing; the stump processing time based on the stump diameter; different soil types and tree species; and the tree species type (coniferous, broadleaved). The research was conducted in the territory of the Czech Republic in 2020/2021. There were 287 stumps and 6 tree species in total. The stumps were uprooted using a new prototype of grubbing head, developed at Mendel University in Brno, attached as an adapter on the boom of a JCB JS 220 LC excavator with a tracked undercarriage and was controlled remotely from an excavator cab. Research results confirmed that the processing time of one stump depends on the stump diameter (GLM), and the time needed for the processing of one stump increased with an increase in stump diameter in all experimental sites. An equation was suggested to predict the time needed to work on one stump. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanization, Wood Production and Environmental Sustainability in Forest Operations)

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14 pages, 3216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

RETRACTED: Evaluating the Carrying Capacity and Spatial Pattern Matching of Urban and Rural Construction Land in a Representative City of Middle China

by Zhijun Luo, Yuan Yuan, Song Qi and Jin Xu

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1514; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091514 - 18 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1910 | Retraction

Abstract

Evaluation of the carrying capacity and spatial pattern matching of urban–rural construction land is critical for solving problems associated with irrational land use and the destruction of ecosystems. Here, we present a case study exploring the spatial matching relationship between the carrying capacity [...] Read more.

Evaluation of the carrying capacity and spatial pattern matching of urban–rural construction land is critical for solving problems associated with irrational land use and the destruction of ecosystems. Here, we present a case study exploring the spatial matching relationship between the carrying capacity and current development status of urban–rural construction land in Nanchang, the capital city of Jiangxi Province, China. Land suitability evaluation for urban and rural construction was performed using the analytic hierarchical process and restrictive coefficient method. The spatial matching degree between current construction land and available construction land was obtained by a spatial overlay analysis. Results show that the area most suitable for construction land development (19.2% of the total) is mainly concentrated in the central urban districts, while the relatively suitable area (17.5% of the total) is present around the most suitable area. The ultimate development intensity (i.e., carrying capacity threshold) of construction land in the study region is 41.4%, and the residual development intensity (i.e., development potential) is 24.2%. The available construction land (including most suitable and relatively suitable areas) is generally abundant. The spatial matching degree of construction land ranges from 69.5% to 99.1% in different counties (districts). Pearson’s correlation analysis reveals that the spatial matching degree is positively correlated with the carrying capacity threshold of construction land (r = 0.926; p < 0.01) and the abundance of available construction land (r = 0.732; p < 0.05). The results could be useful for the rational development of urban–rural construction land and the optimization of land space at the city scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Open Space Conservation: Advances, Perspectives and Contribution in Enhancing Urban Sustainability)

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16 pages, 3908 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Quality Assessment and Management in Karst Rocky Desertification Ecosystem of Southwest China

by Qian Wu, Wei Zheng, Chengjiao Rao, Enwen Wang and Wende Yan

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1513; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091513 - 18 Sep 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1909

Abstract

Karst rocky desertification is a common phenomenon in terrestrial ecosystems, and the deterioration of soil quality has a serious side effect on the aboveground vegetation and underground environmental factors. To clarify the variety of soil quality in different rocky desertification grades in typical [...] Read more.

