International Journal of Plant Biology

13 pages, 2955 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unraveling Evolutionary Dynamics: Comparative Analysis of Chloroplast Genome of Cleomella serrulata from Leaf Extracts

by Madelynn K. Vasquez, Emma K. Stock, Kaziah J. Terrell, Julian Ramirez and John A. Kyndt

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 914-926; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030065 - 19 Sep 2024

Viewed by 764

Abstract

Cleomella serrulata is a native flowering plant found in North America. Even though this plant is of ecological and native medicinal importance, very little is known about the genomic makeup of Cleomella and the Cleomaceae family at large. Here, we report the complete [...] Read more.

Cleomella serrulata is a native flowering plant found in North America. Even though this plant is of ecological and native medicinal importance, very little is known about the genomic makeup of Cleomella and the Cleomaceae family at large. Here, we report the complete chloroplast genome of Cleomella serrulata and provide an evolutionary comparison to other chloroplast genomes from Cleomaceae and closely related families. This study not only confirms the taxonomic placement of Cleomella as a distinct genus, but also provides phylogenetic insights that imply potential adaptive strategies and evolutionary mechanisms driving the genomic diversity of the Cleomella genus. Whole-genome-based and ANI comparisons indicate that the Cleomella species form a distinct clade that is about equidistant from the other Cleomaceae genera as it is from the genera from the nearby Capparaceae and Brassicaceae. This is the first complete chloroplast-based phylogenetic comparison of Cleomella species to other related genera and helps refine the complex taxonomic distinctions of Cleomaceae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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19 pages, 2910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Fruit Load and Water Deficit on Olive Fruit Phenolic Profiling and Yield

by Camilla Farolfi, Sergio Tombesi, Luigi Lucini, Ettore Capri and Pascual García-Pérez

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 895-913; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030064 - 11 Sep 2024

Viewed by 759

Abstract

High-density olive groves, despite their interesting production potential, have several limitations, including their high fruit load and irrigation requirements. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fruit load and deficit irrigation on oil yield, fruit quality, and olive chemical composition in a [...] Read more.

High-density olive groves, despite their interesting production potential, have several limitations, including their high fruit load and irrigation requirements. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fruit load and deficit irrigation on oil yield, fruit quality, and olive chemical composition in a high-density olive grove (cv Sikitita). Our main hypothesis was that primary metabolism, as influenced by crop load and stress, could modify the accumulation of different phenolic classes. Different fruit loads were generated through flower thinning (66%, 50%, 33%, 0%), and two deficit irrigation treatments (−60%, −75%) were compared to the well-watered control (920 m³/ha). Thinning treatments had a limited effect on oil yield; on the other hand, deficit irrigation caused considerably less oil accumulation in the fruit on all sampling dates. Thinning 66% and deficit irrigation 75% were considered with the control for untargeted metabolomic analysis, including three sampling dates. A total of 233 distinct phenolic compounds were annotated. Multivariate HCA results indicated that harvest time had an impact on the phenolic profile of olive fruits, obtaining two separated clusters that grouped t1 and t2 together and apart from t3, which clustered independently. Regarding agronomic techniques, they played a differential role in the phenolic profile (supervised OPLS-DA). Fruit load mostly affected flavonoid glycosides. In contrast, the phenolic response to deficit irrigation was more heterogeneous, with phenolic acids (35%), flavonoids (25%), LMW, and other phenols (25%). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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17 pages, 1434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Establishing In Vitro Screening Protocols Based on Phenotypic Plasticity of Amaranthus dubius and Galinsoga parviflora Seeds for Drought, Salinity, and Heat Tolerance

by Candyce Ann Areington, Martha M. O’Kennedy and Sershen

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 878-894; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030063 - 4 Sep 2024

Viewed by 726

Abstract

The vulnerability of commercial crops under a changing climate has led scientists to consider wild crop species as alternative food sources. The aim of this study was to identify plastic physiological and morphological traits that could be used to in vitro screen Amaranthus [...] Read more.

The vulnerability of commercial crops under a changing climate has led scientists to consider wild crop species as alternative food sources. The aim of this study was to identify plastic physiological and morphological traits that could be used to in vitro screen Amaranthus dubius and Galinsoga parviflora seeds for drought, salinity, and heat tolerance. To establish the lethal dose/temperature, 50% (LD/T₅₀), for each stress, seeds for both were subjected to various mannitol and NaCl stresses and a range of temperatures. Percentage seedling emergence was selected as the initial indicator of tolerance and used to establish the LD/T₅₀ for in vitro screening for both species. Seeds of both were then screened at the LD/T₅₀ concentrations/temperatures established, and seedlings that emerged after 21 days were measured for leaf area, root (RL), shoot length (SL), chlorophyll content (Chl), fresh, dry mass, and leaf number. Data for these were used to quantify plasticity in terms of Valladares’s phenotypic plasticity index. For A. dubius, three (viz. RL, SL, and Chl) showed some plasticity (≥0.53) and tolerance across all three stressors. For G. parviflora all traits except SL showed some plasticity (≥0.58) and tolerance across all three stressors. Both species had high phenotypic plasticity across all three stressors, which suggests that wild leafy vegetables may possess the ability to tolerate climate change-associated stressors and should be considered for future breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Plants, 2nd volume)

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13 pages, 1651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Variants in the Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Two Colombian Individuals of the Cedar Timber Species (Cedrela odorata L.), Using Long-Read Oxford Nanopore Technology

by Jaime Simbaqueba, Gina A. Garzón-Martínez and Nicolas Castano

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 865-877; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030062 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 654

Abstract

The plant species Cedrela odorata has been largely exploited in the timber industry due to the high demand for its wood. Therefore, C. odorata has been considered a vulnerable species since 1994, under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild [...] Read more.

