Life | January 2025 - Browse Articles

23 pages, 2588 KiB

Open AccessReview

Redefining the Tea Green Leafhopper: Empoasca onukii Matsuda (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) as a Vital Asset in Premium Tea Production

by Unisa Conteh Kanu, Zhaohong Wang, Chenshi Qiu, Qiaojun Wen, Xueyan Li, Dongliang Qiu, Yinwei Gan and Runqian Mao

Life 2025, 15(1), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010133 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1040

Abstract

This review explores the evolving role of the tea green leafhopper, Empoasca onukii, in the tea industry, transitioning from a recognized pest to a significant enhancer of tea quality. Recent research highlights how its feeding behavior stimulates the production of desirable secondary [...] Read more.

This review explores the evolving role of the tea green leafhopper, Empoasca onukii, in the tea industry, transitioning from a recognized pest to a significant enhancer of tea quality. Recent research highlights how its feeding behavior stimulates the production of desirable secondary metabolites, thereby improving the flavor profiles and market value of premium teas, particularly varieties like Taiwan’s “Oriental Beauty”. As consumer demand for unique and artisanal teas rises, the economic benefits associated with E. onukii are becoming increasingly evident, prompting farmers to adopt sustainable agricultural practices that often involve reduced pesticide use. Furthermore, the dynamic interplay between climatic factors, E. onukii population dynamics, and tea cultivation practices necessitates integrated pest management strategies that balance the beneficial and detrimental impacts of this leafhopper. Understanding these complexities not only fosters sustainable production methods but also opens niche markets, benefiting local economies and promoting both economic viability and environmental sustainability in the tea industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Science)

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14 pages, 2716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Limitations of the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire in Assessing Severity in a Homogeneous Occupational Cohort

by Venera Cristina Dinescu, Marius Bica, Ramona Constantina Vasile, Andrei Gresita, Bogdan Catalin, Alexandra Daniela Rotaru-Zavaleanu, Florentin Ananu Vreju, Lorena Sas and Marius Bunescu

Life 2025, 15(1), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010132 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 486

Abstract

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common peripheral neuropathy, often assessed using the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ). The BCTQ evaluates symptom severity (SSS) and functional status (FSS) but has limitations in stratifying CTS severity, particularly in severe cases. Objective: [...] Read more.

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common peripheral neuropathy, often assessed using the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ). The BCTQ evaluates symptom severity (SSS) and functional status (FSS) but has limitations in stratifying CTS severity, particularly in severe cases. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the utility of the BCTQ in a homogeneous cohort of female workers engaged in repetitive manual tasks, exploring its correlation with objective clinical measures and its performance in detecting CTS severity. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 24 right-hand-dominant female workers with repetitive occupational tasks. CTS diagnosis was confirmed via clinical and electrodiagnostic criteria. Subjects completed the BCTQ, and correlations between BCTQ scores and objective measures such as median nerve cross-sectional area and nerve conduction studies were analyzed. Statistical analyses included comparisons across CTS severity groups and subgroup evaluations based on age and tenure. Results: The BCTQ demonstrated moderate correlations with objective measures, with a strong correlation between SSS and FSS scores (r = 0.86, p < 0.001). However, the sensitivity of the SSS and FSS was limited, particularly for severe CTS cases. Paradoxically lower scores in severe cases may reflect questionnaire limitations or adaptive responses. Targeted questions addressing pain and sensory symptoms showed better sensitivity (>80%) and may guide clinicians in identifying slight CTS cases. Conclusions: While the BCTQ remains a valuable tool for assessing CTS, its limitations necessitate complementary use of objective diagnostic tools, particularly for severe cases. Future refinements, such as tailored scoring systems and integration with clinical measures, could enhance its diagnostic utility and ensure comprehensive assessment of CTS severity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 627 KiB

Open AccessStudy Protocol

Functional Connectivity and MRI Radiomics Biomarkers of Cognitive and Brain Reserve in Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment Prediction—A Study Protocol

by Hanna Maria Dragoș, Adina Stan, Livia Livinț Popa, Roxana Pintican, Diana Feier, Nicu Cătălin Drăghici, Dragoș-Cătălin Jianu, Diana Chira, Ștefan Strilciuc and Dafin F. Mureșanu

Life 2025, 15(1), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010131 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 806

Abstract

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is frequently associated with long-term post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) and dementia. While the mechanisms behind PSCI are not fully understood, the brain and cognitive reserve concepts are topics of ongoing research exploring the ability of individuals to maintain intact [...] Read more.

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is frequently associated with long-term post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) and dementia. While the mechanisms behind PSCI are not fully understood, the brain and cognitive reserve concepts are topics of ongoing research exploring the ability of individuals to maintain intact cognitive performance despite ischemic injuries. Brain reserve refers to the brain’s structural capacity to compensate for damage, with markers like hippocampal atrophy and white matter lesions indicating reduced reserve. Cognitive reserve involves the brain’s ability to optimize performance and use alternative networks to maintain function. Advanced methods of MRI and EEG processing may better assess brain reserve and cognitive reserve, with emerging predictive models integrating these measures to improve PSCI prediction. This article provides the design of a hospital-based study investigating the predictive role of functional connectivity and MRI radiomics in assessing PSCI occurrence one year after AIS. One hundred forty-four patients will be enrolled following strict inclusion/exclusion criteria. The patients will undergo comprehensive assessments, including neuropsychological testing, brain MRI, and quantitative EEG (QEEG), across four visits over a year. The primary outcome will be PSCI occurrence, and it will be assessed at six and twelve months after AIS. Secondary outcomes will include PSCI severity, recurrent AIS, and mortality. Statistical analyses will be performed to identify predictive factors using Cox proportional hazards models, and predictive models based on QEEG, MRI radiomics, and clinical data will be built. Early detection of AIS patients prone to developing PSCI might outline more effective therapeutic approaches, reducing the social and economic burden of ischemic stroke. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebral Veins and Dural Sinuses Thrombosis)

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27 pages, 1147 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Metformin for Treating Gestational Diabetes: What Have We Learned During the Last Two Decades? A Systematic Review

by Angeliki Gerede, Ekaterini Domali, Christos Chatzakis, Chrysoula Margioula-Siarkou, Stamatios Petousis, Sofoklis Stavros, Konstantinos Nikolettos, Evanthia Gouveri, Sotirios Sotiriou, Panagiotis Tsikouras, Konstantinos Dinas, Nikolaos Nikolettos, Nikolaos Papanas, Dimitrios G. Goulis and Alexandros Sotiriadis

Life 2025, 15(1), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010130 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 893

Abstract

There has been accumulating evidence over the past two decades that metformin can be an effective treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women whose diet and exercise fail to attain optimal glycemic control. The objective of this review was to comprehensively analyze [...] Read more.