Karst rocky desertification is a common phenomenon in terrestrial ecosystems, and the deterioration of soil quality has a serious side effect on the aboveground vegetation and underground environmental factors. To clarify the variety of soil quality in different rocky desertification grades in typical karst areas of southwest China, the soil quality of four rocky desertification grades was calculated by a single model (SQI: soil quality index), two screening processes (TDS: total dataset and MDS: minimum dataset) and three scoring methods (SSF: standard scoring function, S_L_: linear scoring function and S_NL_: nonlinear scoring function). The key results are as follows: Significant differences were found in the soil environment factors in non-rocky desertification (NRD), light rocky desertification (LRD) and moderate rocky desertification (MRD) as compared to intense rocky desertification (IRD) (p < 0.01). Except for total potassium (TK), manganese (Mn) and amylase, the other soil environmental factors showed U-shaped changes. In contrast, TK, Mn and amylase increased first and then decreased. Additionally, the SQI based on MDS in SSF, S_L and S_NL was IRD (0.58) > NRD (0.48) > LRD (0.45) > MRD (0.43), IRD (0.53) > NRD (0.42) > LRD (0.39) > MRD (0.36) and IRD (0.57) > NRD (0.47) > MRD (0.42) > LRD (0.40), respectively. However, the SQI was always in the trend of IRD > NRD > MRD > LRD based on the TDS. Overall, although the soil area is scarce, the edaphic properties, enzyme activities and soil quality are not poor in the IRD. Furthermore, we found that S_NL was more suitable for the evaluation of soil quality in the karst rocky desertification area (R² = 0.63, p < 0.001 and the coefficient of variation = 30.69%). This research helps to clarify the variation in soil properties and quality during the succession of rocky desertification and provides guidelines for the sustainable management of soil quality in areas of southwest China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Soil)

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15 pages, 2403 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Second-Entry Burns Reduce Mid-Canopy Fuels and Create Resilient Forest Structure in Yosemite National Park, California

by Lacey E. Hankin and Chad T. Anderson

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1512; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091512 - 17 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2509 | Correction

Abstract

Understanding the patterns and underlying drivers of forest structure is critical for managing landscape processes and multiple resource management. Merging several landscape-scale datasets, including long-term fire histories, airborne LiDAR, and downscaled topo-climatic data, we assessed complex ecological questions regarding the interactions of forest [...] Read more.

Understanding the patterns and underlying drivers of forest structure is critical for managing landscape processes and multiple resource management. Merging several landscape-scale datasets, including long-term fire histories, airborne LiDAR, and downscaled topo-climatic data, we assessed complex ecological questions regarding the interactions of forest structure, climate, and fire in the Yosemite National Park, a protected area historically dominated by frequent fire and largely free of the impacts of commercial industrial logging. We found that forest structure broadly corresponded with forest types arranged across elevation-driven climatic gradients and that repeated burning shifts forest structure towards conditions that are consistent with increased resilience, biodiversity, and ecosystem health and function. Specifically, across all forest types, tree density and mid-canopy strata cover was significantly reduced compared to overstory canopy and the indices of forest health improved after two fires, but no additional change occurred with subsequent burns. This study provides valuable information for managers who seek to refine prescriptions based on an enhanced understanding of fire-mediated changes in ladder fuels and tree density and those seeking to define the number of treatments needed to mitigate severe fire risk and enhance resiliency to repeated fires. In addition, our study highlights the utility of large-landscape LiDAR acquisitions for supporting fire, forest, and wildlife management prioritization and wildfire risk assessments for numerous valued resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Vegetation Monitoring through Remote Sensing Technologies)

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16 pages, 2415 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity and Structure of a Diverse Population of Picea sitchensis Using Genotyping-by-Sequencing

by Tomás Byrne, Niall Farrelly, Colin Kelleher, Trevor R. Hodkinson, Stephen L. Byrne and Susanne Barth

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1511; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091511 - 17 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3857

Abstract

Picea sitchensis, Sitka spruce, is of interest to forestry as both a conservation species and a highly productive crop. Its native range stretches from Alaska to California, and it is hence distributed across a large environmental cline with areas of local adaptation. [...] Read more.

Picea sitchensis, Sitka spruce, is of interest to forestry as both a conservation species and a highly productive crop. Its native range stretches from Alaska to California, and it is hence distributed across a large environmental cline with areas of local adaptation. The IUFRO collection, established in 1968–1970, consists of 81 provenances of commercial and scientific interest spanning this native range. We used genotyping-by-sequencing on 1177 genotypes, originating from 80 of the IUFRO provenances which occupy 19 geographic regions of the Pacific Northwest, resulting in an SNP database of 36,567 markers. We detected low levels of genetic differentiation across this broad environmental cline, in agreement with other studies. However, we discovered island effects on geographically distant populations, such as those on Haida Gwaii and Kodiak Island. Using glaciation data, alongside this database, we see apparent post-glacial recolonization of the mainland from islands and the south of the range. Genotyping the IUFRO population expands upon the use of the collection in three ways: (i) providing information to breeders on genetic diversity which can be implemented into breeding programs, optimizing genetic gain for important traits; (ii) serving a scientific resource for studying spruce species; and (iii) utilizing provenances in breeding programs which are more tolerant to climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Genetics of Forest Trees and Applications in Breeding, Conservation and Management of Genetic Resources)