The plant species Cedrela odorata has been largely exploited in the timber industry due to the high demand for its wood. Therefore, C. odorata has been considered a vulnerable species since 1994, under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). C. odorata is a key timber species included in the management and conservation plans for the Amazon and Central American rainforests. These plans include the development of genetic and genomic resources to study local populations of the species in Colombia. In this study, two novel chloroplast (cp) genomes were assembled and annotated using the MinION long-read sequencing technology. The new cp genomes were screened for sequence variants (SVs), and a total of 16 SNPs were identified, presumably unique to populations from the Amazon region in Colombia. Comparative genomics with other reported cp genomes from different populations of C. odorata support the hypothesis of intraspecific diversity associated with their place of origin. These cp genome sequences of C. odorata from Colombian individuals represent valuable genomic resources for the species, suitable for identifying novel DNA fingerprinting and barcoding applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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10 pages, 3696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Minicutting Is an Efficient Method for Blueberry Propagation

by Luiz Antonio Biasi, Jacquelini Romero Pereira, Ariane Cristina Cosmo and Ricardo Antonio Ayub

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 855-864; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030061 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 517

Abstract

Minicutting has been used for several woody species, presenting greater efficiency than propagation by conventional cutting due to its high yield of propagative material and higher percentage of rooting in minicuttings. This work was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of minicutting techniques [...] Read more.

Minicutting has been used for several woody species, presenting greater efficiency than propagation by conventional cutting due to its high yield of propagative material and higher percentage of rooting in minicuttings. This work was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of minicutting techniques for the ‘Bluegem’ blueberry and find the best concentration of IBA for rooting the minicuttings. The minigarden was installed in pots using micropropagated plants. Four collections of minicuttings were carried out between 27 October 2020 and 12 April 2021, and received the following treatments: 0; 2000; 4000; 6000; and 8000 mg L⁻¹ of IBA. The minicutting was carried out in a mist chamber and evaluated after 60 days. The yield of minicuttings increased from the first to the third collection, decreasing in the fourth collection when the plants began to enter dormancy. The rooting of the minicuttings was influenced by the collection time and the application of IBA. Increasing IBA concentration increased the percentage of rooted minicuttings and root dry mass to concentrations close to 5000 mg L⁻¹ on almost all collection dates. High concentrations of IBA reduced the percentage of sprouted minicuttings and leaf retention and increased mortality. It is recommended for the ‘Bluegem’ blueberry minicutting to apply 5000 mg L⁻¹ of IBA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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18 pages, 2808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of the Fatty Acid Profiles of Selected Representatives of Chlorella-Clade to Evaluate Their Biotechnological Potential

by Elena Krivina, Evgeny Degtyaryov, Elizaveta Tebina, Anna Temraleeva and Tatyana Savchenko

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 837-854; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030060 - 21 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 918

Abstract

The objective of this study was to analyze the fatty acid composition of five strains from the genera Chlorella, Micractinium, and Meyerella and conduct an initial assessment of their biotechnological potential. It was found that the strain C. vulgaris VKM Al-335 [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to analyze the fatty acid composition of five strains from the genera Chlorella, Micractinium, and Meyerella and conduct an initial assessment of their biotechnological potential. It was found that the strain C. vulgaris VKM Al-335 is a good producer of palmitic acid, the Micractinium strains VKM Al-332 and VKM Al-343 are rich in ω-3 fatty acids, whereas the Meyerella strains VKM Al-346 and VKM Al-428 are producers of ω-6 fatty acids. A comparison of the biotechnological potential of algae with that of higher plant leaves (wheat) demonstrates that algal fatty acids exhibit greater diversity, although it is inferior to wheat leaves in terms of polyunsaturated and ω-3 fatty acids. Correlation analysis showed that when only straight-chain fatty acids were considered, the strains were distributed on the principal component analysis plot in accordance with their genetic relationships. However, when the entire fatty acid profile, inclusive of minor branched-chain and cyclic fatty acids, was analyzed, the algae distribution was in accordance with the environmental conditions in the original habitat, suggesting a possible connection between branched-chain and cyclic fatty acids and microalgae adaptability to environmental temperature conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microalgae as a Powerful Tool for Biopharming Development)

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10 pages, 2639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nitrate Reductase and Glutamine Synthetase Enzyme Activities and Chlorophyll in Sorghum Leaves (Sorghum bicolor) in Response to Organic Fertilization

by Ericka Nieves-Silva, Engelberto Sandoval-Castro, Adriana Delgado-Alvarado, María D. Castañeda-Antonio and Arturo Huerta-De la Peña

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 827-836; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030059 - 20 Aug 2024

Viewed by 724

Abstract

Sorghum is a plant that mainly requires chemical nitrogen fertilization. There are organic fertilizers that can provide nutrients to plants with great benefits to the soil, such as chicken manure. To determine the influence of organic fertilization on nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase [...] Read more.

Sorghum is a plant that mainly requires chemical nitrogen fertilization. There are organic fertilizers that can provide nutrients to plants with great benefits to the soil, such as chicken manure. To determine the influence of organic fertilization on nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), and the amount of chlorophyll, sorghum plants were grown using the following four treatments: soil (T1), soil + chicken manure 100 kg ha⁻¹ of nitrogen (N) (T2), soil + chicken manure 200 kg ha⁻¹ N (T3), and soil + ammonium sulfate 100 kg ha⁻¹ N (T4). Leaves were sampled in the vegetative stage (VS), the reproductive stage (RS), and the maturation stage (MS). The highest NR activity occurred in plants with T2 and T3 in the VS. The highest GS activity was in T3 and T4 in the RS. The amount of chlorophyll a was the same in all phenological stages. However, the amount of chlorophyll b was influenced by the type of fertilization at different phenological stages. Organic fertilizers (OF) produced the highest NR activity. On the other hand, GS activity was higher with chemical fertilization (T4), which was equal to the second dose of organic fertilization (T3). Finally, chlorophyll a and b were influenced by both types of fertilization, and was different from T1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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20 pages, 10755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Light Quality Influence on Growth Performance and Physiological Activity of Coleus Cultivars

by Byoung Gyoo Park, Jae Hwan Lee, Eun Ji Shin, Eun A Kim and Sang Yong Nam

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 807-826; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030058 - 19 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1180

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of different light qualities, including red, green, blue, purple, and white lights, on the growth, physiological activity, and ornamental characteristics of two Coleus cultivars. Emphasizing the importance of leveraging phenotypic plasticity in plants within controlled environments, using light [...] Read more.