There has been accumulating evidence over the past two decades that metformin can be an effective treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women whose diet and exercise fail to attain optimal glycemic control. The objective of this review was to comprehensively analyze all studies investigating the effectiveness of metformin compared to insulin and other drugs utilized for the treatment of GDM. After a comprehensive literature review based on PRISMA 2020, 35 studies were included after a selection process utilizing predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A variety of short-term maternal and neonatal outcomes were assessed. Metformin is a highly efficient medication for attaining optimal control of blood sugar levels in women with GDM, resulting in a significant reduction in the amount of weight gained during pregnancy. Regarding additional maternal outcomes, such as pregnancy-induced hypertension and cesarean deliveries, some studies demonstrate a link between metformin and a reduced occurrence of both conditions. In contrast, others do not find an association. Regarding short-term neonatal outcomes, metformin does not exhibit any changes in gestational age at delivery. In contrast, metformin demonstrated substantial decreases in the likelihood of greater gestational birth weight and neonatal hospitalization when compared to other drugs. When compared primarily to insulin, metformin decreases the probability of several short-term outcomes related to pregnancy and newborns. Additional data are necessary for extended follow-up studies, including patients with GDM treated with metformin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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11 pages, 2311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spleno-Mesenteric Venous Blood Flow Dynamics in Adult Patients with Chronic Portal Vein Thrombosis Analyzed by Sequential CT-Spleno- and Mesenterico-Portography

by Alexandra Schlitt, Andrea Goetz, Christian Stroszczynski, Florian Zeman, Christina Hackl, Hans J. Schlitt, Ernst-Michael Jung, Wibke Uller and Simone Hammer

Life 2025, 15(1), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010129 - 20 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Background: Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) leads to portal hypertension (PH) with its sequelae. Computed tomography spleno-mesenterico-portography (CT-SMPG) combines sequential CT spleno-portography and CT mesenterico-portography. CT-SMPG comprehensively illustrates the venous hemodynamic changes due to PH. Objective: To assess the effects of PV confluence thrombosis [...] Read more.

Background: Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) leads to portal hypertension (PH) with its sequelae. Computed tomography spleno-mesenterico-portography (CT-SMPG) combines sequential CT spleno-portography and CT mesenterico-portography. CT-SMPG comprehensively illustrates the venous hemodynamic changes due to PH. Objective: To assess the effects of PV confluence thrombosis (PVCT) and liver cirrhosis on venous blood flow characteristics of patients with PVT. Method: CT-SMPG was performed in 21 patients with chronic PVT. CT-SMPG was compared to standard contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) and gastroscopy concerning the patency of splanchnic veins, varices and venous congestion. Results: PVCT had a significant effect on perfusion patterns: in patients without PVCT, esophageal varices (EV) and gastric varices were supplied by either the splenic vein (SV), the superior mesenteric vein (SMV), or both. In patients with PVCT, EV and gastric varices were mostly supplied by the SV (p = 0.021, p = 0.016). In patients without PVCT, small bowel varices were fed by both systems or the SMV, while in patients with PVCT they were fed by the SMV (p = 0.031). No statistically significant changes were detected regarding gastropathy, colorectal varices and small bowel congestion. Liver cirrhosis had no statistically relevant effect on hemodynamics. Conclusions: In CT-SMPG, patients with PVCT showed different venous hemodynamics to patients without PVCT, and this can serve as a basis for selecting therapy options. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Diseases: Innovations in Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Prognosis)

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16 pages, 2141 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Eight-Week Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation Combined with Lat Pull-Down Resistance Training on Improving Pull-Up Performance for Male College Students

by Qian Li, Jiaqi Yan, Hanya Dai, Minjie Qiao, Mingxin Gong, Wenxin Niu, Ye Yang and Lejun Wang

Life 2025, 15(1), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010128 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 587

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of 8-week transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) combined with resistance training (RT) on pull-up performance in male college students. Twenty-five male college students were randomly assigned to either RT combined with [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of 8-week transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) combined with resistance training (RT) on pull-up performance in male college students. Twenty-five male college students were randomly assigned to either RT combined with anodal tDCS stimulation (RT + tDCS) or RT alone (RT). Participants of both groups engaged in lat pull-down training programs for 8 weeks, with the RT + tDCS group receiving 20 min tDCS before each RT session. Pre- and post-intervention tests included pull-up endurance (number of repetitions), flexed arm circumference (FAC), and lat pull-down maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) peak force. During the pull-up endurance test, surface electromyography (sEMG) was recorded for the bicep brachii (BB), tricep brachii (TB), brachioradialis (BR), anterior deltoid (AD), middle deltoid (MD), posterior deltoid (PD), pectoralis major (PM), and latissimus dorsi (LD) muscles. Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in pull-up endurance and lat pull-down MVIC peak force after training, but no significant difference between the two groups was observed in the post-training test. Additionally, muscle activation of BR, PD, and PM decreased significantly in both groups, while the RT + tDCS group also demonstrated a significant reduction in TB coactivation after training. These findings suggest that eight weeks of tDCS combined with lat pull-down training and lat pull-down training alone can both significantly improve pull-up performance, which may be attributed to enhanced muscle contraction capacity. Although no significant training gains were found between the two training groups, the RT + tDCS group showed a significant decrease in TB coactivation and the enhancement of elbow flexion muscle contraction efficiency after training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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18 pages, 5437 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Navigating the Collective: Nanoparticle-Assisted Identification of Leader Cancer Cells During Migration

by Anastasia Alexandrova, Elizaveta Kontareva, Margarita Pustovalova, Sergey Leonov and Yulia Merkher

Life 2025, 15(1), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010127 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 785

Abstract

Cancer-related deaths primarily occur due to metastasis, a process involving the migration and invasion of cancer cells. In most solid tumors, metastasis occurs through collective cell migration (CCM), guided by “cellular leaders”. These leader cells generate forces through actomyosin-mediated protrusion and contractility. The [...] Read more.

Cancer-related deaths primarily occur due to metastasis, a process involving the migration and invasion of cancer cells. In most solid tumors, metastasis occurs through collective cell migration (CCM), guided by “cellular leaders”. These leader cells generate forces through actomyosin-mediated protrusion and contractility. The cytoskeletal mechanisms employed by metastatic cells during the migration process closely resemble the use of the actin cytoskeleton in endocytosis. In our previous work, we revealed that tumor cells exhibiting high metastatic potential (MP) are more adept at encapsulating 100–200 nm nanoparticles than those with lower MP. The objective of this study was to investigate whether nanoparticle encapsulation could effectively differentiate leader tumor cells during their CCM. To achieve our objectives, we employed a two-dimensional CCM model grounded in the wound-healing (“scratch”) assay, utilizing two breast cancer cell lines, MCF7 and MDA-MB-231, which display low and high migratory potential, respectively. We conducted calibration experiments to identify the “optimal time” at which cells exhibit peak speed during wound closure. Furthermore, we carried out experiments to assess nanoparticle uptake, calculating the colocalization coefficient, and employed phalloidin staining to analyze the anisotropy and orientation of actin filaments. The highest activity for low-MP cells was achieved at 2.6 h during the calibration experiments, whereas high-MP cells were maximally active at 3.9 h, resulting in 8% and 11% reductions in wound area, respectively. We observed a significant difference in encapsulation efficiency between leader and peripheral cells for both high-MP (p < 0.013) and low-MP (p < 0.02) cells. Moreover, leader cells demonstrated a considerably higher anisotropy coefficient (p < 0.029), indicating a more organized, directional structure of actin filaments compared to peripheral cells. Thus, nanoparticle encapsulation offers a groundbreaking approach to identifying the most aggressive and invasive leader cells during the CCM process in breast cancer. Detecting these cells is crucial for developing targeted therapies that can effectively curb metastasis and improve patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Nanotechnology in Cancer Theranostics)