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17 pages, 9227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological Characteristics of Bamboo Panel Milling Dust Derived from Different Average Chip Thicknesses

by Yunqi Cui, Jian Yin, Yitong Cai, Huimin Wang, Tao Ding and Nanfeng Zhu

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1510; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091510 - 17 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1809

Abstract

The massive amounts of dust formed during bamboo CNC milling presents serious risks to human health and equipment. The present study aimed to determine the particle size distribution (PSD) and shape characteristics of bamboo milling dust derived from different average chip thicknesses. Spindle [...] Read more.

The massive amounts of dust formed during bamboo CNC milling presents serious risks to human health and equipment. The present study aimed to determine the particle size distribution (PSD) and shape characteristics of bamboo milling dust derived from different average chip thicknesses. Spindle speed and feed rate were varied in combination, in setting up two experimental groups having the same average chip thicknesses. Sieving and flatbed scanning image analyses were collectively utilized for the morphological analysis of bamboo dust. The results showed that less than 5% of the particles were below 100 μm in terms of mass, but represented more than 83% in number. Average chip thickness was positively correlated with a mass proportion of bamboo dust with large size, which was preferably generated when reducing spindle speed instead of increasing feed rate. Spindle speed and feed rate individually affected the particle size and particle size distribution instead of average chip thickness. The aspect ratio, roundness and convexity of bamboo milling dust were augmented with a reduction in particle size, indicating that bamboo milling dust with smaller size had more a regular shape, a smoother profile and fewer corners. These findings provide a theoretical basis for better understanding bamboo milling dust and its related control in the bamboo processing industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wood Science and Forest Products)

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17 pages, 2546 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Applying the “Goldilocks Rule” to Riparian Buffer Widths for Forested Headwater Streams across the Contiguous U.S.—How Much Is “Just Right”?

by Maneesha T. Jayasuriya, René H. Germain and John C. Stella

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1509; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091509 - 17 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1757

Abstract

Delineating riparian management zones (RMZ) around streams to protect riparian ecological functions is critical during forest management. This study compared the area dedicated to RMZ using the USFS functional-based riparian buffer approach versus individual state-defined riparian buffer allocation strategies along headwater streams across [...] Read more.

Delineating riparian management zones (RMZ) around streams to protect riparian ecological functions is critical during forest management. This study compared the area dedicated to RMZ using the USFS functional-based riparian buffer approach versus individual state-defined riparian buffer allocation strategies along headwater streams across 17 states within the US. The USFS method uses a variable-width riparian buffer that seeks to capture the functions of a riparian area. Our study sought to contrast this USFS method with various state-defined RMZ guidelines. The functional approach delineated the highest percentages of the watershed area around headwater streams in most watersheds, sometimes >20% of forestland, whereas state RMZ guidelines delineated <10% of forestland around headwater streams in many watersheds. Although many state guidelines failed to identify the variable widths of functional riparian areas, some watersheds in the Great Lakes states over-allocated forestland as riparian when compared to a functional riparian delineation. The topographic and forest composition differences observed across the study area were not represented by their respective state RMZ guidelines, and these variables strongly influence the delineation of a functional RMZ. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)

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24 pages, 5688 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth, Productivity, Biomass and Carbon Stock in Eucalyptus saligna and Grevillea robusta Plantations in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo

by Désiré Katembo Kasekete, Gauthier Ligot, Jean-Pierre Mate Mweru, Thomas Drouet, Mélissa Rousseau, Adrien Moango and Nils Bourland

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1508; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091508 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3005

Abstract

Initiated by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) more than a decade ago in North Kivu, single-species plantations of Eucalyptus saligna and Grevillea robusta constitute, with other village plantations, the current legal source of wood-energy for the communities bordering the Virunga National Park (PNVi). [...] Read more.