This study investigates the influence of different light qualities, including red, green, blue, purple, and white lights, on the growth, physiological activity, and ornamental characteristics of two Coleus cultivars. Emphasizing the importance of leveraging phenotypic plasticity in plants within controlled environments, using light quality is a practice prevalent in the ornamental industry. The research explores the varied responses of two Coleus cultivars to distinct light spectra. The key findings reveal the efficacy of red light in enhancing shoot and leaf parameters in C. ‘Highway Ruby’, while red and green light exhibit comparable effects on shoot width and leaf dimensions in C. ‘Wizard Jade’. White light-emitting diodes (LEDs), particularly with color temperatures of 4100 K and 6500 K, promote root length growth in the respective cultivars. Moreover, chlorophyll content and remote sensing vegetation indices, including chlorophyll content (SPAD units), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index (MCARI), and the photochemical reflectance index (PRI), along with the chlorophyll fluorescence, were significantly affected by light qualities, with distinct responses observed between the cultivars. In summary, this study highlights the transformative potential of LED technology in optimizing the growth and ornamental quality of foliage plants like Coleus, setting a benchmark for light quality conditions. By leveraging LED technology, producers and nursery growers access enhanced energy efficiency and unparalleled versatility, paving the way for significant advancements in plant growth, color intensity, and two-tone variations. This presents a distinct advantage over conventional production methods, offering a more sustainable and economically viable approach for increased plant reproduction and growth development. Likewise, the specific benefits derived from this study provide invaluable insights, enabling growers to strategically develop ornamental varieties that thrive under optimized light conditions and exhibit heightened visual appeal and market desirability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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24 pages, 4095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytosterols Augment Endurance against Interactive Effects of Heat and Drought Stress on Biochemical Activities of Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (L.H. Bailey) Mansf. Ex Greb

by Takudzwa Mandizvo, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Jacob Mashilo and Alfred Oduor Odindo

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 783-806; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030057 - 16 Aug 2024

Viewed by 970

Abstract

Water deficit and heat are the primary abiotic stresses affecting plants. We conducted in vitro experiments to investigate how citron watermelon seedlings respond to water deficit and heat, focusing on growth, water status, reserve mobilization, hydrolase activity, and metabolite partitioning, including non-structural carbohydrate [...] Read more.

Water deficit and heat are the primary abiotic stresses affecting plants. We conducted in vitro experiments to investigate how citron watermelon seedlings respond to water deficit and heat, focusing on growth, water status, reserve mobilization, hydrolase activity, and metabolite partitioning, including non-structural carbohydrate availability, during the vulnerable stage of seedling establishment crucial for crop production. To reveal the involvement of phytosterols (stigmasterol, sitosterol, and campesterol) in combined stress tolerance, four citron watermelon genotypes were investigated under varying osmotic potential [−0.05 MPa, −0.09 MPa and −0.19 MPa] and temperature (26 °C and 38 °C). Phytosterols were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Seedlings subjected to osmotic stress from polyethylene glycol (PEG) exhibited reduced growth, linked to relative water content (RWC) changes, delayed starch mobilization in cotyle-dons, and decreased non-structural carbohydrate availability in roots. High temperature retarded the photosynthetic apparatus’s establishment and compromised photosynthetic pigment activity and dry matter production. The results suggest that inherent stress tolerance in citron watermelon is characterized by the increased accumulation of lipids, mainly sterols, especially in heat/drought-stressed plants. This study provides valuable information about the metabolic response of citron watermelon to combined stress and metabolites identified, which will encourage further study in transcriptome and proteomics to improve drought tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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14 pages, 653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Marker–Trait Associations with Resistance to Pythium irregulare from Soybean Germplasm

by Christopher Detranaltes, Jianxin Ma and Guohong Cai

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 769-782; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030056 - 15 Aug 2024

Viewed by 677

Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) ranks as the second-largest crop by total production in the United States, despite its production experiencing significant constraints from plant pathogens, including those causing seedling diseases. Pythium irregulare Buisman stands out as a predominant driver of yield [...] Read more.

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) ranks as the second-largest crop by total production in the United States, despite its production experiencing significant constraints from plant pathogens, including those causing seedling diseases. Pythium irregulare Buisman stands out as a predominant driver of yield loss associated with the seedling disease complex. There is currently a lack of public or commercial varieties available to growers with adequate genetic resistance to manage this pathogen. To address the pressing need for germplasm resources and molecular markers associated with P. irregulare resistance, we conducted a screening of 208 genetically diverse soybean accessions from the United States Department of Agriculture Soybean Germplasm Collection (USDA-SGC) against two geographically and temporally distinct isolates under controlled greenhouse conditions. Disease severity was assessed through comparisons of the root weight and stand count ratios of inoculated plants to mock-inoculated controls. Employing linear mixed modeling, we identified ten accessions (PI 548520, PI 548360, PI 548362, PI 490766, PI 547459, PI 591511, PI 547460, PI 84946-2, PI 578503, FC 29333) with resistance significantly above the population average to one or both of two isolates originating from Ohio or Indiana. Previously curated genotyping data, publicly accessible via the SoyBase database, was subsequently utilized for conducting a genome-wide association study. This analysis led to the discovery of two significant marker–trait associations (MTAs) located on chromosomes 10 and 15 and accounting for 9.3% and 17.2% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. The resistant germplasm and MTAs uncovered through this study provide additional resources and tools for the genetic improvement of soybean resistance to seedling disease caused by P. irregulare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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12 pages, 3814 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alteration of Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Gene Expression in Sugarcane Infected by Multiple Mosaic Viruses

by Intan Ria Neliana, Wardatus Soleha, Suherman, Nurmalasari Darsono, Rikno Harmoko, Widhi Dyah Sawitri and Bambang Sugiharto

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 757-768; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030055 - 8 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 703

Abstract

Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV), and sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV) are the causative pathogens of mosaic disease. This study aimed to identify mosaic virus infection and its impact on photosynthetic and antioxidant gene expression in eight commercial sugarcane cultivars [...] Read more.

Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV), and sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV) are the causative pathogens of mosaic disease. This study aimed to identify mosaic virus infection and its impact on photosynthetic and antioxidant gene expression in eight commercial sugarcane cultivars grown on sugarcane plantations in East Java, Indonesia. The disease incidence and severity were observed in symptomatic leave samples, and then the virus was identified. A high incidence and severity of mosaic symptoms were observed in the PS881 and NX04 cultivars compared with the other cultivars. RT-PCR analysis detected SCSMV infection in all cultivars; double infections with SCSMV and SCMV in the PS881, PS882, and Cening cultivars; and triple infections with SCSMV, SCMV, and SrMV in the PS881 cultivar. Ascorbate peroxidase (Apx) expression was upregulated in all virus-infected cultivars and significantly increased in the triple-infected PS881 cultivar. However, catalase (Cat) expression was only slightly increased in the PS881 cultivar. The chlorophyll content was reduced, and the PsaA gene was downregulated in all cultivars. The expression of PsaA, RbcS, and Sps was significantly suppressed in the triple-infected PS881 cultivar. Moreover, the downregulation of both the RbcS and Pepc genes was concomitant with that of their protein levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Microbe-Induced Abiotic Stress Alleviation in Plants)

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13 pages, 5701 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dominant Morphotypes of Native Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi from Coffee Plantations and Their Propagation with Trap Plants

by Rosa María Arias Mota, Yadeneyro de la Cruz Elizondo, Laura Celina Ruelas Monjardín and Yamel del Carmen Perea-Rojas

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 744-756; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030054 - 29 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1131

Abstract

Coffee cultivation facilitates foreign trade, which is important to the Mexican economy, particularly to the coffee growers of Jilotepec, Veracruz. However, in this region, the soil in which the coffee plants are grown is acidic and has low nutrient availability, making plants susceptible [...] Read more.

Coffee cultivation facilitates foreign trade, which is important to the Mexican economy, particularly to the coffee growers of Jilotepec, Veracruz. However, in this region, the soil in which the coffee plants are grown is acidic and has low nutrient availability, making plants susceptible to pests and diseases. In this context, the use of mycorrhizal fungi has gained importance, due to the benefits that they provide in terms of the transport of nutrients and the development of plants, contributing to a reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers. This work aimed to determine the dominant Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the soil of coffee farms and evaluate the potential of sorghum as a trap plant for these organisms. As a result, ten morphotypes of AMF were detected in the coffee soil, with Glomus and Acaulospora being the dominant genera. It was found that their presence was related to the pH, clay, organic matter, and total carbon of the soil from the farms. The abundance of spores increased significantly (p < 0.05) between the initial count in the soil and the final count after propagation in the sorghum trap plants. The characteristic structures of mycorrhizal colonization and a high percentage of mycorrhizal colonization of the roots of the trap plants (Sorghum vulgare) were observed at 120 days after sowing. It is concluded that Glomus sp1, Glomus sp2, Glomus sp3, Glomus sp4, Rhizophagus clarus, and Acaulospora scrobiculata are the dominant morphotypes in the considered coffee plantation soils and that sorghum has high potential for favoring the propagation of native AMF through increasing their abundance and favoring high mycorrhizal colonization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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11 pages, 472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seed Tubers Are Not the Primary Inoculum Source in Water Yam (Dioscorea alata) Anthracnose Epidemics in the Caribbean

by Laurent Penet, Margot Gumbau, Pauline Dentika, Fritz Poliphème, Sébastien Guyader, François Bussière, Angela T. Alleyne and Jean-Marc Blazy

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 733-743; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030053 - 28 Jul 2024

Viewed by 781

Abstract

Crop disease often leads to field epidemics with serious threats to yield. Early symptoms are sometimes difficult to identify, so the origin of primary inoculum is a critical focal point in the study of plant diseases, as it can help design management strategies [...] Read more.

Crop disease often leads to field epidemics with serious threats to yield. Early symptoms are sometimes difficult to identify, so the origin of primary inoculum is a critical focal point in the study of plant diseases, as it can help design management strategies to reduce crop losses. Here, we investigated whether anthracnose of water yams (Dioscorea alata L.) caused by the species complex Colletotrichum gloeosporioides can start from infected seed tubers from the previous harvest. Over two years, we collected tubers with varying pathogen prevalence in the field directly from producers and conducted fungal isolations in the lab to sample C. gloeosporioides. We also proceeded to artificially inoculate tubers before planting and monitored disease development. Finally, we genotyped isolates from leaves in the fields and assessed fixation indices between plots based on plot ownership (plots with a common seed tuber origin from a single farmer) vs. samples in plots from unrelated producers in Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Barbados. We were unable to isolate the fungus from harvested tubers in either sampling survey nor did any plants grown from inoculated tubers develop any disease symptoms during growth. Also, the genetic structure of samples within each plot was independent of plot ownership, though this occurred with varying levels in the different islands. These results suggest that contaminated planting material from seed tubers is not the primary source of the disease, which is in contrast to the common perception of yam anthracnose prevalence in the Antilles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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14 pages, 743 KiB

Open AccessReview

Algal Adaptation to Environmental Stresses: Lipidomics Research

by Ksenia Chadova

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 719-732; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030052 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1114

Abstract

Algal lipidomics is a new field of research that is gaining increasing popularity. The use of high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) has made it possible to accurately determine the structure of each lipid molecule in a sample. Since algae are considered as a [...] Read more.

