Life | July 2024 - Browse Articles

11 pages, 1324 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Open Renal Transplantation in Obese Patients: A Correlation Study between BMI and Early and Late Complications with Implementation of a Prognostic Risk Score

by Sara Marzorati, Domenico Iovino, Davide Inversini, Valentina Iori, Cristiano Parise, Federica Masci, Linda Liepa, Mauro Oltolina, Elia Zani, Caterina Franchi, Marika Morabito, Mattia Gritti, Caterina Di Bella, Silvia Bisogno, Alberto Mangano, Matteo Tozzi, Giulio Carcano and Giuseppe Ietto

Life 2024, 14(7), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070915 - 22 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Background: Obesity is a global epidemic that affects millions worldwide and can be a deterrent to surgical procedures in the population waiting for kidney transplantation. However, the literature on the topic is controversial. This study evaluates the impact of body mass index (BMI) [...] Read more.

Background: Obesity is a global epidemic that affects millions worldwide and can be a deterrent to surgical procedures in the population waiting for kidney transplantation. However, the literature on the topic is controversial. This study evaluates the impact of body mass index (BMI) on complications after renal transplantation, and identifies factors associated with major complications to develop a prognostic risk score. Methods: A correlation analysis between BMI and early and late complications was first performed, followed by a univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The 302 included patients were divided into obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) and non-obese (BMI ≤ 30 kg/m²) groups. Correlation analysis showed that delayed graft function (DGF) was the only obesity-associated complication (p = 0.044). Logistic regression analysis identified female sex, age ≥ 57 years, BMI ≥ 25 and ≥30 kg/m², previous abdominal and/or urinary system surgery, and Charlson morbidity Score ≥ 3 as risk factors for significant complications. Based on the analyzed data, we developed a nomogram and a prognostic risk score. Results: The model’s area (AUC) was 0.6457 (95% IC: 0.57; 0.72). The percentage of cases correctly identified by this model retrospectively applied to the entire cohort was 73.61%. Conclusions: A high BMI seems to be associated with an increased risk of DGF, but it does not appear to be a risk factor for other complications. Using an easy-to-use model, identification, and stratification of individualized risk factors could help to identify the need for interventions and, thus, improve patient eligibility and transplant outcomes. This could also contribute to maintaining an approach with high ethical standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Kidney Transplantation: What’s Hot and What’s New)

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4 pages, 198 KiB

Open AccessReply

Reply to Abid et al. Comment on “Aşır et al. Investigation of Vitamin D Levels in Men with Suspected Infertility. Life 2024, 14, 273”

by Fırat Aşır, Tuğcan Korak and Zuhal Çankırı

Life 2024, 14(7), 914; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070914 - 22 Jul 2024

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Abstract

In response to the insightful comments made by Dr. Abid et al. on our article “Investigation of Vitamin D Levels in Men with Suspected Infertility”, we address several key points concerning the generalizability and methodology of our study. Dr. Abid et al.’s critique [...] Read more.

In response to the insightful comments made by Dr. Abid et al. on our article “Investigation of Vitamin D Levels in Men with Suspected Infertility”, we address several key points concerning the generalizability and methodology of our study. Dr. Abid et al.’s critique primarily focused on the single-center nature of our research, regional variations in ultraviolet (UV) exposure, dietary factors affecting vitamin D levels, and the sample size of our study. We discuss the inherent value and controlled environment of single-center studies while acknowledging the need for multi-center validation. Additionally, we explain our consideration of sun exposure and dietary intake in our analysis, and recognize the importance of larger, more diverse studies to strengthen our findings. Our response aims to clarify these aspects and emphasize the significance of vitamin D in male infertility, encouraging further research in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Reproductive and Developmental Biology)

2 pages, 166 KiB

Open AccessComment

Comment on Aşır et al. Investigation of Vitamin D Levels in Men with Suspected Infertility. Life 2024, 14, 273

by Hiba Abid, Kainat Mehmood, Areeba Abid and Eisha Abid

Life 2024, 14(7), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070913 - 22 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 702

Abstract

We have reviewed the article “Investigation of Vitamin D Levels in Men with Suspected Infertility” by Fırat Aşır [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Reproductive and Developmental Biology)

24 pages, 1640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Pigment World: Life’s Origins as Photon-Dissipating Pigments

by Karo Michaelian

Life 2024, 14(7), 912; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070912 - 22 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Many of the fundamental molecules of life share extraordinary pigment-like optical properties in the long-wavelength UV-C spectral region. These include strong photon absorption and rapid (sub-pico-second) dissipation of the induced electronic excitation energy into heat through peaked conical intersections. These properties have been [...] Read more.

Many of the fundamental molecules of life share extraordinary pigment-like optical properties in the long-wavelength UV-C spectral region. These include strong photon absorption and rapid (sub-pico-second) dissipation of the induced electronic excitation energy into heat through peaked conical intersections. These properties have been attributed to a “natural selection” of molecules resistant to the dangerous UV-C light incident on Earth’s surface during the Archean. In contrast, the “thermodynamic dissipation theory for the origin of life” argues that, far from being detrimental, UV-C light was, in fact, the thermodynamic potential driving the dissipative structuring of life at its origin. The optical properties were thus the thermodynamic “design goals” of microscopic dissipative structuring of organic UV-C pigments, today known as the “fundamental molecules of life”, from common precursors under this light. This “UV-C Pigment World” evolved towards greater solar photon dissipation through more complex dissipative structuring pathways, eventually producing visible pigments to dissipate less energetic, but higher intensity, visible photons up to wavelengths of the “red edge”. The propagation and dispersal of organic pigments, catalyzed by animals, and their coupling with abiotic dissipative processes, such as the water cycle, culminated in the apex photon dissipative structure, today’s biosphere. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Origins of Life 2024)

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13 pages, 6027 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Coil Embolization Is Not Justified for Treating Patients with Veno-Occlusive Dysfunction: Case Series and Narrative Literature Review

by Ko-Shih Chang, Cho-Hsing Chung, Yi-Kai Chang, Geng-Long Hsu, Mang-Hung Tsai and Jeff SC Chueh

Life 2024, 14(7), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070911 - 22 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Introduction: Herein, we explore whether coil embolization (CE) is effective in treating veno-occlusive dysfunction (VOD). We present five cases with seven CE episodes and a narrative literature review. Methods: From 2013 to 2018, refractory impotence prompted five men to seek penile vascular stripping [...] Read more.