Initiated by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) more than a decade ago in North Kivu, single-species plantations of Eucalyptus saligna and Grevillea robusta constitute, with other village plantations, the current legal source of wood-energy for the communities bordering the Virunga National Park (PNVi). This study assesses the growth and productivity of these plantations in two sites with different soil and climatic conditions to predict their production over time. The study also assesses the carbon stock and long-term CO₂ fixation in the biomass of the studied plantations to deduce their contribution to climate change mitigation. Non-destructive inventories were carried out during three consecutive years in 20 E. saligna and 12 G. robusta plantations in Sake and Kirumba. Analysis of the data revealed that both species have similar diametric growth while height growth and productivity were significantly higher in the E. saligna plantations. The productivity of E. saligna was also higher in Kirumba than in Sake, while that of G. robusta was higher in Sake than in Kirumba. The differences observed were mainly related to species, silviculture, altitude and concentration of bioavailable elements in the soils. The analysis of productivity evolution over time allowed us to determine optimal rotations at 8 and 12 years, respectively, for E. saligna and G. robusta plantations. The relationships between biomass or carbon stock and tree diameter were not different between the studied species but were significantly different at the stand level. If silviculture was standardized and plantations carefully monitored, carbon stock and long-term CO₂ fixation would be higher in G. robusta plantations than in E. saligna plantations. These results indicate that while for productivity reasons E. saligna is the favoured species in wood-energy plantations to quickly meet the demand of the growing and disadvantaged population living in the vicinity of PNVi, carefully monitored G. robusta plantations could be more interesting in terms of carbon credits. To simultaneously optimise wood-energy production and carbon storage in the plantations initiated in North Kivu, E. saligna and G. robusta should be planted in mixture. In addition, species and site characteristics adapted silvicultural management practices must be applied to these plantations, which are very important for the region, its population and its park. Finally, the economic profitability as well as the sustainability of the plantations should be assessed in the longer term in North Kivu. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)

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15 pages, 2690 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Interrelationship between Latitudinal Differences and Metabolic Differences in the Natural Distribution Area of Tilia amurensis Rupr.

by Yang Liu, Qiu-Yang Chang, Zhong-Hua Tang, Ke-Xin Wu, Ann Abozeid and Li-Qiang Mu

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1507; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091507 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1723

Abstract

Tilia amurensis Rupr. is a crucial species widely used in our life, because its wood is easy to process due to its low specific gravity and good elasticity. To understand the effect of the latitudinal gradients on T. amurensis metabolites profiles, we collected [...] Read more.

Tilia amurensis Rupr. is a crucial species widely used in our life, because its wood is easy to process due to its low specific gravity and good elasticity. To understand the effect of the latitudinal gradients on T. amurensis metabolites profiles, we collected data from six different latitudes about physiological indicators such as temperature, light, and precipitation, then analyzed the differences in T. amurensis metabolite profiles from these different latitudes. The metabolomes of the six latitudes (SFS 49°28′53.26″ N, WY 48°06′51.314″ N, LS 47°11′1.71″ N, BL 45°7′55″ N, BH 43°50′16.8″ N, and TS 40′30.89″ N) were compared using GC–MS/LC–MS, and significant differences in primary and secondary metabolites were found. A total of 29 primary metabolites were screened by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and 34 flavonoids were determined using the targeted metabolomics methods. A total of 11 flavonoids in secondary metabolites were significantly different in the LS region compared with other areas. The main physiological indicator that differs between the LS region and other regions was the annual sunshine percentage. This indicates that the metabolic differences in T. amurensis at different latitudes may be affected by environmental factors such as annual sunshine percentage. As a vital species, T. amurensis metabolites change with different environmental factors, indicating that this species has different adaptability to the environment of different latitudes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecophysiology and Biology)

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15 pages, 2972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maximum Rooting Depth of Pinus thunbergii Parl. Estimated with Depth at the Center Point of Rotation in a Tree-Pulling Experiment in a Coastal Forest in Japan

by Chikage Todo, Keitaro Yamase, Hidetoshi Ikeno, Toko Tanikawa, Mizue Ohashi and Yasuhiro Hirano

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1506; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091506 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1566

Abstract

Tree resistance to uprooting can be estimated as the critical turning moment in tree-pulling experiments. The depth at the center point of rotation (Dcp) in tree-pulling experiments is measured as an indicator of below-ground traits and is related to this critical turning moment. [...] Read more.

