Micromachines

23 pages, 8391 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on Coating of Sensitive Materials for Micro-Hotplate Gas Sensor

by Zhenyu Yuan, Fan Yang and Fanli Meng

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030491 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3793

Micro-hotplate gas sensors are widely used in air quality monitoring, identification of hazardous chemicals, human health monitoring, and other fields due to their advantages of small size, low power consumption, excellent consistency, and fast response speed. The micro-hotplate gas sensor comprises a micro-hotplate [...] Read more.

Micro-hotplate gas sensors are widely used in air quality monitoring, identification of hazardous chemicals, human health monitoring, and other fields due to their advantages of small size, low power consumption, excellent consistency, and fast response speed. The micro-hotplate gas sensor comprises a micro-hotplate and a gas-sensitive material layer. The micro-hotplate is responsible for providing temperature conditions for the sensor to work. The gas-sensitive material layer is responsible for the redox reaction with the gas molecules to be measured, causing the resistance value to change. The gas-sensitive material film with high stability, fantastic adhesion, and amazing uniformity is prepared on the surface of the micro-hotplate to realize the reliable assembly of the gas-sensitive material and the micro-hotplate, which can improve the response speed, response value, and selectivity. This paper first introduces the classification and structural characteristics of micro-hotplates. Then the assembly process and characteristics of various gas-sensing materials and micro-hotplates are summarized. Finally, the assembly method of the gas-sensing material and the micro-hotplate prospects. Full article

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8 pages, 3489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simple and Label-Free Detection of Carboxylesterase and Its Inhibitors Using a Liquid Crystal Droplet Sensing Platform

by Duy-Khiem Nguyen and Chang-Hyun Jang

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030490 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2300

Abstract

In this study, we developed a liquid crystal (LC) droplet-based sensing platform for the detection of carboxylesterase (CES) and its inhibitors. The LC droplet patterns in contact with myristoylcholine chloride (Myr) exhibited dark cross appearances, corresponding to homeotropic anchoring of the LCs at [...] Read more.

In this study, we developed a liquid crystal (LC) droplet-based sensing platform for the detection of carboxylesterase (CES) and its inhibitors. The LC droplet patterns in contact with myristoylcholine chloride (Myr) exhibited dark cross appearances, corresponding to homeotropic anchoring of the LCs at the aqueous/LC interface. However, in the presence of CES, Myr was hydrolyzed; therefore, the optical images of the LC patterns changed to bright fan-shaped textures, corresponding to a planar orientation of LCs at the interface. In contrast, the presence of CES inhibitors, such as benzil, inhibits the hydrolysis of Myr; as a result, the LC patterns exhibit dark cross textures. This principle led to the development of an LC droplet-based sensing method with a detection limit of 2.8 U/L and 10 μM, for CES detection and its inhibitor, respectively. The developed biosensor not only enables simple and label-free detection of CES but also shows high promise for the detection of CES inhibitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microfluidics in Analytical Chemistry)

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8 pages, 4156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Power Magnetron Sputtering Deposition of Antimonene Nanofilms for Water Splitting Reaction

by Xingli Wang, Junyu Ge, Nicole Ru-Xuan Ang, Kun Liang, Chong-Wei Tan, Hong Li and Beng Kang Tay

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030489 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2282

Abstract

Antimonene (Sb) is a novel kind of two-dimensional (2D) material that is predicted to be promising for various applications, such as water splitting and semiconductor devices. Several methods have been reported to prepare Sb nanoflakes/nanofilms; however, it is still relatively difficult to prepare [...] Read more.

Antimonene (Sb) is a novel kind of two-dimensional (2D) material that is predicted to be promising for various applications, such as water splitting and semiconductor devices. Several methods have been reported to prepare Sb nanoflakes/nanofilms; however, it is still relatively difficult to prepare Sb nanofilms. In this work, a method of low-power magnetron sputtering deposition was used for the preparation of Sb nanofilms with lateral dimensions on the centimeter scale and controllable film thickness. It was found that the control of the deposition temperature is important for the final crystalline structure of the nanofilms. Furthermore, the application of the nanofilms as a catalyst for water splitting (hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER)) was demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials)

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15 pages, 5738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PtNPs/Short MWCNT-PEDOT: PSS-Modified Microelectrode Array to Detect Neuronal Firing Patterns in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus and Hippocampus of Insomnia Rats

by Yun Wang, Mixia Wang, Yuchuan Dai, Yilin Song, Yiding Wang, Botao Lu, Yinghui Li and Xinxia Cai

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030488 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2592

Abstract

Research on the intracerebral mechanism of insomnia induced by serotonin (5-HT) deficiency is indispensable. In order to explore the effect of 5-HT deficiency-induced insomnia on brain regions related to memory in rats, we designed and fabricated a microelectrode array that simultaneously detects the [...] Read more.