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27 pages, 26584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Insulin in Insulin-Deficient Islets of Patients with Type 1 Diabetes

by Yuliya Krivova, Alexandra Proshchina, Dmitry Otlyga, Anastasia Kharlamova and Sergey Saveliev

Life 2025, 15(1), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010125 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 698

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is related to the autoimmune destruction of β-cells, leading to their almost complete absence in patients with longstanding T1D. However, endogenous insulin secretion persists in such patients as evidenced by the measurement of plasma C-peptide. Recently, a low level [...] Read more.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is related to the autoimmune destruction of β-cells, leading to their almost complete absence in patients with longstanding T1D. However, endogenous insulin secretion persists in such patients as evidenced by the measurement of plasma C-peptide. Recently, a low level of insulin has been found in non-β islet cells of patients with longstanding T1D, indicating that other islet cell types may contribute to persistent insulin secretion. The present study aimed to test the ability of various antibodies to detect insulin in insulin-deficient islets of T1D patients. Pancreatic autopsies from two children with recent-onset T1D, two adults with longstanding T1D, and three control subjects were examined using double immunofluorescent labeling with antibodies to insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. Immunoreactivity to insulin in glucagon+ cells of insulin-deficient islets was revealed using polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies simultaneously recognizing insulin and proinsulin. Along with this, immunoreactivity to insulin was observed in the majority of glucagon+ cells of insulin-containing islets of control subjects and children with recent-onset T1D. These results suggest that islet α-cells may contain insulin and/or other insulin-like proteins (proinsulin, C-peptide). Future studies are needed to evaluate the role of α-cells in insulin secretion and diabetes pathogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Approach to Diabetes Mellitus: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Therapeutic Challenges)

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34 pages, 3049 KiB

Open AccessReview

Post-Translational Modifications of Proteins Orchestrate All Hallmarks of Cancer

by Pathea Shawnae Bruno, Aneeta Arshad, Maria-Raluca Gogu, Natalie Waterman, Rylie Flack, Kimberly Dunn, Costel C. Darie and Anca-Narcisa Neagu

Life 2025, 15(1), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010126 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 949

Abstract

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins dynamically build the buffering and adapting interface between oncogenic mutations and environmental stressors, on the one hand, and cancer cell structure, functioning, and behavior. Aberrant PTMs can be considered as enabling characteristics of cancer as long as they [...] Read more.

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins dynamically build the buffering and adapting interface between oncogenic mutations and environmental stressors, on the one hand, and cancer cell structure, functioning, and behavior. Aberrant PTMs can be considered as enabling characteristics of cancer as long as they orchestrate all malignant modifications and variability in the proteome of cancer cells, cancer-associated cells, and tumor microenvironment (TME). On the other hand, PTMs of proteins can enhance anticancer mechanisms in the tumoral ecosystem or sustain the beneficial effects of oncologic therapies through degradation or inactivation of carcinogenic proteins or/and activation of tumor-suppressor proteins. In this review, we summarized and analyzed a wide spectrum of PTMs of proteins involved in all regulatory mechanisms that drive tumorigenesis, genetic instability, epigenetic reprogramming, all events of the metastatic cascade, cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, angiogenesis, immune response, tumor-associated microbiome, and metabolism rewiring as the most important hallmarks of cancer. All cancer hallmarks develop due to PTMs of proteins, which modulate gene transcription, intracellular and extracellular signaling, protein size, activity, stability and localization, trafficking, secretion, intracellular protein degradation or half-life, and protein–protein interactions (PPIs). PTMs associated with cancer can be exploited to better understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of this heterogeneous and chameleonic disease, find new biomarkers of cancer progression and prognosis, personalize oncotherapies, and discover new targets for drug development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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13 pages, 1201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fluid Resuscitation and Initial Management in Patients Presenting with Sepsis in the General Ward

by Sung Won Chang, Juwhan Choi, Jee Youn Oh, Young Seok Lee, Kyung Hoon Min, Gyu Young Hur, Sung Yong Lee, Jae Jeong Shim and Jae Kyeom Sim

Life 2025, 15(1), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010124 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 505

Abstract

The optimal management of hospital-presenting sepsis remains poorly understood. We investigated the initial management in patients presenting with sepsis in the general ward, the association between fluid resuscitation and clinical outcomes, and the factors affecting fluid resuscitation. A retrospective study was conducted on [...] Read more.

The optimal management of hospital-presenting sepsis remains poorly understood. We investigated the initial management in patients presenting with sepsis in the general ward, the association between fluid resuscitation and clinical outcomes, and the factors affecting fluid resuscitation. A retrospective study was conducted on patients who presented with sepsis-induced hypotension in the general ward. Patients were divided into Less 30 (fluid resuscitation less than 30 mL/kg) and More 30 (fluid resuscitation 30 mL/kg or more) groups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed. The median resuscitation fluid volume was 500 mL (9.2 mL/kg) and 2000 mL (35.9 mL/kg) in the Less 30 (n = 79) and More 30 (n = 11) groups, respectively. The intensive care unit (ICU) mortality was similar between the two groups (43.0% vs. 45.5%). Twenty-two patients received continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in the Less 30 group, whereas none received it in the More 30 group (27.8% vs. 0%). Fluid resuscitation ≥30 mL/kg was not associated with ICU mortality. Low body weight and systolic blood pressure were associated with fluid resuscitation ≥30 mL/kg. Most hospital-presenting sepsis patients received less than 30 mL/kg of fluid, and fluid resuscitation was not associated with ICU mortality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Critical Issues in Intensive Care Medicine)

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16 pages, 9056 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Rare Case of Neonatal Desmoid Tumor Leading to Severe Aortic Coarctation: Review of Literature and Case Report

by Irina Maria Margarint, Tammam Youssef, Cristina Filip, Ana-Mihaela Bizubac, Alexandru Popescu, Iulian Rotaru, Olguta Untaru, Stefan Manolache, Vlad Anton Iliescu and Radu Vladareanu

Life 2025, 15(1), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010123 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 536

Abstract

Desmoid tumors are a rare entity, especially in the pediatric population. There are no reports of such a tumor in newborns. They are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, even though they are benign soft tissue tumors. This is due to [...] Read more.