Tree resistance to uprooting can be estimated as the critical turning moment in tree-pulling experiments. The depth at the center point of rotation (Dcp) in tree-pulling experiments is measured as an indicator of below-ground traits and is related to this critical turning moment. However, few researchers have investigated the relationship between the Dcp and maximum root depth. Our objective in this study was to clarify whether the Dcp in tree-pulling experiments can be estimated as the maximum root depth of Pinus thunbergii Parl. in sandy soils. We also estimated which position of displacement of the center of rotation (Cp) can be applied as the Dcp. We conducted tree-pulling experiments, and compared the Dcp obtained from images with the measured maximum root depth. We found significant positive correlations between the Dcp and maximum root depth. The Cp displacement concentrated immediately below the stem when the maximum critical turning moment was reached. This position should be measured as the Dcp, which is related to the maximum root depth. We found that the Dcp can serve as a parameter, preventing the need for uprooting, when tree-pulling experiments are performed to obtain an important below-ground trait for understanding the critical turning moment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tree Stability and Tree Risk Analysis)

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13 pages, 1744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scale Effects on the Relationship between Plant Diversity and Ecosystem Multifunctionality in Arid Desert Areas

by Jiaxin Liu, Dong Hu, Hengfang Wang, Lamei Jiang and Guanghui Lv

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1505; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091505 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2590

Abstract

Understanding the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality is popular topic in ecological research. Although scale is an important factor driving changes in biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality, we still know little about the scale effects of the relationship between the different dimensions of [...] Read more.

Understanding the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality is popular topic in ecological research. Although scale is an important factor driving changes in biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality, we still know little about the scale effects of the relationship between the different dimensions of biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality. Using plant communities in the northwest of the Qira Desert Ecosystem National Field Research Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Qira County, Xinjiang, as the study object, we explored the scale effects of plant diversity and ecosystem multifunctionality at different sampling scales (5 m × 5 m, 20 m × 20 m, and 50 m × 50 m) and the relative contribution of different dimensions of diversity (species diversity, functional diversity, and phylogenetic diversity) to variation in ecosystem multifunctionality. At different scales, a significant scale effect was observed in the relationship between plant diversity and ecosystem multifunctionality. Species diversity dominated ecosystem multifunctionality at large scales (50 m × 50 m), and species diversity and ecosystem multifunctionality varied linearly between scales. Functional diversity made the greatest contribution in small scales (5 m × 5 m), and the relationship between phylogenetic diversity and ecosystem multifunctionality tended to show a single-peaked variation between scales, with a dominant effect on multifunctionality at the mesoscale (20 m × 20 m). The results of the study deepen the understanding of the scale effect of the relationship between plant diversity and ecosystem multifunctionality in arid desert areas, and help to further conserve plant diversity and maintain ecosystem multifunctionality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Adaptation to Extreme Environments in Drylands)

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16 pages, 4237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting the Potential Distribution of the Endangered Plant Cremastra appendiculata (Orchidaceae) in China under Multiple Climate Change Scenarios

by Wen-Na Li, Qian Zhao, Ming-Hao Guo, Chan Lu, Fei Huang, Zhe-Zhi Wang and Jun-Feng Niu

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1504; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091504 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2028

Abstract

Cremastraappendiculata (Orchidaceae) is a perennial medicinal herb, which is included in the national second-class protected plant catalog in China. Due to the influences of climate change and anthropogenic activities, in conjunction with soaring commercial prices, the wild sources of C.appendiculata have [...] Read more.