Research on the intracerebral mechanism of insomnia induced by serotonin (5-HT) deficiency is indispensable. In order to explore the effect of 5-HT deficiency-induced insomnia on brain regions related to memory in rats, we designed and fabricated a microelectrode array that simultaneously detects the electrical activity of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and hippocampus in normal, insomnia and recovery rats in vivo. In the DRN and hippocampus of insomnia rats, our results showed that the spike amplitudes decreased by 40.16 and 57.92%, the spike repolarization slope decreased by 44.64 and 48.59%, and the spiking rate increased by 66.81 and 63.40%. On a mesoscopic scale, the increased firing rates of individual neurons led to an increased δ wave power. In the DRN and hippocampus of insomnia rats, the δ wave power increased by 57.57 and 67.75%. Furthermore, two segments’ δ wave slopes were also increased in two brain regions of the insomnia rats. Our findings suggest that 5-HT deficiency causes the hyperactivity of neurons in the hippocampus and DRN; the DRN’s firing rate and the hippocampal neuronal amplitude reflect insomnia in rats more effectively. Further studies on alleviating neurons affected by 5-HT deficiency and on achieving a highly effective treatment for insomnia by the microelectrode array are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microelectrode Arrays and Application to Medical Devices, Volume II)

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16 pages, 3922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of a Centrifugal Microfluidic Orthogonal Flow Platform

by Michael Shane Woolf, Leah M. Dignan, Scott M. Karas, Hannah M. Lewis, Kevyn C. Hadley, Aeren Q. Nauman, Marcellene A. Gates-Hollingsworth, David P. AuCoin, Heather R. Green, Geoffrey M. Geise and James P. Landers

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030487 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3399

Abstract

To bring to bear the power of centrifugal microfluidics on vertical flow immunoassays, control of flow orthogonally through nanoporous membranes is essential. The on-disc approach described here leverages the rapid print-cut-laminate (PCL) disc fabrication and prototyping method to create a permanent seal between [...] Read more.

To bring to bear the power of centrifugal microfluidics on vertical flow immunoassays, control of flow orthogonally through nanoporous membranes is essential. The on-disc approach described here leverages the rapid print-cut-laminate (PCL) disc fabrication and prototyping method to create a permanent seal between disc materials and embedded nanoporous membranes. Rotational forces drive fluid flow, replacing capillary action, and complex pneumatic pumping systems. Adjacent microfluidic features form a flow path that directs fluid orthogonally (vertically) through these embedded membranes during assay execution. This method for membrane incorporation circumvents the need for solvents (e.g., acetone) to create the membrane-disc bond and sidesteps issues related to undesirable bypass flow. In other recently published work, we described an orthogonal flow (OF) platform that exploited embedded membranes for automation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Here, we more fully characterize flow patterns and cellulosic membrane behavior within the centrifugal orthogonal flow (cOF) format. Specifically, high-speed videography studies demonstrate that sample volume, membrane pore size, and ionic composition of the sample matrix significantly impact membrane behavior, and consequently fluid drainage profiles, especially when cellulosic membranes are used. Finally, prototype discs are used to demonstrate proof-of-principle for sandwich-type antigen capture and immunodetection within the cOF system. Full article

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30 pages, 5873 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advances in Thermoplastic Microfluidic Bonding

by Kiran Giri and Chia-Wen Tsao

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030486 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 9739

Abstract

Microfluidics is a multidisciplinary technology with applications in various fields, such as biomedical, energy, chemicals and environment. Thermoplastic is one of the most prominent materials for polymer microfluidics. Properties such as good mechanical rigidity, organic solvent resistivity, acid/base resistivity, and low water absorbance [...] Read more.

Microfluidics is a multidisciplinary technology with applications in various fields, such as biomedical, energy, chemicals and environment. Thermoplastic is one of the most prominent materials for polymer microfluidics. Properties such as good mechanical rigidity, organic solvent resistivity, acid/base resistivity, and low water absorbance make thermoplastics suitable for various microfluidic applications. However, bonding of thermoplastics has always been challenging because of a wide range of bonding methods and requirements. This review paper summarizes the current bonding processes being practiced for the fabrication of thermoplastic microfluidic devices, and provides a comparison between the different bonding strategies to assist researchers in finding appropriate bonding methods for microfluidic device assembly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Micromachines in Biology and Biomedicine 2022)

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14 pages, 6378 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microparticle Transport and Sedimentation in a Rhythmically Expanding Alveolar Chip

by Wei Zhang, Jun Dong, Huimin Lv, Weitao Bai, Hongzhou Lu, Bernd R. Noack, Yonggang Zhu and Yue Yang

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030485 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2393

Abstract

Understanding the mechanism of particle transport and sedimentation in pulmonary alveolus is important for deciphering the causes of respiratory diseases and helping the development of drug delivery. In this study, taking advantage of the microfluidic technique, an experimental platform was developed to study [...] Read more.

Understanding the mechanism of particle transport and sedimentation in pulmonary alveolus is important for deciphering the causes of respiratory diseases and helping the development of drug delivery. In this study, taking advantage of the microfluidic technique, an experimental platform was developed to study particle behavior in a rhythmically expanding alveolar chip for a sufficient number of cycles. The alveolar flow patterns at different generations were measured for two cases with the gravity direction parallel or vertical to the alveolar duct. Affected by both the vortex flow inside the alveoli and the shear flow in the duct simultaneously, it was observed that particles inside the alveoli either escaped from the inlet of the alveolar duct or stayed in the alveoli, revealing the irreversibility of particle transport in the alveoli. At the earlier acinar generations, particles were inclined to deposit on the distal alveolar wall. The settling rates of particles of different sizes in the alveoli were also compared. This study provides valuable data for understanding particle transport and sedimentation in the alveoli. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 3rd International Conference of Microfluidics, Nanofluidics and Lab-on-a-Chip)

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8 pages, 2191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Precise Droplet Dispensing in Digital Microfluidics with Dumbbell-Shaped Electrodes

by Wei Wang

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030484 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2815

Abstract

Electro-wetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) enables the manipulation of droplets on a two-dimensional surface, which provides a versatile technique for digital microfluidics at a micro- or nano-scale. However, the deficiency of the dispensing precision has long limited its applications in micro total analysis systems (μ-TAS) where [...] Read more.