Desmoid tumors are a rare entity, especially in the pediatric population. There are no reports of such a tumor in newborns. They are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, even though they are benign soft tissue tumors. This is due to them exhibiting locally aggressive growth with the compression or invasion of adjacent structures. Abdominal localization is most commonly reported, although there are reports of mediastinal desmoid tumors. We present the case of a 6-day male patient with a mediastinal desmoid tumor that led to severe aortic coarctation with hemodynamic instability. The tumor also compressed the left pulmonary artery and obstructed the left main bronchus. The initial management consisted of successful emergency surgery with partial resection of the tumor mass and coarctation repair. In the postoperative setting, the patient evolved with severe respiratory dysfunction which was managed with tracheostomy, allowing weaning the child from the mechanical ventilation one month after surgery, along with chemotherapy. We also review the literature, focusing on the management of desmoid tumors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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11 pages, 1254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Surgery Delay on Early-Stage Ovarian Cancer

by Dimitrios Zouzoulas, Dimitrios Tsolakidis, Iliana Sofianou, Tilemachos Karalis, Michalis Aristotelidis, Panagiotis Tzitzis, Evangelia Deligeoroglou, Maria Topalidou, Eleni Timotheadou and Grigoris Grimbizis

Life 2025, 15(1), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010122 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 495

Abstract

(1) Background: Suspicious adnexal masses should be referred to gynecological oncology units. However, when surgery waiting lists are prolonged, these patients usually suffer from a delay in surgery. This could have a negative impact on their prognosis when the final diagnosis is ovarian [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Suspicious adnexal masses should be referred to gynecological oncology units. However, when surgery waiting lists are prolonged, these patients usually suffer from a delay in surgery. This could have a negative impact on their prognosis when the final diagnosis is ovarian cancer (OC). The primary aim of this study was to investigate the impact of surgery delay on the oncological results of early-stage ovarian cancer patients. (2) Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of early-stage OC patients who underwent surgery in the 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology from 2012 to 2019. Time to surgery was defined as the time interval from the day of first examination to the day of surgery. (3) Results: A total of 72 patients were categorized into two groups, with a cut-off point of 5 weeks: 32 were treated ≤ 5 weeks (group A), and 40 > 5 weeks (group B). Concerning age, BMI or comorbidities, no differences were found between the two groups. Furthermore, no differences were presented in the post-operative complications rate, hospital stay, ICU admittance, or in disease-free (p = 0.48) and overall survival rates (p = 0.703). (4) Conclusions: Suspicious adnexal masses should undergo careful differential diagnosis to avoid delays in the “wait and see” period when the final diagnosis is positive for malignancy. However, the time to surgery for early-stage OC over 5 weeks seems to be relatively safe, with no impact on the mortality, morbidity, or recurrence rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Approaches and Future Directions in the Treatment of Gynecologic Tumors: Molecular Biology, Diagnostic Advancements and Targeted Therapeutic Strategies)

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18 pages, 9333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial–Temporal Dynamics of Adventitious Roots of Typha domingensis Pers. Seedlings Grown with Auxin/Cytokinin

by Guadalupe Hernández-Piedra, Violeta Ruiz-Carrera, Alberto J. Sánchez, Erika Escalante-Espinosa and Graciano Calva-Calva

Life 2025, 15(1), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010121 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 452

Abstract

The spatial–temporal dynamics of an in vitro radicular system of Typha domingensis for the development of rhizofiltration technologies, with the potential for use as a phytotreatment of eutrophicated water, were studied for the first time in the roots of seedlings and in rhizotron [...] Read more.

The spatial–temporal dynamics of an in vitro radicular system of Typha domingensis for the development of rhizofiltration technologies, with the potential for use as a phytotreatment of eutrophicated water, were studied for the first time in the roots of seedlings and in rhizotron systems. The effect of indole-3-acetic acid (AIA) in combination with kinetin (CIN) or 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) on seedlings cultivated in the light and dark in three radicular systems and in a rhizotrophic regime for the screening of dynamic rhizogenic lines, by weekly allometric measurements of the length and number of roots, were studied. Inhibition of the elongation and branching velocities of roots by BAP and light was observed but CIN increased elongation and branching. In rhizotrons cultivated in light and dark conditions with different AIA/CIN ratios, isolated root explants remained inactive; however, roots attached to a meristematic base presented a significant increase in growth development, with values comparable to those of roots attached to seedlings cultivated in light without hormones. The results revealed that six adventitious rhizogenic root lines with basal meristems have the potential for use in a wide range of environmental and innovative applications in phytotreatment technologies involving eutrophicated water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Science)

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9 pages, 188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Influencing the Choice Between Multi-Target Stool DNA and Colonoscopy for Colorectal Cancer Screening Among Alaska Native Peoples

by Lauren A. Jeffries, Christie A. Flanagan, Lila J. Finney Rutten, John B. Kisiel and Diana G. Redwood

Life 2025, 15(1), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010120 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 470

Abstract

The Alaska Tribal Health System is increasing colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among Alaska Native (AN) peoples, who experience the highest CRC rate in the world. Through a clinical trial (NCT04336397), AN people living in rural/remote Alaska were offered either the previously unavailable multi-target [...] Read more.

The Alaska Tribal Health System is increasing colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among Alaska Native (AN) peoples, who experience the highest CRC rate in the world. Through a clinical trial (NCT04336397), AN people living in rural/remote Alaska were offered either the previously unavailable multi-target stool DNA test (mt-sDNA; Cologuard^®) or colonoscopy. From April 2022 to August 2024, 113 (59%) people who completed mt-sDNA testing and 51 (39%) who completed a colonoscopy procedure participated in a survey on factors influencing their screening test choice. The majority of mt-sDNA participants (79%) were aware of the colonoscopy option, while most colonoscopy participants (72%) reported being unaware of the mt-sDNA option. Key mt-sDNA preference themes included not having to travel, less time commitment, childcare and work responsibilities, physical limitations, greater convenience, and the test being less invasive and dangerous than a colonoscopy. In contrast, colonoscopy preference themes included wanting to adhere to screening recommendations, be proactive about preventative health, family history of cancer, awareness of the higher CRC risk among AN peoples, as well as the belief that colonoscopy is more reliable and accurate since it is performed by medical providers. These findings underscore the complex factors influencing CRC screening preferences among rural and remote AN people. Limited access to medical facilities, financial burdens, and personal commitments, along with personal factors, have a substantial bearing on the screening decision-making process. Recognizing and addressing these multifaceted influences can help CRC screening programs better meet community member needs and preferences, ultimately improving screening rates and colorectal health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches to Early Cancer Detection)

18 pages, 7301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mydriasis Stability During Cataract Surgery in Patients with Systemic Comorbidities Using a Standardised Combination of Intracameral Mydriatics and Anaesthetic

by Joanna Dereń-Szumełda, Mariola Dorecka, Mirosław Dereń and Ewa Mrukwa-Kominek

Life 2025, 15(1), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010119 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 437

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to evaluate mydriasis stability during cataract surgery in patients with systemic comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXF) after a standardised combination of intracameral mydriatics and anaesthetic (SCIMA). Stable mydriasis is crucial for safe and effective [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate mydriasis stability during cataract surgery in patients with systemic comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXF) after a standardised combination of intracameral mydriatics and anaesthetic (SCIMA). Stable mydriasis is crucial for safe and effective phacoemulsification. Methods: Patients were included if they achieved pupil dilation ≥6.0 mm during the qualifying visit. A total of 103 patients were enrolled, divided into three groups: cataract with diabetes (C + DM group, n = 35), cataract with PXF (C + PXF group, n = 32), and cataract without those comorbidities (C group, n = 36). SCIMA was administered, and pupil diameters were measured at key surgical stages. Stability was defined as a pupil diameter of ≥6.0 mm without additional pharmacological intervention and no significant change in its diameter (≥3.0 mm). Results: Stable mydriasis was achieved in 90.3% of patients: 97.1% in the C + DM group, 90.6% in the C + PXF group, and 83.3% in the C group, with no statistically significant differences (p = 0.14). Conclusions: SCIMA effectively maintains mydriasis stability during cataract surgery, even in patients with systemic comorbidities, ensuring greater surgical safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Developments in Eye and Systemic Diseases)

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14 pages, 263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiological Characteristics of Hospitalized Burn Patients—A 10-Year Retrospective Study in a Major Burn Center in Serbia

by Marina Stojanović, Milana Marinković, Milana Jurišić, Biljana Miličić, Milan Stojičić, Milan Jovanović, Jelena Jeremić, Nemanja Dimić, Svetlana Srećković, Irina Drača Cetušić and Marko Jović

Life 2025, 15(1), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010118 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 469

Abstract

Background: Many European countries’ epidemiological data on burns were analyzed. This research aimed to analyze the key epidemiological characteristics of hospitalized burn patients in Serbia’s major burn unit over 10 years, as well as to create the very first national epidemiological dataset with [...] Read more.