Cremastraappendiculata (Orchidaceae) is a perennial medicinal herb, which is included in the national second-class protected plant catalog in China. Due to the influences of climate change and anthropogenic activities, in conjunction with soaring commercial prices, the wild sources of C.appendiculata have been drastically reduced and are in danger of extinction. Consequently, it is important to predict the distribution of potentially suitable growth/propagation areas for C.appendiculata under the backdrop of climate change for its protection and sustainable use. For this study, an optimized maximum entropy model was employed to analyze the distribution patterns and changes of potentially suitable regions for C.appendiculata during different periods since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 18–24 ka). Based on multiple climate change scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5), the distribution range of C. appendiculata was predicted for the 2050s (average for 2041–2060), 2070s (average for 2061–2080), and 2090s (average for 2081–2100). The results revealed that during the LGM period, the highly suitable growth area for C.appendiculata was 0.28 × 10⁴ km², which accounted for only 3.26% of the current highly suitable growth area. During the mid-Holocene (MH, 6 ka) period, the area of highly suitable regions increased to 8.38 × 10⁴ km², which accounted for 99.30% of the present highly suitable growth area. Further, the cumulative existing potentially suitable growth area for C. appendiculata is 213.9 × 10⁴ km², which accounts for 22.28% of China’s territory. Of these lands, the low, medium, and high suitable areas are 147.76 × 10⁴ km², 57.71 × 10⁴ km², and 8.44 × 10⁴ km², respectively. The highly suitable areas are primarily distributed across Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, and Anhui Provinces. Moreover, in the future the potentially suitable growth areas for C. appendiculata will decrease to varying degrees. Further, the results of this study found that the relatively low impact areas for C. appendiculata were mainly distributed across Shaanxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, and Guizhou Provinces. Centroid transfer analysis indicated that the center of potentially suitable growth areas for C.appendiculata shifted to the northwest in SSP2-4.5 and SSP3-7.0, while they initially shifted to the northwest and then to the southeast in SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)

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14 pages, 753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The New EU Forest Strategy for 2030—An Analysis of Major Interests

by Evgenia Gordeeva, Norbert Weber and Bernhard Wolfslehner

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1503; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091503 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4371

Abstract

The New European Union Forest Strategy for 2030 has been controversially discussed by all relevant interest groups: member states, forest owners, forest-related industry, environmental NGOs. The analysis reveals two central conflicts characterizing the Strategy: sovereignty vs. increased Union control—the primary concern of member [...] Read more.

The New European Union Forest Strategy for 2030 has been controversially discussed by all relevant interest groups: member states, forest owners, forest-related industry, environmental NGOs. The analysis reveals two central conflicts characterizing the Strategy: sovereignty vs. increased Union control—the primary concern of member states and forest owners; and commodity vs. amenity—a central issue between forest-based industry and environmental NGOs. In this respect it is interesting to note that, while being competitors over influence in European forest policy, both forest-related industry and environmental NGOs share the demand for clearer definitions in the Strategy. The Commission’s position is discussed in view of the central conflicts with no unequivocal results—while in the first conflict the Commission can be assumed to, indeed, seek to obtain more power vis-à-vis the member states, with regard to the second conflict three assumptions are on the horizon: (i) the Commission tries to balance the demands of commodity and amenity- oriented interest groups; (ii) despite environmental rhetoric used, the Strategy is dominated by economic goals; (iii) the strategic vision of the Commission inclines towards environmental goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Economics, Policy, and Social Science)

16 pages, 9197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal Changes in Growth–Climate Relationship of Pinus taiwanensis Hayata in Subtropical China

by Hanxue Liang, Zhou Wang, Shaowei Jiang, Cun Zhang and Jianguo Huang

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1502; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091502 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1580

Abstract

Whether the tree growth–climate relationship is consistent in subtropical China has not yet been reported. To fill this gap, we chose Pinus taiwanensis which grow on Lushan Mountain in a subtropical region of China as the target tree species, established a standard tree-ring [...] Read more.