Electro-wetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) enables the manipulation of droplets on a two-dimensional surface, which provides a versatile technique for digital microfluidics at a micro- or nano-scale. However, the deficiency of the dispensing precision has long limited its applications in micro total analysis systems (μ-TAS) where the accuracy of assays is largely determined by the volume control of the reagent dosing. This paper proposes optimum electrode designs and carries out characterization experiments to demonstrate the reproducibility of on-chip droplet generation with no extra external apparatus. The coefficient variation of the volumes of consecutively dispensed droplets from a non-refilling reservoir can be limited to below 0.3%, indicating the validity of the new electrode structure in practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Microfluidics for Liquid Handling and Biochemical Analysis)

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11 pages, 12248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Micro-EDM Drilling/Milling as a Potential Technique for Fabrication of Bespoke Artificial Defects on Bearing Raceways

by Long Ye, Krishna Kumar Saxena, Jun Qian and Dominiek Reynaerts

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030483 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2500

Abstract

The fabrication of bespoke artificial defects on bearing raceways helps in mimicking incipient faults during real application or for directly validating the diagnostic technology depending on their shapes and sizes. This is particularly useful when run-to-failure experiments are time-consuming and even difficult in [...] Read more.

The fabrication of bespoke artificial defects on bearing raceways helps in mimicking incipient faults during real application or for directly validating the diagnostic technology depending on their shapes and sizes. This is particularly useful when run-to-failure experiments are time-consuming and even difficult in some cases. However, there has been limited systematic research on the design and fabrication of artificial defects on bearing raceways, particularly for the purpose of accelerated testing. In this work, micro-EDM is put forward as a potential technique for the fabrication of artificial defects using drilling/milling mode. A methodology is developed, not only to achieve the full control of the dimension and distribution of defects on a bearing element, but also to qualitatively and quantitatively perform the efficient characterization of the defect surface. A linear regression model with the inclusion of two-way interactions based on an analysis of variance (ANOVA) is presented to optimally select the process parameters. The verification experiments show that this mathematical model obtains a good fit for approximately 80% of the observed data. Through a combination of optical microscopy and confocal microscopy, the morphology and topography of the artificial defects was measured and compared. To conclude, micro-EDM evidences its great potential in terms of machining efficiency, e.g., with an MRR of 0.060

{mm}^{3} / \min

, TWR of 0.032

{mm}^{3} / \min

and dimensional controllability, e.g., the standard deviation of pitting diameter and depth being 0.5 µm and 0.8 µm, respectively, to achieve a desirable feature shape for bearing defects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro and Nano Manufacturing (WCMNM 2021))

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2 pages, 171 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for the Special Issue on Particles Separation in Microfluidic Devices, Volume II

by Naotomo Tottori and Takasi Nisisako

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030482 - 20 Mar 2022

Viewed by 1878

Abstract

Particle separation in the nano- to microscale range is a significant step for biological, chemical, and medical analyses [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Particles Separation in Microfluidic Devices, Volume II)

16 pages, 5821 KiB

Open AccessReview

Acoustics-Actuated Microrobots

by Yaxuan Xiao, Jinhua Zhang, Bin Fang, Xiong Zhao and Nanjing Hao

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030481 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5402

Abstract

Microrobots can operate in tiny areas that traditional bulk robots cannot reach. The combination of acoustic actuation with microrobots extensively expands the application areas of microrobots due to their desirable miniaturization, flexibility, and biocompatibility features. Herein, an overview of the research and development [...] Read more.

Microrobots can operate in tiny areas that traditional bulk robots cannot reach. The combination of acoustic actuation with microrobots extensively expands the application areas of microrobots due to their desirable miniaturization, flexibility, and biocompatibility features. Herein, an overview of the research and development of acoustics-actuated microrobots is provided. We first introduce the currently established manufacturing methods (3D printing and photolithography). Then, according to their different working principles, we divide acoustics-actuated microrobots into three categories including bubble propulsion, sharp-edge propulsion, and in-situ microrotor. Next, we summarize their established applications from targeted drug delivery to microfluidics operation to microsurgery. Finally, we illustrate current challenges and future perspectives to guide research in this field. This work not only gives a comprehensive overview of the latest technology of acoustics-actuated microrobots, but also provides an in-depth understanding of acoustic actuation for inspiring the next generation of advanced robotic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microreactors: From Principles to Rational Design and Applications)

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9 pages, 1698 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

Characterization of Active Electrode Yield for Intracortical Arrays: Awake versus Anesthesia

by Brandon Sturgill, Rahul Radhakrishna, Teresa Thuc Doan Thai, Sourav S. Patnaik, Jeffrey R. Capadona and Joseph J. Pancrazio

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030480 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2941

Abstract

Intracortical microelectrode arrays are used for recording neural signals at single-unit resolution and are promising tools for studying brain function and developing neuroprosthetics. Research is being done to increase the chronic performance and reliability of these probes, which tend to decrease or fail [...] Read more.