Background: Many European countries’ epidemiological data on burns were analyzed. This research aimed to analyze the key epidemiological characteristics of hospitalized burn patients in Serbia’s major burn unit over 10 years, as well as to create the very first national epidemiological dataset with the basic requirements for future epidemiological studies. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted, and demographic, clinical, and burn characteristics, as well as predictors of mortality, were analyzed. Results: A total of 996 patients were included. The mean age of the population was 54.65 ± 27.15 years. Regarding etiology, flame was the most common (49.0%). Patient comorbidities were noted on admission in 50.1% of cases. The mean % of total burn surface area (TBSA) was 16.89 ± 18.72%. Inhalation injury was confirmed in 7.5% of patients, and a total of 10.3% of patients required mechanical ventilation during hospitalization. The requirement for mechanical ventilation support was the strongest independent predictor of mortality, while other independent predictors of mortality were male gender, higher %TBSA, deep burns, mechanism of injury, an extended total length of stay (LOS), the occurrence of complications during hospitalization, and conservative treatment modalities. Conclusion: Burn injury mortality remains high, and %TBSA, burn depth, mechanical ventilation requirement, inhalation injury, and the presence of comorbidities on admission unfavorably influence mortality rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)

17 pages, 1612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resilience of Chlorella vulgaris to Simulated Atmospheric Gas Compositions of Mars, Jupiter, and Titan

by Ariela Likai, Aikaterini Papazi and Kiriakos Kotzabasis

Life 2025, 15(1), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010117 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 772

Abstract

This study investigates the resilience of the unicellular green microalga Chlorella vulgaris to extreme atmospheric conditions simulating those of Mars, Jupiter, and Titan. Using Earth as a control, experiments were conducted under autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions to evaluate the organism’s photosynthetic efficiency, oxygen [...] Read more.

This study investigates the resilience of the unicellular green microalga Chlorella vulgaris to extreme atmospheric conditions simulating those of Mars, Jupiter, and Titan. Using Earth as a control, experiments were conducted under autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions to evaluate the organism’s photosynthetic efficiency, oxygen production, and biomass growth over 2, 5, and 12 days. Photosynthetic performance was analyzed through chlorophyll a fluorescence induction (JIP-test), metabolic activity via gas chromatography, and biomass accumulation measurements. Despite the extreme atmospheric compositions—ranging from the CO₂-rich, low-pressure Martian atmosphere to the anoxic atmospheres of Jupiter and Titan—C. vulgaris demonstrated resilience and a functional photosynthetic apparatus, maintaining growth and oxygen production. Notably, the Martian atmosphere enhanced photosynthetic performance, with fluorescence curves and Fv/Fm ratios surpassing Earth-like conditions, likely due to elevated CO₂ and low pressure. Under mixotrophic conditions, the addition of glucose further enhanced metabolic activity and biomass growth across all atmospheres. These findings highlight the potential of C. vulgaris for bioregenerative life support systems, enabling oxygen production, CO₂ sequestration, and resource cultivation in extraterrestrial habitats. The study showcases the organism’s adaptability to extreme environments, with implications for astrobiology, space exploration, and sustainable extraterrestrial ecosystems. These findings expand habitability criteria and explore extremophiles’ potential to support life beyond Earth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Elements Cycling and Plants’ Physiological Characteristics: A Soil–Plant–Atmosphere Continuum Perspective)

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16 pages, 457 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Sociodemographic Variables, Healthy Habits, and Stress with Risk Scales for Liver Disease Associated with Metabolic Dysfunction

by Ángel Arturo López-González, Emilio Martínez-Almoyna Rifá, Hernán Paublini Oliveira, Cristina Martorell Sánchez, Pedro Juan Tárraga López and José Ignacio Ramírez-Manent

Life 2025, 15(1), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010116 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 529

Abstract

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, with a multifactorial etiology. This study aims to evaluate the associations between various sociodemographic variables, healthy habits, and stress with risk scale values for MAFLD. Materials and [...] Read more.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, with a multifactorial etiology. This study aims to evaluate the associations between various sociodemographic variables, healthy habits, and stress with risk scale values for MAFLD. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 16,708 Spanish workers to assess how sociodemographic variables (age, gender, and socioeconomic status), healthy habits (smoking, Mediterranean diet adherence, and physical activity), and stress correlate with values from three MAFLD risk scales: fatty liver index (FLI), hepatic steatosis index (HSI), and lipid accumulation product (LAP). Results: All analyzed variables were associated with the values of the three MAFLD risk scales. Among them, the variables showing the strongest associations (represented by odds ratio values) were age and physical activity. Conclusions: The profile of an individual at higher risk of elevated MAFLD risk scale values is a male, aged 50 or older, belonging to lower socioeconomic levels (manual laborers), a smoker, sedentary, with low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and with high stress scale scores. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Health: The Interplay between NAFLD, MAFLD, MASLD and Cardiovascular Disease)

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20 pages, 1936 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilizing Invasive Pterygoplichthys pardalis as a Sustainable Fish Meal Substitute and Euphorbia hirta Extract Supplement: Effects on Growth Performance, Organosomatic Indices, Hematological Profiles, and Serum Biochemistry in Chinese Bullfrogs (Hoplobatrachus chinensis)

by Sontaya Sookying, Phanit Srisuttha, Vipada Rodprasert, Chanthima Chaodon, Wikit Phinrub, Nantaporn Sutthi and Paiboon Panase

Life 2025, 15(1), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010115 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 757

Abstract

This research examined the efficacy of substituting commercial fish meal (CFM) with Pterygoplichthys pardalis meal (PPM) in Hoplobatrachus chinensis diets, with and without Euphorbia hirta extract (EHE) supplementation. The study utilized six dietary treatments: a control diet (0% PPM, no EHE) and five [...] Read more.