Algal lipidomics is a new field of research that is gaining increasing popularity. The use of high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) has made it possible to accurately determine the structure of each lipid molecule in a sample. Since algae are considered as a promising source of various compounds with pharmacological and biotechnological potential, including bioactive lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipidomics research of this group of organisms are of particular interest. The algae lipidome has high plasticity, which is due to the influence of abiotic and biotic environmental factors, and the observed changes in lipid composition are, as a rule, adaptive reactions. This review examines current research in the field of algal lipidomics, discusses the results of studying the influence of various environmental factors, such as temperature, light intensity, nutrient concentration, epi- and endophytic infections on the algae lipidome, and seasonal and geographical plasticity of algae lipidome; questions about the adaptation mechanisms of algae at the level of individual lipid molecular species are considered, and gaps in this area of research are noted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microalgae as a Powerful Tool for Biopharming Development)

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27 pages, 2997 KiB

Open AccessReview

Drought Stress Tolerance in Rice: Physiological and Biochemical Insights

by Aysha Siddika Jarin, Md. Moshiul Islam, Al Rahat, Sujat Ahmed, Pallab Ghosh and Yoshiyuki Murata

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 692-718; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030051 - 21 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1974

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa L.), an important food crop, necessitates more water to complete its life cycle than other crops. Therefore, there is a serious risk to rice output due to water-related stress. Drought stress results in morphological changes, including the inhibition of [...] Read more.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.), an important food crop, necessitates more water to complete its life cycle than other crops. Therefore, there is a serious risk to rice output due to water-related stress. Drought stress results in morphological changes, including the inhibition of seed germination, reduced seeding growth, leaf area index, flag leaf area, increased leaf rolling, as well as the decrement of yield traits, such as plant height, plant biomass, number of tillers, and 1000-grain yield. Stress also causes the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as O₂⁻, H₂O₂, and OH⁻, which promote oxidative stress in plants and cause oxidative damage. The process of oxidative degradation owing to water stress produces cell damage and a reduction in nutrient intake, photosynthetic rate, leaf area, RWC, WUE, and stomatal closure, which may be responsible for the decrement of the transpiration rate and plant dry matter under decreasing soil moisture. Plants have the ability to produce antioxidant species that can either be enzymatic (SOD, POD, CAT, GPX, APX) or non-enzymatic (AsA, GSH) in nature to overcome oxidative stress. During drought, several biochemical osmoprotectants, like proline, polyamines, and sugars, can be accumulated, which can enhance drought tolerance in rice. To meet the demands of an ever-growing population with diminishing water resources, it is necessary to have crop varieties that are highly adapted to dry environments, and it may also involve adopting some mitigation strategies. This study aims to assess the varying morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses of the rice plant to drought, and the various methods for alleviating drought stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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9 pages, 290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Yield and Agronomic Performance of Sweet Corn in Response to Inoculation with Azospirillum sp. under Arid Land Conditions

by Sergio Contreras-Liza, Cristofer Yasiel Villadeza, Pedro M. Rodriguez-Grados, Edison Goethe Palomares and Carlos I. Arbizu

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 683-691; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030050 - 19 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1156

Abstract

Nitrogen is the most common limiting factor for crop productivity, and most maize cultivars require fertilizing. Here, we report on the possibility of partially replacing the nitrogenous fertilizer in sweet corn inoculated with a native strain of Azospirillum sp. in arid land on [...] Read more.

Nitrogen is the most common limiting factor for crop productivity, and most maize cultivars require fertilizing. Here, we report on the possibility of partially replacing the nitrogenous fertilizer in sweet corn inoculated with a native strain of Azospirillum sp. in arid land on the coast of Peru. We performed an agronomic experiment in a crop field with arid soil under drip irrigation in Huacho (Peru) using a commercial variety of sweet corn. The treatments were two levels of nitrogen (90 and 180 kg N ha⁻¹), one or two applications of a native strain of Azospirillum sp. (1 × 10⁸ CFU/mL) and a control treatment with only nitrogen fertilizer. Eleven agronomic variables related to productive aspects were evaluated by performing statistical analyses and the comparison of treatment means. Inoculation with Azospirillum sp. did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the total weight of ears, the number of ears per plant and the number of male flowers, but it significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the grain yield per hectare, the survival of plants, grain weight per plant, and the diameter and length of the cob. In some productive characteristics of sweet corn cv “Pardo”, a significant effect was found following inoculation with Azospirillum sp., which outperformed the control with only nitrogen fertilization in grain yield, suggesting that it is possible to complement the application of nitrogen to soil with the inoculation of this strain, replacing up to 50% of the levels of fertilizer application, since the benefit/cost ratio increases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

10 pages, 739 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maize Inbred Leaf and Stalk Tissue Resistance to the Pathogen Fusarium graminearum Can Influence Control Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana towards European Corn Borers and Fall Armyworms

by Patrick F. Dowd and Eric T. Johnson

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 673-682; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030049 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 662

Abstract

Plant resistance mechanisms to pathogens can lead to a lowered efficacy of insect microbial biocontrol agents, but the influence of plant variety has been little-studied. Leaves and stalks from twelve maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds with different plant pathogen resistance were evaluated [...] Read more.

Plant resistance mechanisms to pathogens can lead to a lowered efficacy of insect microbial biocontrol agents, but the influence of plant variety has been little-studied. Leaves and stalks from twelve maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds with different plant pathogen resistance were evaluated for their influence on the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. against European corn borers (Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)). For leaf assays with first instar caterpillars, mortality on day 2 ranged from an inbred-dependent high of 76.1% to a low of 10.0% for European corn borers in leaf assays. For stalk assays with third instar caterpillars, mortality on day 4 ranged from an inbred dependent high of 83.0% and 75.0% to a low of 0.0% and 8.3% for fall armyworms and European corn borers, respectively. Lesion size ratings due to Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe) applied to tissues were often significantly correlated with the mortality levels of B. bassiana-treated caterpillars that fed on leaves and stalks. This study suggests that the influence of plant varieties on the efficacy of insect microbial pathogens can vary depending on the insect species involved and the plant tissue, and this is worth considering when new plant varieties and biocontrol strains are being developed whenever practical. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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21 pages, 2592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phycoremediation of Potato Industry Wastewater for Nutrient Recovery, Pollution Reduction, and Biofertilizer Production for Greenhouse Cultivation of Lettuce and Celery in Sandy Soils

by Soha S. M. Mostafa, Adel S. El-Hassanin, Amira S. Soliman, Ghadir A. El-Chaghaby, Sayed Rashad, Naayem M. M. Elgaml and Adel A. Awad

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 652-672; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030048 - 15 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1056

Abstract

Microalgae-based wastewater treatment offers an eco-friendly opportunity for simultaneous nutrient recovery and biomass generation, aligning with the circular bioeconomy concept. This approach aims to utilize the nutrients of potato industry wastewater (PIW) for algal growth while mitigating the environmental impact of this industrial [...] Read more.