Intracortical microelectrode arrays are used for recording neural signals at single-unit resolution and are promising tools for studying brain function and developing neuroprosthetics. Research is being done to increase the chronic performance and reliability of these probes, which tend to decrease or fail within several months of implantation. Although recording paradigms vary, studies focused on assessing the reliability and performance of these devices often perform recordings under anesthesia. However, anesthetics—such as isoflurane—are known to alter neural activity and electrophysiologic function. Therefore, we compared the neural recording performance under anesthesia (2% isoflurane) followed by awake conditions for probes implanted in the motor cortex of both male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. While the single-unit spike rate was significantly higher by almost 600% under awake compared to anesthetized conditions, we found no difference in the active electrode yield between the two conditions two weeks after surgery. Additionally, the signal-to-noise ratio was greater under anesthesia due to the noise levels being nearly 50% greater in awake recordings, even though there was a 14% increase in the peak-to-peak voltage of distinguished single units when awake. We observe that these findings are similar for chronic time points as well. Our observations indicate that either anesthetized or awake recordings are acceptable for studies assessing the chronic reliability and performance of intracortical microelectrode arrays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micromachines for Neurological Research)

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12 pages, 2436 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Langasite Bonding via High Temperature for Fabricating Sealed Microcavity of Pressure Sensors

by Juan Zhang, Qiulin Tan, Lei Zhang, Nan Zhao and Xiaorui Liang

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030479 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1975

Abstract

We proposed a novel Langasite (LGS) bonding method only using high temperature to solve the manufacturing difficulty of the sealed microcavity of pressure sensors. The optimal bonding parameters by comparative experiments were defined as 1350 °C for 3 h. Due to simple experimental [...] Read more.

We proposed a novel Langasite (LGS) bonding method only using high temperature to solve the manufacturing difficulty of the sealed microcavity of pressure sensors. The optimal bonding parameters by comparative experiments were defined as 1350 °C for 3 h. Due to simple experimental conditions, low experimental cost, and be suitable for bonding wafers with various sizes, the method is convenient for popularization and mass-production, thus promoting the development of surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices at high temperatures. Simultaneously, an intact microcavity was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and a tight and void-free bonding interface with a transition layer thickness of 2.2 nm was confirmed via transmission electron microscopy. The results of tensile and leakage experiments indicated that the bonded wafer with the sealed microcavity exhibited a high bonding strength of 4.02 MPa and excellent seal performance. Compared to the original wafer, the piezoelectric constant of the LGS bonded wafer had a reduction of only 4.43%. The above characteristics show that the sealed microcavity prepared by this method satisfies the conditions for fabricating the LGS SAW pressure sensors. Additionally, based on the bonding interface characterizations, the mechanism of LGS bonding has been investigated for the first time. Full article

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15 pages, 4688 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Continuous Glucose Monitoring System Based on Percutaneous Microneedle Array

by Ming-Nan Chien, Yu-Jen Chen, Chin-Han Bai and Jung-Tung Huang

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030478 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5225

Abstract

A continuous blood glucose monitoring system (CGMS) which include a microneedle-array blood glucose sensor, a circuit module, and a transmission module placed in a wearable device is developed in this research. When in use, the wearable device is attached to the human body [...] Read more.

A continuous blood glucose monitoring system (CGMS) which include a microneedle-array blood glucose sensor, a circuit module, and a transmission module placed in a wearable device is developed in this research. When in use, the wearable device is attached to the human body with the microneedle array inserted under the skin for continuous blood glucose sensing, and the measured signals are transmitted wirelessly to a mobile phone or computer for analysis. The purpose of this study is to replace the conventionally used method of puncture for blood collection and test strips are used to measure the blood glucose signals. The microneedle sensor of this CGMS uses a 1 mm length needle in a 3 mm × 3 mm microneedle array for percutaneous minimally invasive blood glucose measurement. This size of microneedle does not cause bleeding damage to the body when used. The microneedle sensor is placed under the skin and their solutions are discussed. The blood glucose sensor measured the in vitro simulant fluid with a glucose concentration range of 50~400 mg/dL. In addition, a micro-transfer method is developed to accurately deposit the enzyme onto the tip of the microneedle, after which cyclic voltammetry (CV) is used to measure the glucose simulation solution to verify whether the difference in the amount of enzyme on each microneedle is less than 10%. Finally, various experiments and analyses are carried out to reduce the size of the device, test effective durability (approximately 7 days), and the feasibility of minimally invasive CGMS is evaluated by tests on two persons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B1: Biosensors)

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14 pages, 5802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Soft Robotics Module for Active Control of Sitting Comfort

by Tjark Roozendaal, Martin Verwaal, Alice Buso, Rob B. N. Scharff, Yu Song and Peter Vink

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030477 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2472

Abstract

Sitting comfort is an important factor for passengers in selecting cars, airlines, etc. This paper proposes a soft robotic module that can be integrated into the seat cushion to provide better comfort experiences to passengers. Building on rapid manufacturing technologies and a data-driven [...] Read more.

Sitting comfort is an important factor for passengers in selecting cars, airlines, etc. This paper proposes a soft robotic module that can be integrated into the seat cushion to provide better comfort experiences to passengers. Building on rapid manufacturing technologies and a data-driven approach, the module can be controlled to sense the applied force and the displacement of the top surface and actuate according to four designed modes. A total of 2 modules were prototyped and integrated into a seat cushion, and 16 subjects were invited to test the module’s effectiveness. Experiments proved the principle by showing significant differences regarding (dis)comfort. It was concluded that the proposed soft robotics module could provide passengers with better comfort experiences by adjusting the pressure distribution of the seat as well as introducing a variation of postures relevant for prolonged sitting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Fabrication Approaches for Soft Robotics)

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13 pages, 1390 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detecting the Knowledge Domains of Compound Semiconductors

by Qian-Yo Lee, Chiyang James Chou, Ming-Xuan Lee and Yen-Chun Lee

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030476 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2549

Abstract

The development of compound semiconductors (CS) has received extensive attention worldwide. This study aimed to detect and visualize CS knowledge domains for quantifying CS research patterns and emerging trends through a scientometric review based on the literature between 2011 and 2020 by using [...] Read more.