Introduction: Herein, we explore whether coil embolization (CE) is effective in treating veno-occlusive dysfunction (VOD). We present five cases with seven CE episodes and a narrative literature review. Methods: From 2013 to 2018, refractory impotence prompted five men to seek penile vascular stripping (PVS), although seven CE episodes were included. All received dual cavernosography in which erection-related veins and VOD were documented. PVS entailed the venous stripping of one deep dorsal vein and two cavernosal veins. The abridged five-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) score system and the erection hardness scale (EHS) were used, and yearly postoperative follow-ups were conducted via the Internet. Using Pub Med, a narrative literature review was performed on CE treatment for VOD or varicocele. Results: Inserted coils were scattered along the erection-related veins, including the deep dorsal veins (n = 4), periprostatic plexus (n = 5), iliac vein (n = 5), right pulmonary artery (n = 2), left pulmonary artery (n = 2), and right ventricle (n = 1). PVS resulted in some improvements in the IIEF-5 score and EHS scale. Six articles highly recommend CE treatment for VOD. All claimed it is a minimally invasive effective treatment for varicocele. Conclusions: CE is not justified as a VOD treatment, regardless of its viability in the treatment of varicocele. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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13 pages, 1765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute and Preventive Treatment of COVID-19-Related Headache: A Series of 100 Patients

by David García-Azorín, Claudia García-Ruiz, Álvaro Sierra-Mencía, Yésica González-Osorio, Andrea Recio-García, Ana González-Celestino, Cristina García-Iglesias, Álvaro Planchuelo-Gómez, Ana Echavarría Íñiguez and Ángel L. Guerrero-Peral

Life 2024, 14(7), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070910 - 22 Jul 2024

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Abstract

To describe the need and effectiveness of acute and preventive medications in a series of 100 consecutive patients referred due to COVID-19-related headaches. Patients were aged 48.0 (standard deviation (SD): 12.4), 84% were female, and 56% had a prior history of headache. The [...] Read more.

To describe the need and effectiveness of acute and preventive medications in a series of 100 consecutive patients referred due to COVID-19-related headaches. Patients were aged 48.0 (standard deviation (SD): 12.4), 84% were female, and 56% had a prior history of headache. The most common headache phenotype was holocranial (63%), frontal (48%), pressing (75%), of moderate intensity (7 out of 10), and accompanied by photophobia (58%). Acute medication was required by 93%, with paracetamol (46%) being the most frequently used drug, followed by ibuprofen (44%). The drugs with the highest proportion of a 2 h pain-freedom response were dexketoprofen (58.8%), triptans (57.7%), and ibuprofen (54.3%). Preventive treatment was required by 75% of patients. The most frequently used drugs were amitriptyline (66%), anesthetic blockades (18%), and onabotulinumtoxinA (11%). The drugs with the highest 50% responder rate were amitriptyline (45.5%), mirtazapine (50%), and anesthetic blockades (38.9%). The highest 75% responder rate was experienced following onabotulinumtoxinA (18.2%). In conclusion, most patients required acute medication, with triptans and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs achieving the best responses. Three-quarters of patients required preventive medication. The most frequently used drug was amitriptyline, which obtained the best results. In some treatment-resistant patients, anesthetic blockades and onabotulinumtoxinA were also beneficial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migraine Neuroscience: From Bench to Bedside)

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17 pages, 3245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Impact of Chemical Mutagens on the Phenological and Biochemical Characteristics of Two Varieties of Soybean (Glycine max L.)

by Anas Hamisu, Bhupendra Koul, Ananta Prasad Arukha, Saleh Al Nadhari and Muhammad Fazle Rabbee

Life 2024, 14(7), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070909 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 859

Abstract

Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency are the most important factors determining the success of mutation breeding, a coherent tool for quickly enhancing diversity in crops. This study was carried out at Lovely Professional University’s agricultural research farm in Punjab, India, during the year 2023. [...] Read more.

Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency are the most important factors determining the success of mutation breeding, a coherent tool for quickly enhancing diversity in crops. This study was carried out at Lovely Professional University’s agricultural research farm in Punjab, India, during the year 2023. The experimental design followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The experiment aimed to assess the effect of three chemical mutagens, sodium azide (SA), ethyl methyl sulphonates (EMSs), and methyl methane sulfonate (MMS), at three different concentrations (0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%), in SL958 and SL744 soybean varieties to select the mutant exhibiting the highest yield. The data were collected and analysed using a two-way ANOVA test through SPSS software (version 22), and the means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) at the 5% level of significance. Between the two varieties, the highest seed germination percentage (76.0% seedlings/plot) was recorded in SL958 (0.4% SA), while the lowest (30.33% seedlings/plot) was observed in 0.6% MMS as compared to the control (53% and 76% in SL744 and SL958 at 10 days after sowing, respectively). Several weeks after sowing, the average plant height was observed to be higher (37.84 ± 1.32 cm) in SL958 (0.4% SA) and lower (20.58 ± 0.30 cm) in SL744 (0.6% SA), as compared to the controls (SL958: 26.09 ± 0.62 cm and SL744: 27.48 ± 0.74 cm). The average leaf count was the highest (234.33 ± 3.09 tetrafoliate leaves/plant) in SL958 (0.4% SA) while it was the lowest (87 leaves/plant) in 0.6% MMS as compared to the control (SL744 180.00 ± 1.63 and SL958 160.73 ± 1.05). The highest total leaf areas recorded in the SL958 and SL744 M1plants were 3625.8 ± 1.43 cm² and 2311.03 ± 3.65 cm², respectively. Seeds of the SL958 variety treated with 0.4% SA resulted in the development of tetrafoliate leaves with a broad leaf base and the maximum yield (277.55 ± 1.37 pods/plant) compared to the narrow pentafoliate leaves obtained through the treatment with EMS. Meanwhile, in the SL744 variety, the same treatment led to tetrafoliate leaves with a comparatively lower yield of 206.54 ± 23.47 pods/plant as compared to the control (SL744 164.33 ± 8.58 and SL958 229.86 ± 0.96). The highest protein content (47.04 ± 0.87% TSP) was recorded in the SL958 (0.4% SA) M2 seeds followed by a content of 46.14 ± 0.64% TSP in the SL744 (0.4% SA) M2 seeds, whereas the lowest content (38.13 ± 0.81% TSP) was found in SL958 (0.6% MMS). Similar observations were recorded for the lipid and fibre content. The 0.4% SA treatment in SL958 proved to be efficient in generating the highest leaf area (tetrafoliate leaves) and a reasonable yield of M1 (the first generation after mutation) plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Environmental Factors on Challenges of Plant Breeding)

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22 pages, 7585 KiB

Open AccessReview

Comparing the Effect of Isoinertial Flywheel Training and Traditional Resistance Training on Maximal Strength and Muscle Power in Healthy People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Zhongzhong Hu, Yuhang Liu, Keke Huang, Hao Huang, Feng Li and Xiaoyi Yuan

Life 2024, 14(7), 908; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070908 - 21 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2046

Abstract

Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyze whether isoinertial flywheel training (FWT) is superior to traditional resistance training (TRT) in enhancing maximal strength and muscle power in healthy individuals. Methods: Electronic searches were conducted in the Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane [...] Read more.

Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyze whether isoinertial flywheel training (FWT) is superior to traditional resistance training (TRT) in enhancing maximal strength and muscle power in healthy individuals. Methods: Electronic searches were conducted in the Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus databases up to 21 April 2024. Outcomes were analyzed as continuous variables using either a random or fixed effects model to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: A total of sixteen articles, involving 341 subjects, met the inclusion criteria and were included in the statistical analyses. The pooled results indicate no statistically significant differences between FWT and TRT in developing maximal strength in healthy individuals (SMD = 0.24, 95% CI [−0.26, 0.74], p = 0.35). Additionally, the pooled outcomes showed a small-sized effect in muscle power with FWT (SMD = 0.47, 95% CI [0.10, 0.84]), which was significantly higher than that with TRT (p = 0.01) in healthy individuals. Subgroup analysis revealed that when the total number of FWT sessions is between 12 and 18 (1–3 times per week), it significantly improves muscle power (SMD = 0.61, 95% CI [0.12, 1.09]). Significant effects favoring FWT for muscle power were observed in both well-trained (SMD = 0.58, 95% CI [0.04, 1.13]) and untrained individuals (SMD = 1.40, 95% CI [0.23, 2.57]). In terms of exercise, performing flywheel training with squat and lunge exercises significantly enhances muscle power (SMD = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.02–0.84, and p = 0.04). Interestingly, FWT was superior to weight stack resistance training (SMD = 0.61, 95% CI [0.21, 1.00]) in enhancing muscle power, while no significant differences were found compared to barbell free weights training (SMD = 0.36, 95% CI [−0.22, 0.94]). Conclusions: This meta-analysis confirms the superiority of FWT compared to TRT in promoting muscle power in both healthy untrained and well-trained individuals. Squats and lunges for FWT are more suitable for improving lower limb explosive power. It is recommended that coaches and trainers implement FWT for six weeks, 2–3 times per week, with at least a 48 h interval between each session. Although FWT is not superior to free weights training, it is advisable to include FWT in sport periodization to diversify the training stimuli for healthy individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Exercise Physiology and Sports Performance)

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18 pages, 4900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of the Effects of Continuous Illumination and Day/Night Regimes on PHB Accumulation in Synechocystis Cells

by Christina Fleischhacker-Daffert, Antonia Zerobin, Ferdinand Hummel, Eva Slaninova, Zuzana Kroupová, Stanislav Obruca, Katerina Mrazova, Kamila Hrubanova, Vladislav Krzyzanek, Jana Nebesarova, Katharina Ludwig and Ines Fritz

Life 2024, 14(7), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070907 - 20 Jul 2024

Viewed by 955

Abstract

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is a biobased and biodegradable polymer with properties comparable to polypropylene and therefore has the potential to replace conventional plastics. PHB is intracellularly accumulated by prokaryotic organisms. For the cells PHB functions manly as carbon and energy source, but all possible [...] Read more.

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is a biobased and biodegradable polymer with properties comparable to polypropylene and therefore has the potential to replace conventional plastics. PHB is intracellularly accumulated by prokaryotic organisms. For the cells PHB functions manly as carbon and energy source, but all possible functions of PHB are still not known. Synechocystis (cyanobacteria) accumulates PHB using light as energy and CO₂ as carbon source. The main trigger for PHB accumulation in cyanobacteria is nitrogen and phosphorous depletion with simultaneous surplus of carbon and energy. For the above reasons, obtaining knowledge about external factors influencing PHB accumulation is of highest interest. This study compares the effect of continuous light exposure and day/night (16/8 h) cycles on selected physiology parameters of three Synechocystis strains. We show that continuous illumination at moderate light intensities leads to an increased PHB accumulation in Synechocystis salina CCALA 192 (max. 14.2% CDW – cell dry weight) compared to day/night cycles (3.7% CDW). In addition to PHB content, glycogen and cell size increased, while cell density and cell viability decreased. The results offer new approaches for further studies to gain deeper insights into the role of PHB in cyanobacteria to obtain bioplastics in a more sustainable and environmentally friendly way. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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19 pages, 1537 KiB

Open AccessReview

Understanding Galectin-3’s Role in Diastolic Dysfunction: A Contemporary Perspective

by Wen-Rui Hao, Chun-Han Cheng, Ju-Chi Liu, Huan-Yuan Chen, Jin-Jer Chen and Tzu-Hurng Cheng

Life 2024, 14(7), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070906 - 20 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1269

Abstract

Diastolic dysfunction, a prevalent condition characterized by impaired relaxation and filling of the left ventricle, significantly contributes to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Galectin-3, a β-galactoside-binding lectin, has garnered attention as a potential biomarker and mediator of fibrosis and inflammation in [...] Read more.

Diastolic dysfunction, a prevalent condition characterized by impaired relaxation and filling of the left ventricle, significantly contributes to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Galectin-3, a β-galactoside-binding lectin, has garnered attention as a potential biomarker and mediator of fibrosis and inflammation in cardiovascular diseases. This comprehensive review investigates the impact of galectin-3 on diastolic dysfunction. We explore its molecular mechanisms, including its involvement in cellular signaling pathways and interaction with components of the extracellular matrix. Evidence from both animal models and clinical studies elucidates galectin-3’s role in cardiac remodeling, inflammation, and fibrosis, shedding light on the underlying pathophysiology of diastolic dysfunction. Additionally, we examine the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of galectin-3 in diastolic dysfunction, emphasizing its potential as both a biomarker and a therapeutic target. This review underscores the significance of comprehending galectin-3’s role in diastolic dysfunction and its promise in enhancing diagnosis and treatment approaches for HFpEF patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Review Papers for Life)

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11 pages, 1075 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Genetic Roles of Diet and Other Modifiable Risk Factors in the Risk of Angina: A Causal Investigation Using Mendelian Randomization in UK Biobank and FinnGen Cohorts

by Essam Al Ageeli

Life 2024, 14(7), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070905 - 20 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Background: Angina pectoris, a debilitating manifestation of coronary artery disease, has been associated with various modifiable risk factors. However, the causal underpinnings of these associations remain unclear. This study leveraged Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the causal roles of dietary patterns, smoking behaviors, [...] Read more.