Microalgae-based wastewater treatment offers an eco-friendly opportunity for simultaneous nutrient recovery and biomass generation, aligning with the circular bioeconomy concept. This approach aims to utilize the nutrients of potato industry wastewater (PIW) for algal growth while mitigating the environmental impact of this industrial byproduct. This study focused on cultivating three cyanobacterial strains, Anabaena oryzae, Nostoc muscorum, and Spirulina platensis, in PIW and synthetic media for 30 days to assess feasibility. Growth performance was monitored by measuring chlorophyll content, dry weight (DW), optical density (OD), and pH at 3-day intervals. The high-performing cyanobacterial biomass from the laboratory findings was formulated into a biofertilizer, which was then evaluated in a controlled greenhouse experiment on celery and lettuce plants. The biofertilizer replaced conventional NPK mineral fertilizers at different levels (25%, 50%, and 75%), while a control group received 100% chemical fertilizer. The results showed favourable growth of all three cyanobacteria strains and their mixture in PIW throughout the experiment. The mixed cyanobacteria followed by Spirulina platensis exhibited the highest growth rates, achieving chlorophyll contents of 3.75 and 2.30 µg·mL⁻¹, DWs of 1.79 g·L⁻¹ and 1.63 g·L⁻¹, and ODs of 0.41 and 0.38, respectively, surpassing the other treatments. The formulated biofertilizers, Spi-PIW (Spirulina platensis + potato industry wastewater) and Cyano-PIW (mixed culture+ potato industry wastewater), significantly enhanced plant height, root and stem lengths, and the number of leaves per plant in celery and lettuce compared to the control group. These biofertilizer treatments also improved chlorophyll contents, as well as macro- and micronutrient levels, in the two crops. Additionally, the application of these biofertilizers improved certain sandy soil properties, i.e., pH, total organic matter, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. In conclusion, utilizing PIW as a substrate for cultivating cyanobacteria strains and producing high-quality liquid bio-organic fertilizers holds potential for reducing recommended NPK fertilizer doses by 25–50% in celery and lettuce growth, providing an environmentally friendly approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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11 pages, 1213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Eclipta alba

by Diwakar Aggarwal, Vasudha Datta, Hardeep Singh Tuli, Pawan Kumar and Seema Ramniwas

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 641-651; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030047 - 10 Jul 2024

Viewed by 784

Abstract

Eclipta alba (Linn.) Hassk. (Asteraceae) is a high value medicinal plant which possesses diverse medicinal properties. It is an important herb for the treatment of various disorders, and is primarily used as a hepatoprotectant. Its major biochemical constituents include wedelolactone and dimethyl-wedelolactone (coumestans), [...] Read more.

Eclipta alba (Linn.) Hassk. (Asteraceae) is a high value medicinal plant which possesses diverse medicinal properties. It is an important herb for the treatment of various disorders, and is primarily used as a hepatoprotectant. Its major biochemical constituents include wedelolactone and dimethyl-wedelolactone (coumestans), which possess anti-hepatotoxic properties. Due to its numerous medicinal properties, it is in high demand by the pharmaceutical industry and therefore requires urgent biotechnological interventions for its improvement. Therefore, the present study was constructed with the aim of developing an efficient genetic transformation protocol for E. alba, which will help in the mass production of the active compounds found in E. alba. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA 4404, containing vector pBI121, was used to genetically transform the plant, and the effect of various factors such as infection type, light cycle effect, effect of pH, among others, on the genetic transformation efficiency was analyzed. Regenerated transformed shoots were confirmed using the standard Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR method. Kanamycin-resistant and beta- glucurosidaseGUS-positive shoots indicated the development of transgenic shoots in E. alba. Amplification of nptll and uidA genes confirmed the integration of t-DNA transgenic shoots. In conclusion, various factors affecting the transformation efficiency were analyzed, and a reliable A. tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation protocol was developed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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34 pages, 3244 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plant Genetic Diversity Studies: Insights from DNA Marker Analyses

by Nongthombam Bidyananda, Imlitoshi Jamir, Karolina Nowakowska, Vanlalrinchhani Varte, Wagner A. Vendrame, Rajkumari Sanayaima Devi and Potshangbam Nongdam

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 607-640; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030046 - 8 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3141

Abstract

The plant adaptation response to a changing environment depends on the genetic diversity level it possesses. Genetic diversity and a thorough understanding of population indices are pivotal for decoding plant adaptation to dynamic environmental stressors. The development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular [...] Read more.

The plant adaptation response to a changing environment depends on the genetic diversity level it possesses. Genetic diversity and a thorough understanding of population indices are pivotal for decoding plant adaptation to dynamic environmental stressors. The development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular markers enables comprehensive population analyses and the precise detection of individuals and groups with unique genetic variations. Various molecular markers have been employed to assess genetic diversity, examine population structure, and delineate cluster patterns within and among populations. DNA markers revolutionize plant diversity studies by allowing detailed analyses of genetic variations, including economically significant trait-influencing genes. Despite their simplicity, they offer high reproducibility, ensuring accurate estimations of plant variation. Integrating multiple marker systems with advanced high-throughput sequencing techniques is poised to enhance the understanding and management of depleting plant genetic resources by providing a comprehensive picture of diversity at the genome-wide level. This review explores diverse molecular markers, elucidating their advantages and limitations, and highlights their impact on evaluating the genetic diversity and population structure of plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology and Biodiversity)

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8 pages, 595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytotoxicity of Two Bauhinia Species on Four Triticum aestivum Varieties in Laboratory Bioassay

by Neeraj Yadav, Vinod Prasad Khanduri, Bhupendra Singh, Deepa Rawat and Manoj Kumar Riyal

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 599-606; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030045 - 1 Jul 2024

Viewed by 526

Abstract

Tree–crop interaction studies help to determine the effects of trees on the production and yield of agricultural crops and could help indecisions on suitable crops and tree combinations to increase the overall production from agroforestry systems. Different varieties of agricultural crops might show [...] Read more.