This research examined the efficacy of substituting commercial fish meal (CFM) with Pterygoplichthys pardalis meal (PPM) in Hoplobatrachus chinensis diets, with and without Euphorbia hirta extract (EHE) supplementation. The study utilized six dietary treatments: a control diet (0% PPM, no EHE) and five experimental diets with varying PPM levels (0%+, 25%+, 50%+, 75%+, and 100%+), each fortified with 300 mg/kg EHE. The experiment spanned 90 days. The analysis revealed that PPM exhibited superior amino acid profiles compared to CFM, both in quality and quantity, while CFM demonstrated higher fatty acid content. The growth metrics showed a significant decline only in the group receiving 100% PPM replacement with EHE supplementation. Most organosomatic indices remained consistent across the treatments, with the exception of intraperitoneal fat, which decreased in all EHE-supplemented groups. Blood parameters, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and hematocrit, along with serum proteins (total protein, globulin, and albumin), displayed an upward trend in all EHE-supplemented groups. The 50%+ and 75%+ PPM replacement groups exhibited significantly elevated serum glucose levels (p < 0.05). Liver enzymes (alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase) showed no significant variations among the treatments. The results indicate that PPM can serve as an effective replacement for up to 75% of CFM in H. chinensis feed, without compromising their growth performance. Moreover, supplementing with EHE helps to enhance essential biochemical indices in the body, without adversely affecting liver function. This investigation offers valuable perspectives on the development of sustainable aquaculture feed and the potential application of invasive fish species in aquatic animal nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition, Production, and Welfare)

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13 pages, 264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prescription of Strong Opioids in Chronic Non-Cancer Pain in the Province of Valladolid (Spain)

by Rodrigo Enríquez de Salamanca Gambara, Ana María Sierra Santos, Ana María Ruiz San Pedro, Federico Montero Cuadrado, Irene Muñoz León, Miguel Ángel Castro Villamor, Alicia Córdoba Romero, Ana María Del Olmo Tornero, Lucía Pérez Pérez and León Morales-Quezada

Life 2025, 15(1), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010114 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 605

Abstract

Background: Chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) is one of the leading causes of disability. The use of strong opioids (SOs) in the management of CNCP is increasing, although evidence supporting their use remains limited. Primary care (PC) plays a key role in this context. [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) is one of the leading causes of disability. The use of strong opioids (SOs) in the management of CNCP is increasing, although evidence supporting their use remains limited. Primary care (PC) plays a key role in this context. Objectives: Our objectives were to determine the prevalence and profile of patients using SOs for CNCP in PC consultations in Valladolid in 2022, and to describe the consumption of SO prescribed for CNCP from 2020 to 2023. Methods: We conducted a descriptive and retrospective study using data extracted from the Pharmaceutical Consumption Information System of Castilla y León. Patients in Valladolid with SO use for more than three months due to CNCP were analyzed. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of these patients in 2022 were described. The number of defined daily doses (nº DDDs) and costs from 2020 to 2023 were analyzed. Results: A total of 3642 patients were included (0.7% of the population of Valladolid), 71.8% of whom were women. Of the patients, 62.4% were aged 70 or older, 39.8% lived in rural areas, and 9.9% resided in nursing homes. The most frequently prescribed SOs in nº DDDs were fentanyl and tapentadol. The highest consumption in nº DDDs was in patients who lived in nursing homes, were over 70 years old and were resident in rural areas. The number of DDDs from 2020 to 2023 for SOs in DCNO increased by 41%. Conclusions: In total, 0.7% of the population of Valladolid consumes SOs for CNCP, mostly women and people over 70 years old. The consumption of strong opioids in DDDs grew by 41% from 2020 to 2023. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmaceutical Science)

33 pages, 811 KiB

Open AccessReview

Immune-Boosting and Antiviral Effects of Antioxidants in COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Therapeutic Perspective

by Stefano Sanduzzi Zamparelli, Alessandro Sanduzzi Zamparelli and Marialuisa Bocchino

Life 2025, 15(1), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010113 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 887

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has profoundly impacted global health, with pneumonia emerging as a major complication in severe cases. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is marked by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has profoundly impacted global health, with pneumonia emerging as a major complication in severe cases. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is marked by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an excessive inflammatory response, resulting in oxidative stress and significant tissue damage, particularly in the respiratory system. Antioxidants have garnered considerable attention for their potential role in managing COVID-19 pneumonia by mitigating oxidative stress and modulating immune responses. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the literature on the use of antioxidants in hospitalized patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Studies exploring antioxidants, including vitamins, trace elements, nitric oxide (NO), ozone (O₃), glutathione (GSH), L-carnitine, melatonin, bromelain, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and numerous polyphenols, have yielded promising outcomes. Through their ROS-scavenging properties, these molecules support endothelial function, reduce the thrombosis risk, and may help mitigate the effects of the cytokine storm, a key contributor to COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Clinical evidence suggests that antioxidant supplementation may improve patient outcomes by decreasing inflammation, supporting immune cell function, and potentially shortening recovery times. Furthermore, these molecules may mitigate the symptoms of COVID-19 by exerting direct antiviral effects that inhibit the infection process and genomic replication of SARS-CoV-2 in host cells. Moreover, antioxidants may work synergistically with standard antiviral treatments to reduce viral-induced oxidative damage. By integrating findings from the literature with real-world data from our clinical experience, we gain a more profound understanding of the role of antioxidants in managing COVID-19 pneumonia. Further research combining comprehensive literature reviews with real-world data analysis is crucial to validate the efficacy of antioxidants and establish evidence-based guidelines for their use in clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health Before, During, and After COVID-19)

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17 pages, 3142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Existing Nanoplastics Further Exacerbates the Effects of Triclosan on the Physiological Functions of Human Serum Albumin

by Yan Bao, Yaoyao Wang, Hongbin Liu, Jing Lan, Zhicai Li, Wansong Zong and Zongshan Zhao

Life 2025, 15(1), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010112 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 495

Abstract

The potential health risks posed by the coexistence of nanoplastics (NPs) and triclosan (TCS) have garnered significant attention. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of NPs and TCS on key functional proteins at the molecular level remain poorly understood. This study reports the [...] Read more.

The potential health risks posed by the coexistence of nanoplastics (NPs) and triclosan (TCS) have garnered significant attention. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of NPs and TCS on key functional proteins at the molecular level remain poorly understood. This study reports the effect of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) on the binding of TCS to human serum albumin (HSA) using multispectral methods and molecular simulation systems. The experimental results show that TCS significantly inhibits HSA esterase activity, with exacerbating inhibition in the presence of PSNPs, which is attributed to the alteration of HSA conformation and microenvironment of the amino acid residues induced by PSNPs. Molecular docking and site marker competitive studies indicate that TCS predominantly binds to site I of subdomain Sudlow II and the presence of PSNPs does not affect the binding sites. Spectra analyses indicate that the quenching mechanism between TCS and HSA belongs to the static quenching type and the presence of PSNPs does not change the fluorescence quenching type. The HSA fluorescence quenching and the conformational alterations induced by TCS are further enhanced in the presence of PSNPs, indicating that PSNPs enhance the binding of TCS to HSA by making TCS more accessible to the binding sites. This study provides valuable information about the toxicity of PSNPs and TCS in case of co-exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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24 pages, 1047 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Photobiomodulation Therapy for Neurosensory Disturbances in Orthognathic Surgery Patients: A Systematic Review

by Aneta Olszewska, Mateusz Wolny, Julia Kensy, Agnieszka Kotela, Agata Czajka-Jakubowska and Jacek Matys

Life 2025, 15(1), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010111 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 565

Abstract

Background: Sensory disturbances and acquired paresthesia constitute a significant proportion of complications following orthognathic surgery. This systematic review examines the application of photobiomodulation (PBM) in managing these complications and its efficacy in promoting sensory recovery. Methods: In November 2024, a comprehensive digital search [...] Read more.