Background: Angina pectoris, a debilitating manifestation of coronary artery disease, has been associated with various modifiable risk factors. However, the causal underpinnings of these associations remain unclear. This study leveraged Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the causal roles of dietary patterns, smoking behaviors, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity in the development of angina. Methods: Two-sample MR analyses were performed using summary-level data from large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and biobank resources, including the UK Biobank (UKB) and FinnGen cohorts. Genetic variants associated with various types of exposure such as fruit and salad intake, smoking initiation and intensity, BMI, and physical activity were used as instrumental variables, and their causal effects on angina risk were assessed. Results: In the UKB cohort (336,683 individuals, 10,618 cases), genetically proxied fruit (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.93–0.97) and cheese intake (OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97–0.99) were associated with decreased angina risk, while smoking initiation (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.002–1.012), maternal smoking (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.03–1.09), and BMI (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.01–1.02) were associated with increased risk. In the FinnGen cohort (206,008 individuals, 18,168 cases), fruit (OR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.17–0.53) and salad intake (OR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.12–0.55) were found to be protective, while smoking initiation (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.04–1.37) and intensity (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.04–1.26) and BMI (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.18–1.47) increased angina risk. Conclusions: This study provides robust evidence for the causal roles of various modifiable risk factors associated with angina development, highlighting the potential benefits of dietary interventions that promote increased fruit and vegetable consumption, smoking cessation, and weight management to mitigate angina risk. Further investigation is needed to generalize these findings to populations with diverse genetic backgrounds, lifestyles, and environmental exposures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics and Genomics)

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17 pages, 4381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Hulless Barley Transcriptomes to Regulatory Effects of Phosphorous Deficiency

by Likun An, Ziao Wang, Yongmei Cui, Yixiong Bai, Youhua Yao, Xiaohua Yao and Kunlun Wu

Life 2024, 14(7), 904; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070904 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 601

Abstract

Hulless barley is a cold-resistant crop widely planted in the northwest plateau of China. It is also the main food crop in this region. Phosphorus (P), as one of the important essential nutrient elements, regulates plant growth and defense. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

Hulless barley is a cold-resistant crop widely planted in the northwest plateau of China. It is also the main food crop in this region. Phosphorus (P), as one of the important essential nutrient elements, regulates plant growth and defense. This study aimed to analyze the development and related molecular mechanisms of hulless barley under P deficiency and explore the regulatory genes so as to provide a basis for subsequent molecular breeding research. Transcriptome analysis was performed on the root and leaf samples of hulless barley cultured with different concentrations of KH₂PO₄ (1 mM and 10 μM) Hoagland solution. A total of 46,439 genes were finally obtained by the combined analysis of leaf and root samples. Among them, 325 and 453 genes had more than twofold differences in expression. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) mainly participated in the abiotic stress biosynthetic process through Gene Ontology prediction. Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes showed that DEGs were mainly involved in photosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, glycolysis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and synthesis of metabolites. These pathways also appeared in other abiotic stresses. Plants initiated multiple hormone synergistic regulatory mechanisms to maintain growth under P-deficient conditions. Transcription factors (TFs) also proved these predictions. The enrichment of ARR-B TFs, which positively regulated the phosphorelay-mediated cytokinin signal transduction, and some other TFs (AP2, GRAS, and ARF) was related to plant hormone regulation. Some DEGs showed different values in their FPKM (fragment per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads), but the expression trends of genes responding to stress and phosphorylation remained highly consistent. Therefore, in the case of P deficiency, the first response of plants was the expression of stress-related genes. The effects of this stress on plant metabolites need to be further studied to improve the relevant regulatory mechanisms so as to further understand the importance of P in the development and stress resistance of hulless barley. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Science)

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13 pages, 836 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diabetes Mellitus and Gynecological and Inflammation Disorders Increased the Risk of Pregnancy Loss in a Population Study

by Chun-Gu Cheng, Sheng-Hua Su, Wu-Chien Chien, Ryan Chen, Chi-Hsiang Chung and Chun-An Cheng

Life 2024, 14(7), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070903 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 763

Abstract

(1) Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) induces oxidative stress and inflammation with negative effect on pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to determine whether DM increases the risk of pregnancy loss and to identify other potential risk factors; (2) Methods: We identified female patients diagnosed [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) induces oxidative stress and inflammation with negative effect on pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to determine whether DM increases the risk of pregnancy loss and to identify other potential risk factors; (2) Methods: We identified female patients diagnosed with DM from 2000–2015 in the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database according to the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, Clinical Modification (ICD-9 CM) code 250. The event was pregnancy loss, defined as ICD-9 CM codes 630–639, which was tracked until 31 December 2015. The control group included 4-fold more non-DM female patients who were matched for age and disease severity. Multivariate Cox regression was employed to determine the risk factors associated with pregnancy loss; (3) Results: The hazard ratio (HR) for the risk of pregnancy loss due to DM was 1.407 (95% confidence interval: 1.099–1.801, p = 0.007), and the risk factors for older age, gynecological disorders and inflammation disorders were included. (4) Conclusions: The study concluded that women with DM have a greater risk of experiencing pregnancy loss. Healthcare providers should proactively manage and educate diabetic patients to reduce their risk of pregnancy loss. Understanding other probable risk factors can help in developing targeted interventions and support systems for women to improve pregnancy outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obstetrics and Gynecology Medicine: Go From Bench to Bedside)

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20 pages, 1206 KiB

Open AccessReview

Neonatal Gut Mycobiome: Immunity, Diversity of Fungal Strains, and Individual and Non-Individual Factors

by Alexandra Mpakosi, Rozeta Sokou, Martha Theodoraki and Christiana Kaliouli-Antonopoulou

Life 2024, 14(7), 902; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070902 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1099

Abstract

The human gastrointestinal ecosystem, or microbiome (comprising the total bacterial genome in an environment), plays a crucial role in influencing host physiology, immune function, metabolism, and the gut–brain axis. While bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea are all present in the gastrointestinal ecosystem, research [...] Read more.

The human gastrointestinal ecosystem, or microbiome (comprising the total bacterial genome in an environment), plays a crucial role in influencing host physiology, immune function, metabolism, and the gut–brain axis. While bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea are all present in the gastrointestinal ecosystem, research on the human microbiome has predominantly focused on the bacterial component. The colonization of the human intestine by microbes during the first two years of life significantly impacts subsequent composition and diversity, influencing immune system development and long-term health. Early-life exposure to pathogens is crucial for establishing immunological memory and acquired immunity. Factors such as maternal health habits, delivery mode, and breastfeeding duration contribute to gut dysbiosis. Despite fungi’s critical role in health, particularly for vulnerable newborns, research on the gut mycobiome in infants and children remains limited. Understanding early-life factors shaping the gut mycobiome and its interactions with other microbial communities is a significant research challenge. This review explores potential factors influencing the gut mycobiome, microbial kingdom interactions, and their connections to health outcomes from childhood to adulthood. We identify gaps in current knowledge and propose future research directions in this complex field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Microbiology)

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23 pages, 1839 KiB

Open AccessReview

Genetic Diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi in the United States of America: The Least Endemic Country for Chagas Disease

by Arnau Llovera, Alba Abras, Anna Fernández-Arévalo, Cristina Ballart, Sandra Heras, Carmen Muñoz and Montserrat Gállego

Life 2024, 14(7), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070901 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1150

Abstract

Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and endemic in Latin America, has become an emergent health problem in non-endemic countries due to human migration. The United States (US) is the non-Latin American country with the highest CD burden and cannot be considered [...] Read more.

Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and endemic in Latin America, has become an emergent health problem in non-endemic countries due to human migration. The United States (US) is the non-Latin American country with the highest CD burden and cannot be considered as non-endemic, since triatomine vectors and reservoir animals have been found. Populations of T. cruzi are divided into genetic subdivisions, which are known as discrete typing units (DTUs): TcI to TcVI and TcBat. Autochthonous human T. cruzi infection in the US is sporadic, but it may change due to environmental factors affecting the geographic distribution of triatomines. We aimed to perform a literature review of the genetic diversity of T. cruzi in triatomine vectors and mammalian hosts, including human cases, in the US. The 34 analyzed studies revealed the presence of T. cruzi in 18 states, which was mainly concentrated in Texas, Louisiana and New Mexico. TcI and TcIV were the principal DTUs identified, being TcI the most genotyped (42.4%; 917/2164). This study represents a first attempt to compile the molecular epidemiology of T. cruzi in the US, which is fundamental for predicting the progression of the infection in the country and could be of great help in its future management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease: Focus on Diagnosis and Genetic Characterization of the Parasites)

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21 pages, 25461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical Analysis of Centaurea calcitrapa L. Aerial Flowering Parts Serial Solvent Extracts and Its Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities

by Alsayed E. Mekky, Ebrahim Saied, Eslam S. Abdelmouty, Muhammad I. Haggag, Mohamed Khedr, Ashjan F. Khalel, Mahmoud M. Al-Habibi, Shimaa A. Metwally, Ahmad El Askary, Abeer Mahmoud Mohammad, Wafa A. Alshehri, Ahmed I. Sharahili, Nehal M. Khairy, Ahmed E. M. Abdelaziz and Nashaat N. Mahmoud

Life 2024, 14(7), 900; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070900 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 997

Abstract

To evaluate the phytochemical composition, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity of successive extracts of Centaurea calcitrapa L. (C. calcitrapa) aerial flowering parts, they were assessed in vitro. Using a spectrophotometer, the sample absorbance at 517 nm was used to quantify the scavenging [...] Read more.

To evaluate the phytochemical composition, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity of successive extracts of Centaurea calcitrapa L. (C. calcitrapa) aerial flowering parts, they were assessed in vitro. Using a spectrophotometer, the sample absorbance at 517 nm was used to quantify the scavenging activity. The negative control was DPPH. In the current study, the diffusion using agar wells technique was adapted to measure antimicrobial activity. Phytochemical analysis was performed using the recommended standard procedures. The methanol extract of C. calcitrapa exhibited high levels of total phenolic acids expressed as gallic acid (GA), measured as (97.25 ± 0.73 mg GAE/g) content compared to the chloroform, acetyl acetate, and aqueous extracts (27.42 ± 0.29, 64.25 ± 0.96, and 17.25 ± 0.73 mg GAE/g), respectively. Additionally, the methanol extract had a higher total tannin (27.52 ± 0.53 mg TAE/g) content compared to the chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts (12.02 ± 0.55, 26.01 ± 0.81, and 7.35 ± 0.56 mg TAE/g), respectively, while the aqueous extract contains a lower percentage of flavonoids (141.10 ± 1.31 mg RTE/g) compared to the higher content achieved by the methanol extract (425.93 ± 1.27 mg RTE/g). The hydroxyl groups of the flavonoid and the phenolic compounds found in C. calcitrapa are essentially scavenging free radicals. Radical scavenging activity was highest in the methanol extract (IC50 = 2.82 μg/mL), aqueous extract (IC50 = 8.03 μg/mL), ethyl acetate extract (IC50 = 4.79 μg/mL), and chloroform extract (IC50 = 6.33 μg/mL), as compared to the standard scavenging activity (IC50 = 2.52 μg/mL). The antibacterial properties of C. calcitrapa against Gram-negative bacterial strains Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Acinetobacter baumanii, in addition to Gram-positive strains Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus, revealed inhibition zone diameter. The findings of this investigation establish that the aerial flowering parts of C. calcitrapa have substantial antibacterial action against human infections, and the plant can serve as a significant antioxidant that can be employed to prevent and treat severe degenerative diseases brought on by oxidative stress. qPCR showed that C. calcitrapa extracts elevate both SOD1 and SOD2 (cellular oxidation markers) with remarkable folds (1.8-fold for SOD1 and SOD2) with ethyl acetate plant extract against ascorbic acid as a control. This result reflects that C. calcitrapa extracts have remarkable antioxidant activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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23 pages, 3503 KiB

Open AccessReview

Endotyping Chronic Respiratory Diseases: T2 Inflammation in the United Airways Model

by Pasquale Ambrosino, Giuseppina Marcuccio, Giuseppina Raffio, Roberto Formisano, Claudio Candia, Fabio Manzo, Germano Guerra, Ennio Lubrano, Costantino Mancusi and Mauro Maniscalco

Life 2024, 14(7), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070899 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1283

Abstract

Over the past 15 years, the paradigm of viewing the upper and lower airways as a unified system has progressively shifted the approach to chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs). As the global prevalence of CRDs continues to increase, it becomes evident that acknowledging the [...] Read more.

Over the past 15 years, the paradigm of viewing the upper and lower airways as a unified system has progressively shifted the approach to chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs). As the global prevalence of CRDs continues to increase, it becomes evident that acknowledging the presence of airway pathology as an integrated entity could profoundly impact healthcare resource allocation and guide the implementation of pharmacological and rehabilitation strategies. In the era of precision medicine, endotyping has emerged as another novel approach to CRDs, whereby pathologies are categorized into distinct subtypes based on specific molecular mechanisms. This has contributed to the growing acknowledgment of a group of conditions that, in both the upper and lower airways, share a common type 2 (T2) inflammatory signature. These diverse pathologies, ranging from allergic rhinitis to severe asthma, frequently coexist and share diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic strategies targeting common molecular pathways. Thus, T2 inflammation may serve as a unifying endotypic trait for the upper and lower airways, reinforcing the practical significance of the united airways model. This review aims to summarize the literature on the role of T2 inflammation in major CRDs, emphasizing the value of common biomarkers and integrated treatment strategies targeting shared molecular mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Biomarkers: Recent Findings and Application in Pathological Condition Detection—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 445 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sports Injuries in Basketball Players: A Systematic Review

by Nikola Aksović, Saša Bubanj, Bojan Bjelica, Miodrag Kocić, Ljubiša Lilić, Milan Zelenović, Dušan Stanković, Filip Milanović, Lazar Pajović, Ilma Čaprić, Vladan Milić, Tatiana Dobrescu and Constantin Sufaru

Life 2024, 14(7), 898; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070898 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 4200

Abstract

(1) Background: The objective of this systematic review was to collect relevant data in the available contemporary studies about sports injuries of basketball players and explain differences in sports injuries relative to gender, location, sport, and position on the court; (2) Methods: The [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The objective of this systematic review was to collect relevant data in the available contemporary studies about sports injuries of basketball players and explain differences in sports injuries relative to gender, location, sport, and position on the court; (2) Methods: The papers were searched digitally using PubMed, MEDLINE, ERIC, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases, from 1990 to 2024; (3) Results: The most frequent severe injuries for both genders are knee and ankle injuries and the most frequent forms of injury are ankle sprain and ligament strain. The most frequent injuries occur during running and after contact with the ball. Shooting guards sustain the highest injury rate followed by centers and point guards, while guards have the highest rate of adductor muscle injury; and (4) Conclusions: Studies indicate that ankle and knee injuries are prevalent among basketball players, with ankle sprains being particularly prevalent. Knee injuries are more common in female basketball players, including ACL injuries. Various factors contribute to injuries, including the biomechanics of jumping, landing, sudden changes in direction, and the physical demands placed on the body during the game. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Knee Biomechanics)