Tree–crop interaction studies help to determine the effects of trees on the production and yield of agricultural crops and could help indecisions on suitable crops and tree combinations to increase the overall production from agroforestry systems. Different varieties of agricultural crops might show different responses against the phytotoxic effects of Bauhinia species. This study was conducted to observe the phytotoxicity of two Bauhinia spp., i.e., Bauhinia retusa and Bauhinia variegata, on some Triticum aestivum varieties, i.e., VL-892, VI-829, VL-616, UP-2572, and UP-1109.The leaves and bark of these two species were harvested from the natural population for these experiments. On average, germination and radicle and plumule length of wheat varieties were significantly (p > 0.05) reduced by the leaf and bark extracts of both Bauhinia species. The effect of leaf and bark extracts of both Bauhinia species on seed germination percent of different wheat varieties revealed that the bark and leaf extracts showed maximum toxicity for germination percentage, and minimum influence was observed in radicle and plumule length. However, bark extracts were more toxic as compared to leaf extracts. Under leaf and bark extract concentrations, the VL 829 wheat variety showed stimulatory effects in germination and radicle and plumule growth under both Bauhinia species. On average, radicle and plumule growth of the test crop was increased with an increasing concentration of leaf and bark extract of B. variegata up to 50%, and thereafter, a decrease in radicle and plumule length was recorded. The VL 829 and UP 1109 varieties showed the lowest allelopathic effects and could be grown under both Bauhinia species with minimum yield loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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13 pages, 1004 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inheritance of Mitochondria in Pelargonium Section Ciconium (Sweet) Interspecific Crosses

by Floris C. Breman, Joost Korver, Ronald Snijder, M. Eric Schranz and Freek T. Bakker

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 586-598; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030044 - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 644

Abstract

We have studied the inheritance of mitochondria in Pelargonium section Ciconium using 36 interspecific crosses generated. We designed KASP markers targeting four mitochondrial loci, belonging to the mitomes of four main crossing parents, enabling tracking the transmission of each mitome in the crosses. [...] Read more.

We have studied the inheritance of mitochondria in Pelargonium section Ciconium using 36 interspecific crosses generated. We designed KASP markers targeting four mitochondrial loci, belonging to the mitomes of four main crossing parents, enabling tracking the transmission of each mitome in the crosses. These markers discriminate between an individual species versus the other section Ciconium species. We found that maternal inheritance of mitochondria is most frequent, with occasional occurrences of paternal inheritance, while biparental inheritance is rare. For a P. multibracteatum crossing series, we found ambiguous results. Our results confirm those of previous studies, namely, that paternal inheritance of mitochondria can occur in P. sect Ciconium but that the instance is rare and much less common than is the case for chloroplasts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Genetic Resources: Conservation and Characterization)

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25 pages, 6653 KiB

Open AccessReview

From Signaling to Stress: How Does Plant Redox Homeostasis Behave under Phytophagous Mite Infestation?

by Wesley Borges Wurlitzer, Mateusz Labudda, Joaquim Albenisio G. Silveira, Ronice Drebel Matthes, Julia Renata Schneider and Noeli Juarez Ferla

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 561-585; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030043 - 27 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 693

Abstract

Plants are directly exposed to several biotic factors. Among these, mite species belonging to the superfamilies Eriophyoidea and Tetranychoidea stand out due to their ability to injure or even transmit viruses to their host plants. In response to infestations by these organisms, reactive [...] Read more.

Plants are directly exposed to several biotic factors. Among these, mite species belonging to the superfamilies Eriophyoidea and Tetranychoidea stand out due to their ability to injure or even transmit viruses to their host plants. In response to infestations by these organisms, reactive oxygen species (ROS), regulated by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (homeostasis), can act as signaling molecules to induce defenses or even acclimatization in attacked plants. However, depending on the severity of the stress, there can be an imbalance between ROS and antioxidants that can result in oxidative stress, leading to membrane damage by lipid peroxidation, organelle inactivation, and even cell death. In this review, we outline for the first time the current state of understanding regarding the role of cellular processes in ROS metabolism, such as signaling, the potential damage induced by ROS, and the defense role of enzymatic antioxidant systems involved in the plant–mite relationship. Furthermore, we identify several gaps between redox metabolism and plant defense against phytophagous mites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Communication)

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10 pages, 1008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pre-Harvest Chemical Compounds Influence Lily (Lilium × elegans) Leaf and Flower Indigenous Phenols, Flavonoids and Gibberellic Acid Levels

by Ahmed AlFayad and Yahia Othman

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 551-560; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030042 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1087

Abstract

The global cut flower industry, including lilies, represents a highly promising investment. Therefore, improving the quantity and quality of these commercially significant flower species is crucial. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the influence of different pre-harvest chemical compounds on [...] Read more.

The global cut flower industry, including lilies, represents a highly promising investment. Therefore, improving the quantity and quality of these commercially significant flower species is crucial. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the influence of different pre-harvest chemical compounds on endogenous GA₃, phenol, flavonoids and total antioxidants levels on the leaf and petals parts of Longiflorum-Asiatic (Lilium × elegans cv. Cevennes, yellow) lily and to (2) assess the effect of these compound on the flower quality component. The study was conducted over two cycles in both greenhouse and laboratory settings. Lily bulbs were transplanted into 10 L pots and grown for 70 days. Treatments were applied by spraying twice with a five-day interval on the flowers still on the plants and not yet fully opened. The treatments included 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8HQS) at 100, 200, and 400 mg L⁻¹; salicylic acid (SA) at 100 and 200 mg L⁻¹; SmartFresh™ at 1 and 2 mg L⁻¹; Harvista™ at 150 mg L⁻¹; GA₃ at 50 mg L⁻¹; and a control (water). The lily stems were harvested when one of the flowering buds began to open but was not fully opened. A post-harvest assessment was conducted in the laboratory at room temperature (20 ± 2 °C). The results showed that the lily leaf had a much higher endogenous concentration of GA₃ (256%) and lower concentrations of total phenols (22%), flavonoids (28%), and antioxidant activity (14%) when compared to flower petals. In addition, the foliar application of flower preservative compounds one week before harvesting significantly improved the endogenous levels of GA₃, total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants activity, especially SmartFresh™ at rate of 1 mg L⁻¹. In terms of flower quality, SmartFresh™, at rate of 1 mg L⁻¹, and 8-HQS, at rate of 200, had consistently higher vase lives compared to the control treatment across the two experimental cycles. Compared to the control, SmartFresh™ (the post-harvest ethylene control) increased the vase life of lily flowers by 35% at cycle 1 and 31% at cycle 2 while 8-HQS, at rate of 200 mg L⁻¹, increased the vase life by 21% and 15% at cycles 1 and 2, respectively. However, no significant effect was found in the petal flower color coordinates (L*, a* and b*) across the treatments. Overall, the foliar application of preservative compounds (such as SmartFresh™) at the pre-harvest stage potentially stimulates the endogenous levels of GA₃, total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants activity, leading to better improvements in post-harvest flower quality, specifically vase life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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9 pages, 4452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Passion Fruit Cultivation: An Approach to Internal Leaf Anatomy