Background: Sensory disturbances and acquired paresthesia constitute a significant proportion of complications following orthognathic surgery. This systematic review examines the application of photobiomodulation (PBM) in managing these complications and its efficacy in promoting sensory recovery. Methods: In November 2024, a comprehensive digital search was performed across reputable databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, using carefully selected search terms: “orthognathic surgery” AND (physiotherapy OR physical therapy OR laser OR LLLT OR PBM OR light OR LED OR acupuncture) AND (nerve OR neurosensory OR paresthesia). The search adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. Of the 424 articles initially identified, 14 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Results: The review focused on diode laser therapy for treating inferior alveolar nerve injuries, with most studies targeting this nerve and exploring diverse wavelengths, protocols, and surgical contexts, including orthognathic surgeries. Significant improvements were observed in tactile sensitivity, pain perception, and mechanical responsiveness. Factors such as earlier initiation of therapy, younger patient age, and higher treatment frequency were associated with improved outcomes. Conclusions: Low-level laser therapy emerges as a safe and effective intervention for enhancing neurosensory recovery following orthognathic surgery. However, the development of standardized treatment protocols and the conduct of larger-scale clinical trials are essential to optimize their clinical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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19 pages, 1160 KiB

Open AccessReview

Harnessing Insect Chemosensory and Mechanosensory Receptors Involved in Feeding for Precision Pest Management

by Tingwei Mi, Chengwang Sheng, Cassidy Kylene Lee, Peter Nguyen and Yali V. Zhang

Life 2025, 15(1), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010110 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 786

Abstract

Chemosensation and mechanosensation are vital to insects’ survival and behavior, shaping critical physiological processes such as feeding, metabolism, mating, and reproduction. During feeding, insects rely on diverse chemosensory and mechanosensory receptors to distinguish between nutritious and harmful substances, enabling them to select suitable [...] Read more.

Chemosensation and mechanosensation are vital to insects’ survival and behavior, shaping critical physiological processes such as feeding, metabolism, mating, and reproduction. During feeding, insects rely on diverse chemosensory and mechanosensory receptors to distinguish between nutritious and harmful substances, enabling them to select suitable food sources while avoiding toxins. These receptors are distributed across various body parts, allowing insects to detect environmental cues about food quality and adjust their behaviors accordingly. A deeper understanding of insect sensory physiology, especially during feeding, not only enhances our knowledge of insect biology but also offers significant opportunities for practical applications. This review highlights recent advancements in research on feeding-related sensory receptors, covering a wide range of insect species, from the model organism Drosophila melanogaster to agricultural and human pests. Additionally, this review examines the potential of targeting insect sensory receptors for precision pest control. Disrupting behaviors such as feeding and reproduction emerges as a promising strategy for pest management. By interfering with these essential behaviors, we can effectively control pest populations while minimizing environmental impacts and promoting ecological balance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Chemosensory-Based Behaviorally, Physiologically, and Molecularly Manipulated Technology of Pest Insects)

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15 pages, 756 KiB

Open AccessReview

Criteria for Assessing Exposure to Biomechanical Risk Factors: A Research-to-Practice Guide—Part 2: Upper Limbs

by Francesca Graziosi, Roberta Bonfiglioli, Francesco Decataldo and Francesco Saverio Violante

Life 2025, 15(1), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010109 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 443

Abstract

Musculoskeletal disorders are the most prevalent occupational health problem and are often related to biomechanical risk factors. Over the last forty years, observational methods for exposure assessment have been proposed. To apply them effectively in the field, an in-depth knowledge of each methodology [...] Read more.

Musculoskeletal disorders are the most prevalent occupational health problem and are often related to biomechanical risk factors. Over the last forty years, observational methods for exposure assessment have been proposed. To apply them effectively in the field, an in-depth knowledge of each methodology and a solid understanding of their actual predictive value and limitations are required. In this two-part guide, we discuss methods that have a solid scientific background, are based on expert consensus, and that do not require disproportionate technical, material, financial, and time resources. In Part 1, we focused on the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation as a validated method for assessing manual material handling and discussed its application when dealing with task variability. In Part 2, we look at methods for the assessment of upper-limb biomechanical exposure in manual jobs. According to the above-mentioned criteria, we discuss methodologies proposed by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and evaluate activities requiring high-speed continuous movement and the use of hand force, working with the arms above the shoulder level, to prevent localized fatigue in the upper extremities in cyclical work tasks. Finally, a preliminary proposal of a proportionate risk assessment of working duration in part-time jobs is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Review Papers for Life)

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12 pages, 613 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dysmenorrhea Among Women Living in Saudi Arabia: Prevalence, Determinants, and Impact

by Mohammad A. Jareebi, Saja A. Almraysi, Dhiyaa A. H. Otayf, Ghadeer A. Alneel, Areej H. Zughaibi, Sarah J. Mobarki, Imtenan A. Oberi, Hayam A. Alzahrani, Shatha A. Aldhowaihi, Zainab A. Alramadhan, Majed A. Ryani, Ahmed A. Bahri, Nuha H. Abutalib, Nada M. Makein and Ahmad Y. Alqassim

Life 2025, 15(1), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010108 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 659

Abstract

Dysmenorrhea, or painful menstruation, is one of the most prevalent conditions among adolescents and young females globally, significantly affecting academic performance, quality of life, and social interactions. Despite its high prevalence, dysmenorrhea has been rarely investigated in Saudi Arabia, resulting in a scarcity [...] Read more.

Dysmenorrhea, or painful menstruation, is one of the most prevalent conditions among adolescents and young females globally, significantly affecting academic performance, quality of life, and social interactions. Despite its high prevalence, dysmenorrhea has been rarely investigated in Saudi Arabia, resulting in a scarcity of national data. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, severity, and determinants of dysmenorrhea among females in Saudi Arabia. This cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study included 1026 participants recruited from various regions of Saudi Arabia using a convenience sampling technique. Data collection was conducted using a validated, self-administered online questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized to evaluate the prevalence, severity, and associated symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Additionally, multiple logistic regression was employed to identify the determinants of dysmenorrhea within the sample. The analysis was performed using R software. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea among the sample was 87%, with a mean pain score of 6 ± 2.2. Common menstrual cycle-associated symptoms included mood swings (79%), abdominal bloating (60%), diarrhea (32%), and constipation (26%). Factors associated with an increased risk of dysmenorrhea included Saudi nationality (OR = 1.96, p = 0.032), employment (OR = 1.75, p = 0.034), and a history of gynecological surgeries (OR = 1.81, p = 0.045). Conversely, multiparity was associated with a reduced risk of dysmenorrhea (OR = 0.36, p = 0.046). Dysmenorrhea is highly prevalent among Saudi women and is accompanied by significant menstrual symptoms that adversely affect quality of life. Understanding its determinants and associated symptoms is essential for improving management strategies and mitigating its impact on women’s lives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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11 pages, 10214 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Electroencephalographic Features of Presumed Hepatic Encephalopathy in a Pediatric Dog with a Portosystemic Shunt—A Case Report

by Raluca Adriana Ștefănescu, Vasile Boghian, Gheorghe Solcan, Mario Darius Codreanu and Mihai Musteata