Whether the tree growth–climate relationship is consistent in subtropical China has not yet been reported. To fill this gap, we chose Pinus taiwanensis which grow on Lushan Mountain in a subtropical region of China as the target tree species, established a standard tree-ring width chronology, and conducted a moving correlation analysis with climatic factors. The results showed that the relationship between radial growth of P. taiwanensis and climate changed significantly during 1980–1990. From 1955 to 1985, tree rings were negatively affected mainly by precipitation in September of the current growing season. From 1990 to 2014, however, a significant negative correlation appeared between tree rings and sunshine duration from March to April in the growing season. Our results suggest the need to pay attention to this growth–climate inconsistency when conducting dendroclimatology studies in subtropical China. However, the causes of the inconsistency still require further confirmation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Response of Forests to Climate Change: Tree-Ring Analysis and Wood Anatomy)

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20 pages, 2243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mid-Term Natural Regeneration of Pinus halepensis Mill. after Post-Fire Treatments in South-Eastern Spain

by Mehdi Navidi, Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja, Pedro Antonio Plaza-Álvarez, Bruno Gianmarco Carra, Misagh Parhizkar and Demetrio Antonio Zema

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1501; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091501 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1851

Abstract

Straw mulching and salvage logging are common management techniques after forest wildfires. However, these post-fire actions may result in an additional disturbance in burned soils, which may hamper the natural regeneration of forest species, especially in Mediterranean areas. The results of the investigations [...] Read more.

Straw mulching and salvage logging are common management techniques after forest wildfires. However, these post-fire actions may result in an additional disturbance in burned soils, which may hamper the natural regeneration of forest species, especially in Mediterranean areas. The results of the investigations on the impacts of these post-fire management techniques are still insufficient, and especially about post-fire regeneration of Pinus halepensis Mill. This tree species is typical of the western Mediterranean Basin and is hardly threatened by forest wildfires. To fill these literature gaps, this study explores the effects of salvage logging after straw mulching on the regeneration of Pinus halepensis Mill. throughout four years after a wildfire. These effects have been also related to the changes in the main chemical properties of the supporting soils. Compared to the burned but non-treated areas, after four years of fire and post-fire treatments, we found that: (i) mulched and non-logged sites showed a significantly higher number of seedlings (+66%) with larger diameter (+12%) and higher height (+25%); (ii) logging did not significantly increase this number (+74%), but, in mulched and logged sites, the seedlings had significantly lower diameters (−18%) and heights (−9%); (iii) an increase in the seedling number (+29%), and decreases in the plant diameter (−34%) and height (−15%) were observed in the non-mulched and logged areas; (iv) no significant differences in the other morphometric parameters of seedlings were detected among all post-fire treatments; (v) a clear gradient between the organic matter content of soils and the number of plants growing under the four treatments was evident. These results support the task of forest managers in accelerating the recovery of natural vegetation in burned pine forests in the Mediterranean environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards and Risk Management)

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16 pages, 4362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Discussion of the Distribution Pattern and Driving Factors of 2 Large Old Tree Resources in Beijing

by Qingcheng Fu, Erfa Qiu, Yuan Zhang, Lanhong Huang, Huichao Wang and Shasha Jiang

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1500; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091500 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2032

Abstract

Known as “living fossils”, large old trees play an important role in ecology, landscape, and culture and are an important part of ecosystems and human settlements. The aim of this paper is to provide suggestions for the protection of urban large old tree [...] Read more.

Known as “living fossils”, large old trees play an important role in ecology, landscape, and culture and are an important part of ecosystems and human settlements. The aim of this paper is to provide suggestions for the protection of urban large old tree resources and the selection of large old tree backup resources. First, we conducted a statistical analysis on the composition, distribution, and important values of large old tree species in Beijing and used Downtrend correspondence analysis (DCA) to analyze the composition of different types of habitat tree species. Second, we created a 3 km × 3 km grid within the administrative scope of Beijing, extracted the number of large old trees and tree species richness in the grid, and used geographic detectors to determine the driving factors of the spatial distribution of large old trees, as well as tree species richness differences and their interactions. A total of 40,590 large old trees in Beijing were found, belonging to 72 species, 52 genera, and 29 families. Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco was the dominant tree species, with an importance value of 0.51. Among the different habitats, the large old trees were found in parks and temples, and the greatest tree species number of old trees were found in communities and the countryside; meanwhile, microgreen spaces had the lowest number of trees and tree species. The distribution of large old trees and tree species was mainly concentrated in the center of the city and the northwest. The distribution pattern of large old tree resources in Beijing is affected by the interaction of various factors. Social factors were the dominant in the distribution of large old tree resources in Beijing. The spatial distribution of large old trees was mainly affected by the scenic resort and historic site (SRHS), and the SRHS and gross domestic product (GDP) level were the most important factors influencing the richness of large old tree species. In addition, the functional value and characteristics of tree species determined the distribution of large old tree habitats. Therefore, the protection of large old tree resources requires developing scientific management and planning by managers, increasing investment in management and protection, and strengthening ecological culture publicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Forestry)