The development of compound semiconductors (CS) has received extensive attention worldwide. This study aimed to detect and visualize CS knowledge domains for quantifying CS research patterns and emerging trends through a scientometric review based on the literature between 2011 and 2020 by using CiteSpace. The combined dataset of 24,622 bibliographic records were collected through topic searches and citation expansion to ensure adequate coverage of the field. While research in “solar cell” and “perovskite tandem” appears to be the two most distinctive knowledge domains in the CS field, research related to thermoelectric materials has grown at a respectable pace. Most notably, the deep connections between “thermoelectric material” and “III-Sb nanowire (NW)” research have been demonstrated. A rapid adaptation of black phosphorus (BP) field-effect transistors (FETs) and gallium nitride (GaN) transistors in the CS field is also apparent. Innovative strategies have focused on the opto-electronics with engineered functionalities, the design, synthesis and fabrication of perovskite tandem solar cells, the growing techniques of Sb-based III–V NWs, and the thermal conductivity of boron arsenide (BAs). This study revealed how the development trends and research areas in the CS field advance over time, which greatly help us to realize its knowledge domains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Micromachines in Materials and Processing 2021)

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33 pages, 15443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Evaluation of a Button Sensor Antenna for On-Body Monitoring Activity in Healthcare Applications

by Shahid Muhammad Ali, Cheab Sovuthy, Sima Noghanian, Tale Saeidi, Muhammad Faran Majeed, Amir Hussain, Faisal Masood, Shariq Mahmood Khan, Syed Aziz Shah and Qammer H. Abbasi

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030475 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4388

Abstract

A button sensor antenna for on-body monitoring in wireless body area network (WBAN) systems is presented. Due to the close coupling between the sensor antenna and the human body, it is highly challenging to design sensor antenna devices. In this paper, a mechanically [...] Read more.

A button sensor antenna for on-body monitoring in wireless body area network (WBAN) systems is presented. Due to the close coupling between the sensor antenna and the human body, it is highly challenging to design sensor antenna devices. In this paper, a mechanically robust system is proposed that integrates a dual-band button antenna with a wireless sensor module designed on a printed circuit board (PCB). The system features a small footprint and has good radiation characteristics and efficiency. This was fabricated, and the measured and simulated results are in good agreement. The design offers a wide range of omnidirectional radiation patterns in free space, with a reflection coefficient (S₁₁) of

- 29.30 (- 30.97)

dB, a maximum gain of

1.75 (5.65)

dBi, and radiation efficiency of

71.91 (92.51)

% in the lower and upper bands, respectively. S₁₁ reaches

- 23.07 (- 27.07)

dB and

- 30.76 (- 31.12

) dB, respectively, with a gain of

2.09 (6.70)

dBi and

2.16 (5.67)

dBi, and radiation efficiency of

65.12 (81.63) %

and

75.00 (85.00) %

, when located on the body for the lower and upper bands, respectively. The performance is minimally affected by bending, movement, and fabrication tolerances. The specific absorption rate (SAR) values are below the regulatory limitations for the spatial average over 1 g (1.6 W/Kg) and 10 g of tissues (2.0 W/Kg). For both indoor and outdoor conditions, experimental results of the range tests confirm the coverage of up to 40 m. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Textiles and Wearable Technology)

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2 pages, 153 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for the Topic on Micromachining for Advanced Biological Imaging

by Young Jin Yoo and Young Min Song

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030474 - 19 Mar 2022

Viewed by 1589

Abstract

Biological imaging has opened novel paths for discoveries and advances in biology ranging from molecular to tissue scales [...] Full article

24 pages, 15735 KiB

Open AccessReview

Modification of Surfaces with Vaterite CaCO₃ Particles

by Bushra Zafar, Jack Campbell, Jake Cooke, Andre G. Skirtach and Dmitry Volodkin

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030473 - 19 Mar 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4157

Abstract

Former studies have demonstrated a strong interest toward the crystallization of CaCO₃ polymorphs in solution. Nowadays, CaCO₃ crystallization on solid surfaces is extensively being studied using biomolecules as substrates for the control of the growth aiming at various applications of CaCO [...] Read more.

Former studies have demonstrated a strong interest toward the crystallization of CaCO₃ polymorphs in solution. Nowadays, CaCO₃ crystallization on solid surfaces is extensively being studied using biomolecules as substrates for the control of the growth aiming at various applications of CaCO₃. Calcium carbonate exists in an amorphous state, as three anhydrous polymorphs (aragonite, calcite and vaterite), and as two hydrated polymorphs (monohydrocalcite and ikaite). The vaterite polymorph is considered as one of the most attractive forms due to its large surface area, biocompatibility, mesoporous nature, and other features. Based on physical or chemical immobilization approaches, vaterite can be grown directly on solid surfaces using various (bio)molecules, including synthetic polymers, biomacromolecules such as proteins and peptides, carbohydrates, fibers, extracellular matrix components, and even biological cells such as bacteria. Herein, the progress on the modification of solid surfaces by vaterite CaCO₃ crystals is reviewed, focusing on main findings and the mechanism of vaterite growth initiated by various substances mentioned above, as well as the discussion of the applications of such modified surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid and Polymer Assemblies)

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9 pages, 1883 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On-Chip Optical Beam Manipulation with an Electrically Tunable Lithium-Niobate-on-Insulator Metasurface

by Linyuan Dou, Lingyun Xie, Zeyong Wei, Zhanshan Wang and Xinbin Cheng

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030472 - 19 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3632

Abstract

Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) have garnered increasing attention because of their high efficiency in information processing. Recently, lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) has become a new platform for PICs with excellent properties. Several tunable devices such as on-chip tunable devices that utilize the [...] Read more.

Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) have garnered increasing attention because of their high efficiency in information processing. Recently, lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) has become a new platform for PICs with excellent properties. Several tunable devices such as on-chip tunable devices that utilize the electric-optic effect of LN have been reported. However, an on-chip electrically tunable beam modulator that can focus or deflect the wave has not yet been developed. In this study, we designed an electrically tunable LNOI metasurface for on-chip optical beam manipulation. With a carefully designed local phase profile, we realized the tunable focusing and reflection functions on the chip. As the bias voltage varies, the focusing length can be shifted up to 19.9 μm (~13λ), whereas the focusing efficiency remains greater than 72%. A continuously tunable deflection can also be achieved efficiently within a range of 0–45°. The beam modulator enhances the ability to manipulate light on LNOI chips, which is expected to promote the development of integrated on-chip photonics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tunable Nanophotonics and Reconfigurable Metadevices)

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15 pages, 2796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Miniaturized Wideband Antenna Prototype Operating over the Ku-Band

by Sujan Shrestha, Hijab Zahra, Arslan Kiyani, Mohsen Asadnia, Syed Muzahir Abbas and Abdelhady Mahmoud

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030471 - 19 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2223

Abstract

A wideband antenna is proposed based on three-dimensional printing technology. The antenna was designed using the PREPERM 10 material, with permittivity

ϵ_{r}

= 10, where the overall height of the proposed prototype was maintained as 12.83 mm (0.51

λ

), having a [...] Read more.

A wideband antenna is proposed based on three-dimensional printing technology. The antenna was designed using the PREPERM 10 material, with permittivity

ϵ_{r}

= 10, where the overall height of the proposed prototype was maintained as 12.83 mm (0.51

λ

), having a lateral dimension of 60 mm × 60 mm, at an operating frequency of 12 GHz (

λ

= 25 mm). The proposed antenna achieved a wide frequency bandwidth with a voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) of less than two, from 10 GHz to 15 GHz in the Ku-band, where the maximum directivity was 20 dBi over a reflection coefficient bandwidth of 50%. It showed a miniaturized non-uniform metasurface of 2.4

λ

× 2.4

λ

× 0.51

λ

that was placed at 16.5 mm (0.66

λ

) above the ground plane, which was 2.4

λ

× 2.4

λ

× 0.04

λ

in dimension. Thus, the overall height of the proposed antenna system from the feed source was 29.33 mm (1.17

λ

). The total weight of the system including the designed structures made of PREPERM 10 and ABS with copper-painted prototypes was 96 g and 79 g, respectively. The measured results were consistent with the simulated results, demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro and Smart Devices and Systems)

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6 pages, 1100 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

3D Printed PCB Microfluidics

by Stefan Gassmann, Sathurja Jegatheeswaran, Till Schleifer, Hesam Arbabi and Helmut Schütte

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030470 - 19 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3727

Abstract

The combination of printed circuit boards (PCB) and microfluidics has many advantages. The combination of electrodes, sensors and electronics is needed for almost all microfluidic systems. Using PCBs as a substrate, this integration is intrinsic. Additive manufacturing has become a widely used technique [...] Read more.

The combination of printed circuit boards (PCB) and microfluidics has many advantages. The combination of electrodes, sensors and electronics is needed for almost all microfluidic systems. Using PCBs as a substrate, this integration is intrinsic. Additive manufacturing has become a widely used technique in industry, research and by hobbyists. One very promising rapid prototype technique is vat polymerization with an LCD as mask, also known as masked stereolithography (mSLA). These printers are available with resolutions down to 35 µm, and they are affordable. In this paper, a technology is described which creates microfluidics on a PCB substrate using an mSLA printer. All steps of the production process can be carried out with commercially available printers and resins: this includes the structuring of the copper layer of the PCB and the buildup of the channel layer on top of the PCB. Copper trace dimensions down to 100 µm and channel dimensions of 800 µm are feasible. The described technology is a low-cost solution for combining PCBs and microfluidics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lab-on-PCB Devices)

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13 pages, 2601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of 3D GelMA Scaffolds Using Agarose Microgel Embedded Printing

by Bo Yang, Tianqi Liu, Ge Gao, Xianglin Zhang and Bin Wu

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030469 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3743

Abstract

Photocrosslinked Gelatin–Methacryloyl (GelMA) has been widely used in the field of 3D bioprinting due to its excellent biological properties, but its properties are not yet optimized. With the advent of embedded printing, the balance between hydrogel printability and cell viability is expected to [...] Read more.