Life 2025, 15(1), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010107 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 465

Abstract

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in dogs is a metabolic disorder of the central nervous system that occurs secondarily to liver dysfunctions, whether due to acquired or congenital causes. A portosystemic shunt is the presence of abnormal communications between the hepatic vessels (portal and suprahepatic [...] Read more.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in dogs is a metabolic disorder of the central nervous system that occurs secondarily to liver dysfunctions, whether due to acquired or congenital causes. A portosystemic shunt is the presence of abnormal communications between the hepatic vessels (portal and suprahepatic veins). As a result of this, the blood brought from the digestive tract through the portal vein bypasses the liver, and the unmetabolized components of the portal bloodstream enter directly into systemic circulation, causing clinical symptoms of metabolic encephalopathy (HE). A 3-month-old Bichon canine patient with a history of seizures secondarily to a portosystemic shunt (PS), confirmed through color Doppler ultrasound exam and computed tomography, was presented for evaluation. The typical electroencephalographic (EEG) traces recorded were characterized by the presence of bilateral symmetrical triphasic waves, resembling non-convulsive status epilepticus. The presence of this EEG pattern is useful in choosing the best therapeutic option in order to not accentuate the HE sings and, consequently, to decrease the mortality risk due to a prolonged status epilepticus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Pathology and Veterinary Anatomy: 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 1028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender Differences Are a Leading Factor in 5-Year Survival of Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis over Antifibrotic Therapy Reduction

by Pasquale Tondo, Giulia Scioscia, Cosimo C. De Pace, Fabiola Murgolo, Federica Maci, Giulia M. Stella, Dalila Pescatore, Maria Pia Foschino Barbaro and Donato Lacedonia

Life 2025, 15(1), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010106 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 520

Abstract

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive lung disease with a median survival of 3–5 years. Antifibrotic therapies like pirfenidone and nintedanib slow progression, but the outcomes vary. Gender may influence disease presentation, progression, and response to treatment. This study evaluates [...] Read more.

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive lung disease with a median survival of 3–5 years. Antifibrotic therapies like pirfenidone and nintedanib slow progression, but the outcomes vary. Gender may influence disease presentation, progression, and response to treatment. This study evaluates the impact of gender on the 5-year survival, pharmacological management, and clinical outcomes of patients with IPF. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 254 IPF patients was conducted, with 164 (131 males:33 females) having complete data. Patients underwent spirometry, DLCO, and 6 min walk tests. Data on comorbidities, smoking, antifibrotic therapy type, dosage adjustments, and adverse events were collected. We used Kaplan–Meier survival curves and logistic regression to assess gender-related differences in outcomes. Results: Men had worse lung function at diagnosis (FVC 74.9 ± 18.5 vs. 87.2 ± 20.1% of pred.; p < 0.001) and a higher smoking prevalence (74% vs. 30%; p < 0.001). Women had better survival (51.2 vs. 40.8 ± 19.2 months; p = 0.005) despite more frequent biopsy use (36% vs. 17%; p = 0.013). Women tolerated longer therapy better (p = 0.001). No differences were found between patients receiving reduced antifibrotic dosing and those receiving full dosing. Conclusions: Gender has a significant impact on IPF outcomes, with women demonstrating better survival and tolerance to long-term therapy. In contrast, reducing antifibrotic treatment does not appear to significantly affect survival outcomes. These findings underscore the need for future research on gender-specific management approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pulmonary Fibrosis)

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13 pages, 3630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

NGF-TrkA Axis Enhances PDGF-C-Mediated Angiogenesis in Osteosarcoma via miR-29b-3p Suppression: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy Using Larotrectinib

by Sheng-Mou Hou, Ching-Yuan Cheng, Wei-Li Chen, En-Ming Chang and Chih-Yang Lin

Life 2025, 15(1), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010099 - 15 Jan 2025

Viewed by 504

Abstract

Angiogenesis plays a critical role in osteosarcoma (OS) growth and metastasis. While nerve growth factor (NGF) is implicated in cancer progression, its role in OS angiogenesis remains unclear. This study explored NGF’s effects on angiogenesis and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Analysis of GEO [...] Read more.

Angiogenesis plays a critical role in osteosarcoma (OS) growth and metastasis. While nerve growth factor (NGF) is implicated in cancer progression, its role in OS angiogenesis remains unclear. This study explored NGF’s effects on angiogenesis and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Analysis of GEO (GSE16088) data identified five angiogenesis markers significantly upregulated in OS tissues. In vitro experiments demonstrated that NGF enhanced HUVEC tube formation by upregulating platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGF-C) expression and suppressing microRNA-29b-3p (miR-29b-3p). The results of tube formation assays confirmed that NGF stimulation significantly increased the angiogenic capacity of MG63/NGF cells compared to MG63 cells. Furthermore, larotrectinib, a TrkA inhibitor, effectively reduced the migration and invasion abilities of MG63/NGF cells in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that the NGF-TrkA axis promotes PDGF-C-mediated angiogenesis by inhibiting miR-29b-3p signaling. Larotrectinib could serve as a potential therapeutic agent targeting NGF-mediated angiogenesis in OS, offering a promising avenue for treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Cancer: From Molecular Mechanism to Treatment)

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13 pages, 9125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Environmental Factors on the Aboveground Biomass of Mature and Postmining Forests in Chocó

by David Pérez Abadía, Harley Quinto Mosquera and José María Del Arco

Life 2025, 15(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010098 - 15 Jan 2025

Viewed by 644

Abstract

Environmental factors control the accumulation of aboveground biomass (AB) in tropical forests, along with the role of AB in climate change mitigation. As such, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of factors such as forest type, succession, abundance of [...] Read more.

Environmental factors control the accumulation of aboveground biomass (AB) in tropical forests, along with the role of AB in climate change mitigation. As such, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of factors such as forest type, succession, abundance of individuals, species richness, height, diameter, texture, and soil nutrient levels on the AB in mature and postmining forests in Chocó, Colombia. Five plots each were set up in primary and postmining forests with 15 and 30 years of regeneration, in which the amount of AB was measured and related to the environmental factors. The AB was 178.32 t ha⁻¹ in the mature forests and 35.17 and 56.3 t ha⁻¹ after 15 and 30 years of postmining regeneration, respectively. Furthermore, the general AB level was determined by the ecosystem type, diameter, richness, abundance, Shannon evenness, and Margalef diversity. In mature forests, the AB amount was positively influenced by height and richness, and negatively influenced by dominance and evenness; in areas degraded by mining, the AB level was positively related to richness and equity, and negatively related to species diversity and soil silt. In summary, environmental factors determine the carbon storage in the forests in Chocó. Mining reduces the function of these ecosystems in mitigating climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles in Terrestrial Ecosystems)

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Life, Volume 15, Issue 1 (January 2025) – 133 articles

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