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9 pages, 1090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Results of Developing Imaging Complexity Biomarkers for the Incidence of Severe Radiation Pneumonitis Following Radiotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients with Underlying Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

by Jeongeun Hwang, Hakyoung Kim, Sun Myung Kim and Dae Sik Yang

Life 2024, 14(7), 897; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070897 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 960

Abstract

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has the potential to cause fatal pulmonary toxicity after radiotherapy and can increase the morbidity and mortality of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. In this context, we aimed to develop imaging complexity biomarkers to predict the incidence of [...] Read more.

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has the potential to cause fatal pulmonary toxicity after radiotherapy and can increase the morbidity and mortality of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. In this context, we aimed to develop imaging complexity biomarkers to predict the incidence of severe pulmonary toxicity in patients with NSCLC who have underlying IPF and are treated with radiotherapy. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 19 patients with NSCLC who had underlying IPF and were treated with radiotherapy at the Korea University Guro Hospital between March 2018 and December 2022. To quantify the morphometric complexity of the lung parenchyma, box-counting fractal dimensions and lacunarity analyses were performed on pre-radiotherapy simulation chest computed tomography scans. Results: Of the 19 patients, the incidence of grade 3 or higher radiation pneumonitis was observed in 8 (42.1%). After adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, histology, and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, eight patients with a lower fractal dimension showed a significantly higher hazard ratio of 7.755 (1.168–51.51) for grade 3 or higher pneumonitis than those with a higher fractal dimension. Patients with lower lacunarity exhibited significantly lower hazards in all models, both with and without adjustments. The lower-than-median lacunarity group also showed significantly lower incidence curves for all models built in this study. Conclusions: We devised a technique for quantifying morphometric complexity in NSCLC patients with IPF on radiotherapy and discovered lacunarity as a potential imaging biomarker for grade 3 or higher pneumonitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Medical Research: 3rd Edition)

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12 pages, 495 KiB

Open AccessReview

Understanding the Landscape of Multi-Cancer Detection Tests: The Current Data and Clinical Considerations

by Cody E. Cotner and Elizabeth O’Donnell

Life 2024, 14(7), 896; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070896 - 19 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1440

Abstract

Multi-cancer detection (MCD) tests are blood-based assays that screen for multiple cancers concurrently and offer a promising approach to improve early cancer detection and screening uptake. To date, there have been two prospective interventional studies evaluating MCD tests as a screening tool in [...] Read more.

Multi-cancer detection (MCD) tests are blood-based assays that screen for multiple cancers concurrently and offer a promising approach to improve early cancer detection and screening uptake. To date, there have been two prospective interventional studies evaluating MCD tests as a screening tool in human subjects. No MCD tests are currently approved by the FDA, but there is one commercially available MCD test. Ongoing trials continue to assess the efficacy, safety, and cost implications of MCD tests. In this review, we discuss the performance of CancerSEEK and Galleri, two leading MCD platforms, and discuss the clinical consideration for the broader application of this new technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches to Early Cancer Detection)

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4 pages, 177 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Feature Paper in Oral Physiology and Pathology

by Giuseppe Minervini

Life 2024, 14(7), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070895 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 689

Abstract

In the realm of life sciences, the journal ‘Life’ has consistently served as a beacon for groundbreaking research and scientific discovery [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology)

10 pages, 619 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Current Role of Single-Site Robotic Approach in Liver Resection: A Systematic Review

by Simone Guadagni, Annalisa Comandatore, Niccolò Furbetta, Gregorio Di Franco, Bianca Bechini, Filippo Vagelli, Niccolò Ramacciotti, Matteo Palmeri, Giulio Di Candio, Elisa Giovannetti and Luca Morelli

Life 2024, 14(7), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070894 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 898

Abstract

Background: Liver resection is a critical surgical procedure for treating various hepatic pathologies. Minimally invasive approaches have gradually gained importance, and, in recent years, the introduction of robotic surgery has transformed the surgical landscape, providing potential advantages such as enhanced precision and stable [...] Read more.

Background: Liver resection is a critical surgical procedure for treating various hepatic pathologies. Minimally invasive approaches have gradually gained importance, and, in recent years, the introduction of robotic surgery has transformed the surgical landscape, providing potential advantages such as enhanced precision and stable ergonomic vision. Among robotic techniques, the single-site approach has garnered increasing attention due to its potential to minimize surgical trauma and improve cosmetic outcomes. However, the full extent of its utility and efficacy in liver resection has yet to be thoroughly explored. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive systematic review to evaluate the current role of the single-site robotic approach in liver resection. A detailed search of PubMed was performed to identify relevant studies published up to January 2024. Eligible studies were critically appraised, and data concerning surgical outcomes, perioperative parameters, and post-operative complications were extracted and analyzed. Results: Our review synthesizes evidence from six studies, encompassing a total of seven cases undergoing robotic single-site hepatic resection (SSHR) using various versions of the da Vinci© system. Specifically, the procedures included five left lateral segmentectomy, one right hepatectomy, and one caudate lobe resection. We provide a summary of the surgical techniques, indications, selection criteria, and outcomes associated with this approach. Conclusion: The single-site robotic approach represents an option among the minimally invasive approaches in liver surgery. However, although the feasibility has been demonstrated, further studies are needed to elucidate its optimal utilization, long-term outcomes, and comparative effectiveness against the other techniques. This systematic review provides valuable insights into the current state of single-site robotic liver resection and underscores the need for continued research in this rapidly evolving field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Robot-Assisted Surgery: New Trends and Solutions)

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12 pages, 3000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of VESsel GENeration with Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography and Fluorescein Angiography for Detection and Quantification of Vascular Changes in Mild and Moderate Diabetic Retinopathy

by Mariana DuPont, Edmund Arthur, Yazen Shihab, Madelyn Kenny, Swetha Ravichandran, Patricia Parsons-Wingerter, Ruchi Vyas, Matthew C. Murray, Marina Predovic, Shiyin Lim, Nicole Jacobs, Sneha Ramesh, Amanda Vu, Srinivaas Sekaran, Kakarla V. Chalam, Ramana S. Moorthy, Jason Crosson, John Mason and Maria B. Grant

Life 2024, 14(7), 893; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070893 - 18 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1089