Photocrosslinked Gelatin–Methacryloyl (GelMA) has been widely used in the field of 3D bioprinting due to its excellent biological properties, but its properties are not yet optimized. With the advent of embedded printing, the balance between hydrogel printability and cell viability is expected to be achieved. Agarose microgel is a good support material because of its simple preparation, good biocompatibility, high melting point, and good rheology. In this study, aiming at realizing a GelMA/Agarose suspension printing system, the printing effect of the suspension process was explored, and a suitable process printing window was defined. The resulting scaffolds showed better water absorption and elasticity, but larger deformation during printing. This study explored some potential roles of suspension baths in embedded printing, paving the way for the preparation of good suspension structures that can be convenient for customized tissue engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biofabrication Technologies)

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35 pages, 9068 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electropolishing and Shaping of Micro-Scale Metallic Features

by Sana Zaki, Nan Zhang and Michael D. Gilchrist

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030468 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 9607

Abstract

Electropolishing (EP) is most widely used as a metal finishing process. It is a non-contact electrochemical process that can clean, passivate, deburr, brighten, and improve the biocompatibility of surfaces. However, there is clear potential for it to be used to shape and form [...] Read more.

Electropolishing (EP) is most widely used as a metal finishing process. It is a non-contact electrochemical process that can clean, passivate, deburr, brighten, and improve the biocompatibility of surfaces. However, there is clear potential for it to be used to shape and form the topology of micro-scale surface features, such as those found on the micro-applications of additively manufactured (AM) parts, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMs), biomedical stents, and artificial implants. This review focuses on the fundamental principles of electrochemical polishing, the associated process parameters (voltage, current density, electrolytes, electrode gap, and time), and the increasing demand for using environmentally sustainable electrolytes and micro-scale applications. A summary of other micro-fabrication processes, including micro-milling, micro-electric discharge machining (EDM), laser polishing/ablation, lithography (LIGA), electrochemical etching (MacEtch), and reactive ion etching (RIE), are discussed and compared with EP. However, those processes have tool size, stress, wear, and structural integrity limitations for micro-structures. Hence, electropolishing offers two-fold benefits of material removal from the metal, resulting in a smooth and bright surface, along with the ability to shape/form micro-scale features, which makes the process particularly attractive for precision engineering applications.zx3. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Manufacturing of Micro- and Nanotextured Polymer Surfaces)

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10 pages, 3942 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Complementary Approaches for Enhancing Polystyrene Hydrophobicity: Additives Development and Replication of Micro/Nanotextures

by Rachel Le Brouster, Julien Giboz, Ali Nourdine, Lionel Tenchine, Florence Dubelley and Patrice Mele

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030467 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2408

Abstract

This work aims at developing polymer surfaces with enhanced hydrophobicity by controlling both the surface chemistry and the surface structure. As a first step, a chemical surface modification is achieved by the incorporation of a synthetized tailored fluorinated copolymer, named POISE-a (Polymer prOcessing [...] Read more.

This work aims at developing polymer surfaces with enhanced hydrophobicity by controlling both the surface chemistry and the surface structure. As a first step, a chemical surface modification is achieved by the incorporation of a synthetized tailored fluorinated copolymer, named POISE-a (Polymer prOcessing Interface StabilizEr), in a commercial polystyrene matrix. Then, a complementary physical approach based on micro-structuration of a polymer surface is used. Polystyrene films containing various contents of POISE-a were elaborated by a solvent casting method. The structuration of the films was conducted by replicating a texture from a nickel insert using a hot-embossing technique with optimized processing conditions. The beneficial effect of POISE-a on both the wettability properties and the replication efficiency was evaluated by the water/polymer static contact angle and the quantification of the replication rate, respectively. The use of this tailored additive, even at low percentages (i.e., 1 wt.%), associated with the structuration of the PS surface, improves both the hydrophobicity of polystyrene and the robustness of the replication process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro and Nano Manufacturing (WCMNM 2021))

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8 pages, 8199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on the Thermal Characteristics of Enhancement-Mode p-GaN HEMT Device on Si Substrate Using Thermoreflectance Microscopy

by Hongyue Wang, Chao Yuan, Yajie Xin, Yijun Shi, Yaozong Zhong, Yun Huang and Guoguang Lu

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030466 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2887

Abstract

In this paper, thermoreflectance microscopy was used to measure the high spatial resolution temperature distribution of the p-GaN HEMT under high power density. The maximum temperature along the GaN channel was located at the drain-side gate edge region. It was found that the [...] Read more.

In this paper, thermoreflectance microscopy was used to measure the high spatial resolution temperature distribution of the p-GaN HEMT under high power density. The maximum temperature along the GaN channel was located at the drain-side gate edge region. It was found that the thermal resistance (R_th) of the p-GaN HEMT device increased with the increase of channel temperature. The R_th dependence on the temperature was well approximated by a function of R_th~T^a (a = 0.2). The three phonon Umklapp scattering, point mass defects and dislocations scattering mechanisms are suggested contributors to the heat transfer process for the p-GaN HEMT. The impact of bias conditions and gate length on the thermal characteristics of the device was investigated. The behaviour of temperature increasing in the time domain with 50 µs pulse width and different drain bias voltage was analysed. Finally, a field plate structure was demonstrated for improving the device thermal performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wide Bandgap Based Devices: Design, Fabrication and Applications, Volume III)

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12 pages, 4439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A 2.5 V, 2.56 ppm/°C Curvature-Compensated Bandgap Reference for High-Precision Monitoring Applications

by Guangqian Zhu, Zhaoshu Fu, Tingting Liu, Qidong Zhang and Yintang Yang

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030465 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3356

Abstract

This work presents a high-precision high-order curvature-compensated bandgap voltage reference (BGR) for battery monitoring applications. The collector currents of bipolar junction transistor (BJT) pairs with different ratios and temperature characteristics can cause greater nonlinearities in ΔV_EB. The proposed circuit additionally introduces [...] Read more.