by Lucas Aparecido Manzani Lisboa, José Carlos Cavichioli, Thiago de Souza Ferreira, Aldeir da Silva and Paulo Alexandre Monteiro de Figueiredo

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 542-550; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030041 - 24 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1044

Abstract

Some species of the genus Passiflora have leaf morphological adaptations that grow to influence the development of the plant in producing areas. Hence, the objective of this work is to quantify and characterize the leaf anatomy of passion fruit species distributed in the [...] Read more.

Some species of the genus Passiflora have leaf morphological adaptations that grow to influence the development of the plant in producing areas. Hence, the objective of this work is to quantify and characterize the leaf anatomy of passion fruit species distributed in the South American region, which can become an important strategy in the selection of species more adapted to the environment where they will be grown. This work evaluates the abaxial and adaxial cuticle thickness (ABCT and ADCT), abaxial and adaxial epidermis thickness (ABET and ADET), xylem diameter (XD), phloem diameter (PD), and thickness of the palisade parenchyma (TPP), of the species Passiflora quadrangularis L., Passiflora foetida L., Passiflora edulis Sims, Passiflora gibertii N.E Brown, Passiflora coccinea Aubl, Passiflora alata Curtis, Passiflora tenuifila Killip, Passiflora caerulea L., and Passiflora cincinnata Mast. Passion fruit species present differences in leaf anatomy, which may influence the plant’s development. The species Passiflora quadrangularis L. showed a greater thickness of cuticles, epidermis, conducting vessels, and palisade parenchyma. The species Passiflora edulis has higher density and stomatal functionality. All Passiflora species formed druses on their leaves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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8 pages, 1403 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elicitor-Mediated Enhancement of α-Tocopherol in Cell Suspension Cultures of Nicotiana tabacum

by Mani Chandra Harish, Shanmugaraj Balamurugan and Ramalingam Sathishkumar

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 534-541; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030040 - 24 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1213

Abstract

Plant cell and tissue culture have been used as the alternative and potential renewable source for the production of valuable phytochemicals. Elicitation offers a reliable in vitro approach to produce or enhance potential phytochemicals. α-tocopherol, which is an isoform of vitamin E, is [...] Read more.

Plant cell and tissue culture have been used as the alternative and potential renewable source for the production of valuable phytochemicals. Elicitation offers a reliable in vitro approach to produce or enhance potential phytochemicals. α-tocopherol, which is an isoform of vitamin E, is a potent fat-soluble phytochemical known in nature. The present study focused on enhancing the production of α-tocopherol in the cell suspension culture through an elicitation approach. Suspension cultures of Nicotiana tabacum were established from the leaf disk-derived callus. The cell suspension cultures were treated with different elicitors (methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and yeast extract) at the lag phase of the cell growth cycle. The effects of elicitors on cell cultures were determined in terms of biomass, and α-tocopherol enhancement was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Different elicitors depending on the concentration exerted different effects on cell growth and α-tocopherol production. Methyl jasmonate treatment showed the significantly highest increase in α-tocopherol on the 6th day of treatment in tobacco suspension cultures. Methyl jasmonate at the concentration of 150 μM enhanced α-tocopherol content to 24-fold over the control. This study clearly shows that the elicitors had the potential to increase the accumulation of α-tocopherol considerably in tobacco cell cultures. The outcomes of this study could be of considerable importance to the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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17 pages, 3865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Tomato Grafts on the Potato Tuber Metabolome and Skin Colour

by Vanda Villányi, Khongorzul Odgerel, Cathrine O. Okaroni and Zsófia Bánfalvi

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 517-533; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030039 - 21 Jun 2024

Viewed by 943

Abstract

Grafting is a traditional research and crop production technique used to study the long-distance movement of molecules, reduce disease susceptibility, and improve yield, quality, and nutrient content. Tomato/potato grafts are rare examples of successful interspecies grafting, even resulting in commercially available products. Nevertheless, [...] Read more.

Grafting is a traditional research and crop production technique used to study the long-distance movement of molecules, reduce disease susceptibility, and improve yield, quality, and nutrient content. Tomato/potato grafts are rare examples of successful interspecies grafting, even resulting in commercially available products. Nevertheless, information on the effect of tomato on the quality parameters of potato tubers is scarce. In this study, the tomato cultivar ‘Mobil’ was grafted with the potato cultivars ‘White Lady’, ‘Hópehely’, and ‘Désirée’, and the phenotype, metabolite composition, and starch and protein contents of the tubers were analysed. Anthocyanins were isolated from the tuber skins, and the expression level of the transcription factor ANTHOCYANIN1 (StAN1) was evaluated. Out of the 112 identified metabolites, the concentrations of twelve compounds were altered in the same direction in all three cultivars. Compared to the self-grafted control, the starch content of tubers was increased in each cultivar, while the protein level remained unaltered in ‘White Lady’ and ‘Hópehely’. The oval tubers became roundish. The tomato scion increased the anthocyanin content of ‘Hópehely’ and ‘Désirée’ tuber skins, which was correlated with the upregulation of StAN1 expression. These results indicate that tomato scion has a significant impact on the quality parameters of potato tubers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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