Abstract

(1) Background: Previously, VESsel GENeration (VESGEN) software was used to map and quantify vascular changes observed on fluorescein angiography (FA) in subjects (n = 15 eyes) with retinal pathology ranging from mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). In the [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Previously, VESsel GENeration (VESGEN) software was used to map and quantify vascular changes observed on fluorescein angiography (FA) in subjects (n = 15 eyes) with retinal pathology ranging from mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). In the current study, we used VESGEN for the assessment of individuals with early-stage NPDR imaged by FA (Cohort 1) and by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA; Cohort 2). (2) Methods: Cohort 1 included type 2 diabetics (T2D), represented 21 eyes (ranging from no DR to moderate DR), and also included nondiabetic controls (NDC; n = 15 eyes). Cohort 2 consisted of 23 eyes from T2D subjects (including no DR subjects and moderate DR subjects) and NDC (n = 18 eyes). (3) Results: In the FA-VESGEN study, total tortuosity (Tv) of microvessels (G ≥ 6) increased in T2D with mild DR compared to the controls. In contrast, the VESGEN analysis of OCTA images showed that vessel length (characterized as density) was lower in T2D subjects before the diagnosis of DR and following the diagnosis of DR when compared to the controls. Additionally, T2D showed a significant decrease in vessel area (density). (4) Conclusions: FA elucidated the vessel morphology of small-generation microvessels to a greater degree than OCTA; however, OCTA identified changes in vessel density better than FA. VESGEN analysis can be used with both standard FA and OCTA to facilitate our understanding of early events in DR, including before the clinical diagnosis of DR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutics)

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19 pages, 330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Between-Session Reliability of Athletic Performance and Injury Mitigation Measures in Female Adolescent Athletes in the United States

by Emily Franklin, Georgina K. Stebbings, Christopher I. Morse, Adam Runacres and Thomas Dos’Santos

Life 2024, 14(7), 892; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070892 - 18 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1009

Abstract

Adolescence is a fundamental period for female athletes to develop athletic performance, mitigate injury risk, and gain collegiate sport scholarships, but there is also a high incidence of sport-related injuries. Physical profiling and athlete screening can support the individualisation of training programmes; however, [...] Read more.

Adolescence is a fundamental period for female athletes to develop athletic performance, mitigate injury risk, and gain collegiate sport scholarships, but there is also a high incidence of sport-related injuries. Physical profiling and athlete screening can support the individualisation of training programmes; however, there is a lack of data pertaining to the reliability of athletic performance and injury surrogate measures in adolescent female athletes. The aim of this study was to quantify the between-session reliability of an athletic performance and injury mitigation testing battery in female adolescent athletes. A total of 31 post-peak height velocity (PHV) (3.00 ± 0.82 years) female athletes (age: 16.20 ± 1.20 years; standing height: 166.00 ± 6.00 cm; mass: 65.5 ± 10.70 kg) from various sports (track and field = 1; lacrosse = 2; basketball = 2; soccer = 3; softball = 11; volleyball = 12) completed two sessions of a multicomponent testing battery 48 h to 1 week apart including the assessment of 33 measures addressing lower-limb isometric strength, eccentric strength, reactive strength, linear sprint and change of direction speed, and lower limb control. Of the 33 measures, between sessions, 29 had a high to nearly perfect intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (0.508–0.979), and 26 measures were not statistically significantly different between sessions (p ≤ 0.05). All measures demonstrated low to acceptable coefficient variation (CV%) (0.61–14.70%). The testing battery used can be utilised for recruitment and longitudinal monitoring within sports organisations for female adolescent athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

25 pages, 501 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Mobile Application Applied for Cognitive Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review

by Su-Min Cha

Life 2024, 14(7), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070891 - 18 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1323

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the demand for home rehabilitation services, leading to the development and rising demand for cognitive rehabilitation apps. However, a comprehensive analysis of the content and effectiveness of these apps is needed. This study systematically reviewed and analyzed the [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the demand for home rehabilitation services, leading to the development and rising demand for cognitive rehabilitation apps. However, a comprehensive analysis of the content and effectiveness of these apps is needed. This study systematically reviewed and analyzed the literature on mobile apps for cognitive rehabilitation. One researcher and an external expert conducted the study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment following the PRISMA Checklist 2020 guidelines. Our review of 18 studies identified 8 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (44.44%) of high quality and 10 non-RCT studies (55.56%) of moderate quality. Overall, 16 of the 18 studies (88.88%) demonstrated positive clinical implications for cognitive function after using cognitive rehabilitation apps. Eight studies showed a correlation between app use and improved cognitive function, and four highlighted the potential for cognitive function evaluation through apps. All studies employed various occupational therapy (OT) intervention approaches, with prevention being the most common (100%), followed by establishment and restoration (83.33%), maintenance (77.77%), and creation and promotion (38.88%). This study clinically validates the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation mobile applications from an occupational therapy perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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13 pages, 548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Occurrence of Enterococci in the Process of Artisanal Cheesemaking and Their Antimicrobial Resistance

by Zuzana Hanzelová, Eva Dudriková, Viera Lovayová, Jana Výrostková, Ivana Regecová, František Zigo and Klára Bartáková

Life 2024, 14(7), 890; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070890 - 18 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1179

Abstract

Enterococci are a group of microorganisms that have a controversial position from some scientific points of view. The species of the greatest clinical importance are E. faecalis and E. faecium, which are common agents of nosocomial infections. However, enterococci also have important [...] Read more.

Enterococci are a group of microorganisms that have a controversial position from some scientific points of view. The species of the greatest clinical importance are E. faecalis and E. faecium, which are common agents of nosocomial infections. However, enterococci also have important applications in the dairy industry, as they are used as non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) in a variety of cheeses, especially artisanal cheeses. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of representatives from the Enterococcus genus using PCR and MALDI-TOF MS methods on samples of raw milk, processing environment swabs, and cheese from four different artisanal dairy plants in Slovakia. Among the 136 isolates of enterococci, 9 species of genus Enterococci (E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans, E. devriesi, E. hirae, E. italicus, E. casseliflavus, E. malodoratus, and E. gallinarum) were identified and were tested for their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to 8 antibiotics (amoxicillin, penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, levofloxacin, vancomycin, rifampicin, and tetracycline); most of them were resistant to rifampicin (35.3%), ampicillin (22.8%), and tetracycline (19.9%). A PCR analysis of vanA (4.41%) and tetM (14.71%) revealed that antimicrobial resistance genes were present in not only phenotypic resistant isolates of enterococci but also susceptible isolates. The investigation of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci during the cheesemaking process can be a source of valuable information for public health in the concept of “One Health”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Microbiological Contamination)

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9 pages, 496 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Neutrophyl-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictor of Ovarian Torsion in Children: Results of a Multicentric Study

by Carlos Delgado-Miguel, Javier Arredondo-Montero, Julio César Moreno-Alfonso, María San Basilio, Raquel Peña Pérez, Noela Carrera, Pablo Aguado, Ennio Fuentes, Ricardo Díez and Francisco Hernández-Oliveros

Life 2024, 14(7), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070889 - 18 Jul 2024

Viewed by 710

Abstract

Introduction: Pediatric ovarian torsion (OT) is an emergency condition that remains challenging to diagnose because of its overall unspecific clinical presentation. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of clinical, ultrasound, and inflammatory laboratory markers in pediatric OT. Methods: [...] Read more.