This work presents a high-precision high-order curvature-compensated bandgap voltage reference (BGR) for battery monitoring applications. The collector currents of bipolar junction transistor (BJT) pairs with different ratios and temperature characteristics can cause greater nonlinearities in ΔV_EB. The proposed circuit additionally introduces high-order curvature compensation in the generation of ΔV_EB, such that it presents high-order temperature effects complementary to V_EB. Fabricated using a 0.18 µm BCD process, the proposed BGR generates a 2.5 V reference voltage with a minimum temperature coefficient of 2.65 ppm/°C in the range of −40 to 125 °C. The minimum line sensitivity is 0.023%/V when supply voltage varies from 4.5 to 5.5 V. The BGR circuit area is 382 × 270 μm², and the BMIC area is 2.8 × 2.8 mm². Full article

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11 pages, 3343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel AlGaN/Si₃N₄ Compound Buffer Layer HEMT with Improved Breakdown Performances

by Jingwei Guo, Shengdong Hu, Ping Li, Jie Jiang, Ruoyu Wang, Yuan Wang and Hao Wu

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030464 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2370

Abstract

In this article, an AlGaN and Si₃N₄ compound buffer layer high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is proposed and analyzed through TCAD simulations. In the proposed HEMT, the Si₃N₄ insulating layer is partially buried between the AlGaN buffer [...] Read more.

In this article, an AlGaN and Si₃N₄ compound buffer layer high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is proposed and analyzed through TCAD simulations. In the proposed HEMT, the Si₃N₄ insulating layer is partially buried between the AlGaN buffer layer and AlN nucleating layer, which introduces a high electric field from the vertical field plate into the internal buffer region of the device. The compound buffer layer can significantly increase the breakdown performance without sacrificing any dynamic characteristics and increasing the difficulty in the fabrication process. The significant structural parameters are optimized and analyzed. The simulation results reveal that the proposed HEMT with a 6 μm gate-drain distance shows an OFF-state breakdown voltage (BV) of 881 V and a specific ON-state resistance (R_on,sp) of 3.27 mΩ·cm². When compared with the conventional field plate HEMT and drain connected field plate HEMT, the breakdown voltage could be increased by 148% and 94%, respectively. Full article

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9 pages, 12586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring Junction Temperature of RF MOSFET under Its Working Condition Using Fiber Bragg Grating

by Zhenmin Liu, Na Chen, Yong Liu, Zhenyi Chen, Fufei Pang and Tingyun Wang

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030463 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2469

Abstract

When a high-power radio frequency (RF) metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) works in low-efficiency situations, considerable power is dissipated into heat, resulting in an excessive junction temperature and a likely failure. In this study, an optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor [...] Read more.

When a high-power radio frequency (RF) metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) works in low-efficiency situations, considerable power is dissipated into heat, resulting in an excessive junction temperature and a likely failure. In this study, an optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor is installed on the die of a high-power RF MOSFET. The temperature change of RF MOSFET with the change of input signal is obtained by using the temperature frequency shift characteristic of the FBG reflected signal. Furthermore, the fast and repetitive capture of junction temperature by FBG reveals details of the temperature variation within each RF pulse, which is correctly correlated with input signals. The results show that besides monitoring the temperature accumulation of the chip for a long time, the FBG can also capture junction temperature details of the chip within each pulse period. Finally, a Cauer-type thermal model of the RF MOSFET was constructed based on the temperature information captured by the FBG. Full article

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12 pages, 4894 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screen-Printing of Functionalized MWCNT-PEDOT:PSS Based Solutions on Bendable Substrate for Ammonia Gas Sensing

by Direk Boonthum, Chutima Oopathump, Supasil Fuengfung, Patipak Phunudom, Ananya Thaibunnak, Nachapan Juntong, Suvanna Rungruang and Udomdej Pakdee

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030462 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2832

Abstract

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were grown on a stainless-steel foil by thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. The MWCNTs were functionalized with carboxylic groups (COOH) on their surfaces by using oxidation and acid (3:1 H₂SO₄/HNO₃) treatments for [...] Read more.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were grown on a stainless-steel foil by thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. The MWCNTs were functionalized with carboxylic groups (COOH) on their surfaces by using oxidation and acid (3:1 H₂SO₄/HNO₃) treatments for improving the solubility property of them in the solvent. The functionalized MWCNTs (f-MWCNTs) were conducted to prepare the solution by continuous stir in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG) and Triton X-100. The solution was deposited onto a bendable substrate such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with a fabricated silver interdigitated electrode for application in a room-temperature gas sensor. A homemade-doctor blade coater, an UNO R3 Arduino board and a L298N motor driver are presented as a suitable system for screen printing the solution onto the gas-sensing substrates. The different contents of f-MWCNTs embedded in PEDOT:PSS were compared in the gas response to ammonia (NH₃), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), benzene (C₆H₆), and acetone (C₃H₆O) vapors. The results demonstrate that the 3.0% v/v of f-MWCNT solution dissolved in 87.8% v/v of PEDOT:PSS, 5.4% v/v of DMSO, 3.6% v/v of EG and 0.2% v/v of Triton X-100 shows the highest response to 80 ppm NH₃. Finally, the reduction in the NH₃ response under heavy substrate-bending is also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Joint International Conference on Applied Physics and Materials Applications & Applied Magnetism and Ferroelectrics)

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