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18 pages, 3650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Pine Plantation on Native Ecuadorian Páramo Vegetation

by Byron Medina-Torres, Mathieu Jonard, Melina Rendón and Anne-Laure Jacquemart

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1499; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091499 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2483

Abstract

Exotic pine plantations, installed mainly for timber production and carbon sequestration purposes, cover an ever-expanding area of equatorial and tropical regions; however, their economic and environmental benefits are under debate due to their potential negative effects on native plant species conservation. The native [...] Read more.

Exotic pine plantations, installed mainly for timber production and carbon sequestration purposes, cover an ever-expanding area of equatorial and tropical regions; however, their economic and environmental benefits are under debate due to their potential negative effects on native plant species conservation. The native understory plant species richness and cover under pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) plantations were compared with natural grasslands in the Ecuadorian Páramo. We analyzed the vegetation in four zones: Antisana (8-year-old pines), Cajas (16-year-old pines), Tisaleo (41-year-old pines) and Cotopaxi (53-year-old pines). The total understory plant cover decreased between 29% and 90% under pine plantations in all zones. The mean species richness in the pine plantations decreased by 44% in Antisana, Cajas and Tisaleo but not in Cotopaxi. Pine plantations strongly reduced the abundance of herbaceous light-demanding species (59%), except small herbs whose cover increased under pine (17.6%). Shrub cover was also negatively affected in Tisaleo and Cotopaxi (7.4%). Pine afforestation effects on Páramo vegetation depend mainly on canopy cover which changes with age and growing conditions (altitude) and secondarily on the vegetation state at the time of planting, resulting from land use history and ecological conditions. The pine effect was therefore more pronounced in the young and dense plantations of Antisana and Cajas than in the old and open stand of Cotopaxi, whose understory vegetation was more similar to that of grasslands. Full article

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13 pages, 3174 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Physical Treatments on Seed Germination and Seedling Development of Spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.)

by Steluța-Maria Sîngeorzan, Liviu Holonec, Alina M. Truta, Irina M. Morar, Catalina Dan, Alexandru Colișar, Oana Viman, Cornel Negrușier, Orsolya Borsai, Horia Criveanu, Horia D. Vlasin and Ioan Păcurar

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1498; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091498 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1804

Abstract

The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of an electric field and gamma radiation upon the germination of spruce seeds. In order to carry out the research, spruce seeds from different provenances have been subjected to different treatments: electric field [...] Read more.

The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of an electric field and gamma radiation upon the germination of spruce seeds. In order to carry out the research, spruce seeds from different provenances have been subjected to different treatments: electric field (EF) with 10 V, 30 V, and 50 V voltages and intensity of E = 266V/m, exposure time of 15 and 35 min, and gamma (G) radiation with several treatments (1 Gy-31 min, 1.5 Gy-46 min, 2 Gy-62 min, and 6 Gy-186 min). Under the influence of EF, the best results upon seed germination (80.83%) were recorded when seeds were treated with 30 V for 15 min, for all provenances investigated. Regarding gamma radiation, the highest germination percentage (87.50%) was achieved in T5_G when seeds were subjected to 6 Gy for 186 min. It was also considered the interaction between seeds origin and the different EF and G treatments applied to the seeds to induce germination and further seedlings’ development. The results obtained after seeds were exposed to gamma radiation came out on top compared to electric field treatments, both for the germination and seedlings’ height. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecophysiology and Biology)

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Forests, Volume 13, Issue 9 (September 2022) – 188 articles

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