Introduction: Pediatric ovarian torsion (OT) is an emergency condition that remains challenging to diagnose because of its overall unspecific clinical presentation. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of clinical, ultrasound, and inflammatory laboratory markers in pediatric OT. Methods: We performed a retrospective multicentric case–control study in patients with clinical and ultrasound suspicion of OT, in whom surgical examination was performed between 2016–2022 in seven pediatric hospitals. Patients were divided into two groups according to intraoperative findings: OT group (ovarian torsion), defined as torsion of the ovarian axis at least 360°, and non-OT group (no torsion). Demographics, clinical, ultrasound, and laboratory features at admission were analyzed. The diagnostic yield analysis was performed using logistic regression models, and the results were represented by ROC curves. Results: We included a total of 110 patients (75 in OT group; 35 in non-OT group), with no demographic or clinical differences between them. OT-group patients had shorter time from symptom onset (8 vs. 12 h; p = 0.023), higher ultrasound median ovarian volume (63 vs. 51 mL; p = 0.013), and a significant increase in inflammatory markers (leukocytes, neutrophils, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein) when compared to the non-OT group. In the ROC curve analysis, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) presented the highest AUC (0.918), with maximum sensitivity (92.4%) and specificity (90.1%) at the cut-off point NLR = 2.57. Conclusions: NLR can be considered as a useful predictor of pediatric OT in cases with clinical and ultrasound suspicion. Values above 2.57 may help to anticipate urgent surgical treatment in these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obstetrics and Gynecology Medicine: Go From Bench to Bedside)

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14 pages, 14897 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Conformity of Three Pre-Contoured Clavicular Plates Compared Using Personalized 3D-Printed Models of Clavicles from Patients

by Hyun Seok Song, Yongwon Joh and Hyungsuk Kim

Life 2024, 14(7), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070888 - 18 Jul 2024

Viewed by 694

Abstract

The human clavicle’s unique S-shaped, three-dimensional structure complicates fracture management. This study evaluated the anatomical conformity of pre-contoured anatomical plates using 3D-printed clavicle models. CT scans from 30 patients (15 males and 15 females) were used to create these models. Three brands of [...] Read more.

The human clavicle’s unique S-shaped, three-dimensional structure complicates fracture management. This study evaluated the anatomical conformity of pre-contoured anatomical plates using 3D-printed clavicle models. CT scans from 30 patients (15 males and 15 females) were used to create these models. Three brands of distal clavicle plate systems (Acumed, Synthes, and Arthrex) were tested for fit. Measurements included the distance from the distal end of the clavicle to the plate’s lateral end, the gap between the clavicle and the plate, and the overhang distance. Results showed significant differences in clavicle length between sexes, with men having a mean length of 156.1 ± 7.6 mm and women 138.4 ± 4.3 mm, both with normal distribution (p > 0.05). The mean lateral distance was 7.9 ± 1.7 mm, and the mean medial gap was 3.6 ± 3.0 mm, showing no significant differences between products or sexes. The mean overhang distance was 5.8 ± 4.6 mm, with larger values in women for the Acumed (p = 0.037) and Arthrex (p = 0.000) plates. Overall, pre-contoured plates exhibited notable discrepancies, especially in shorter clavicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Strategies in Fracture Treatments)

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14 pages, 1331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Algorithm-Based Modular Psychotherapy Alleviates Brain Inflammation in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

by Szabolcs Kéri, Alexander Kancsev and Oguz Kelemen

Life 2024, 14(7), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070887 - 18 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1596

Abstract

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is marked by prolonged and excessive worry, physical signs of anxiety, and associated neuroinflammation. Traditional treatments, like pharmacotherapy and cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT), often leave residual symptoms and have high relapse rates. This study aimed to explore the efficacy of [...] Read more.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is marked by prolonged and excessive worry, physical signs of anxiety, and associated neuroinflammation. Traditional treatments, like pharmacotherapy and cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT), often leave residual symptoms and have high relapse rates. This study aimed to explore the efficacy of algorithm-based modular psychotherapy (MoBa), a combination of CBT and mindfulness meditation as validated by the research domain criteria (RDoC), in reducing anxiety and neuroinflammation in GAD. A longitudinal design was used, with 50 patients with GAD undergoing a 12-week MoBa treatment. The patients were investigated pre- and post-treatment using MRI to measure neuroinflammatory markers (DBSI-RF, diffusion-basis spectral imaging-based restricted fraction) in the hippocampus, amygdala, and neocortex. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7). Results indicated significant reductions in both anxiety symptoms and MRI RF values in the amygdala, suggesting decreased neuroinflammation. A reduction in anxiety was associated with the amelioration of neuroinflammation in the amygdala. These results suggest that MoBa is effective in alleviating both the psychological and neuroinflammatory aspects of GAD, offering a promising personalized treatment approach. Future research should focus on long-term effects and the mechanisms through which MoBa impacts neuroinflammation and anxiety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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12 pages, 2502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immature Surfactant Protein Type B and Surfactant Protein Type D Correlate with Coronary Heart Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

by Cristina Banfi, Francesco Piarulli, Eugenio Ragazzi, Stefania Ghilardi, Arianna Greco, Annunziata Lapolla and Giovanni Sartore

Life 2024, 14(7), 886; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070886 - 17 Jul 2024

Viewed by 730

Abstract

Background: Different specific surfactant proteins (SPs) have been associated with various pathological conditions, not only of the respiratory system, but also more recently with cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of SP-A, [...] Read more.

Background: Different specific surfactant proteins (SPs) have been associated with various pathological conditions, not only of the respiratory system, but also more recently with cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of SP-A, SP-D, and the precursor protein of SP-B (proSP-B) in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular damage in patients affected by type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: The study considered 31 patients with T2D (DN group), 34 patients with both T2D and coronary heart disease (CHD) (DC group), and 30 patients without diabetes but with a diagnosis of CHD (NC group). SP-A, SP-D, and proSP-B concentrations were determined in plasma samples, and were statistically compared using parametric and multivariate methods. Results: Higher plasma concentrations of SP-D and proSP-B were found in patients affected by both T2D and CHD (DC group), and in patients with CHD without diabetes (NC group), in comparison to T2D patients (DN group). A significant correlation, both with linear regression (r = 0.3565, p = 0.001) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), was found between the plasma levels of SP-D and proSP-B in the overall cohort of patients. No differences in SP-A were observed among the three groups of subjects. Conclusion: The present study extends the knowledge on the role of plasma SPs’ levels as possible indicators of the risk of CHD being linked to T2D disease progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)

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Life, Volume 14, Issue 7 (July 2024) – 133 articles

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