Antioxidants

14 pages, 1018 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Potential of Tamarillo Fruits—Chemical and Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis

by Miguel Rito, Joana Marques, Ricardo M. F. da Costa, Sandra Correia, Tércia Lopes, Daniel Martin, Jorge M. P. L. Canhoto, Luís A. E. Batista de Carvalho and Maria Paula M. Marques

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020536 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3121

Abstract

Native to South America, tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) is a small tree cultivated as a fruit crop in several regions of the world. Known for its sweet and sour taste, tamarillo fruits are very nutritious due to the presence of health-beneficial components such [...] Read more.

Native to South America, tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) is a small tree cultivated as a fruit crop in several regions of the world. Known for its sweet and sour taste, tamarillo fruits are very nutritious due to the presence of health-beneficial components such as fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants. Despite its nutritional value, tamarillo remains poorly known in global markets. The present work aims to study the antioxidant activity of four genotypes of tamarillo. Several chemical assays were performed to assess the antioxidant components and antioxidant activity of aqueous ethanolic extracts from each genotype. Overall, the Mealhada genotype (a red cultivar) showed the most interesting results, displaying the highest amount of total phenolic, flavonoids, and anthocyanin contents, as well as higher antioxidant activity. To evaluate the composition of the extract, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to characterize important components in aqueous ethanolic extracts of the fruits, having revealed the presence of high amounts of phenols (the main compounds responsible for antioxidant activity), as well as triterpenoids and polysaccharides. The present results highlight the potential nutraceutical importance of tamarillo fruits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Food, Food Waste, and By-Product)

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18 pages, 5719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effect of Peptides from Pinctada Martensii Meat on the H₂O₂-Induced Oxidative Injured HepG2 Cells

by Jie Zhou, Mengfen Wei and Lijun You

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020535 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2721

Abstract

Pinctada martensii is a major marine pearl cultured species in southern China, and its meat is rich in protein, which is an excellent material for the preparation of bioactive peptides. In this study, the peptides from Pinctada martensii meat were prepared by simulated [...] Read more.

Pinctada martensii is a major marine pearl cultured species in southern China, and its meat is rich in protein, which is an excellent material for the preparation of bioactive peptides. In this study, the peptides from Pinctada martensii meat were prepared by simulated gastrointestinal hydrolysis, and after multistep purification, the structures of the peptides were identified, followed by the solid-phase synthesis of the potential antioxidant peptides. Finally, the antioxidant activities of the peptides were verified using HepG2 cells, whose oxidative stress was induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). It was shown that the antioxidant peptide (S4) obtained from Pinctada martensii meat could significantly increase the cell viability of HepG2 cells. S4 could also scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduce the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level. In addition, it could enhance the production of glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) in HepG2 cells, as well as the expression of key genes in the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Three novel antioxidant peptides, arginine–leucine (RL), arginine–glycine–leucine (RGL), and proline–arginine (PR), were also identified. In conclusion, peptides from Pinctada martensii meat and three synthetic peptides (RGL, RL, PR) showed antioxidant activity and could have the potential to be used as antioxidant candidates in functional foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants)

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18 pages, 1399 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Association of Funisitis with Short-Term Outcomes of Prematurity: A Frequentist and Bayesian Meta-Analysis

by Tamara Maria Hundscheid, Maurice Jacob Huizing, Eduardo Villamor-Martinez, František Bartoš and Eduardo Villamor

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020534 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2397

Abstract

The fetal systemic inflammatory response associated with intra-amniotic inflammation may play a key role in the pathogenesis of complications of preterm birth. Funisitis is the histologic equivalent of the fetal inflammatory response, whereas chorioamnionitis represents a maternal inflammatory response. We conducted a frequentist [...] Read more.

The fetal systemic inflammatory response associated with intra-amniotic inflammation may play a key role in the pathogenesis of complications of preterm birth. Funisitis is the histologic equivalent of the fetal inflammatory response, whereas chorioamnionitis represents a maternal inflammatory response. We conducted a frequentist and Bayesian model average (BMA) meta-analysis of studies investigating the effects of funisitis on short-term outcomes of prematurity. Thirty-three studies (12,237 infants with gestational age ≤ 34 weeks) were included. Frequentist meta-analysis showed that funisitis was associated with an increased risk of any bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), moderate/severe BPD, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), any sepsis, early-onset sepsis (EOS), and mortality. However, Bayesian meta-analysis showed that the evidence in favor of the alternative hypothesis (i.e., funisitis is associated with an increased risk of developing the outcome) was strong for any IVH, moderate for severe IVH and EOS, and weak for the other outcomes. When the control group was restricted to infants having chorioamnionitis without funisitis, the only outcome associated with funisitis was any IVH. In conclusion, our data suggest that the presence of funisitis does not add an additional risk to preterm birth when compared to chorioamnionitis in the absence of fetal inflammatory response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Reproductive Disorders)

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15 pages, 1298 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Coenzyme Q10 and Dementia: A Systematic Review

by Félix Javier Jiménez-Jiménez, Hortensia Alonso-Navarro, Elena García-Martín and José A. G. Agúndez

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020533 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5427

Abstract

It is well known that coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀) has important antioxidant properties. Because one of the main mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases is oxidative stress, analysis of the concentrations of CoQ₁₀ [...] Read more.

It is well known that coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀) has important antioxidant properties. Because one of the main mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases is oxidative stress, analysis of the concentrations of CoQ₁₀ in different tissues of AD patients and with other dementia syndromes and the possible therapeutic role of CoQ₁₀ in AD have been addressed in several studies. We performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis of these studies measuring tissue CoQ₁₀ levels in patients with dementia and controls which showed that, compared with controls, AD patients had similar serum/plasma CoQ₁₀ levels. We also revised the possible therapeutic effects of CoQ₁₀ in experimental models of AD and other dementias (which showed important neuroprotective effects of coenzyme Q₁₀) and in humans with AD, other dementias, and mild cognitive impairment (with inconclusive results). The potential role of CoQ₁₀ treatment in AD and in improving memory in aged rodents shown in experimental models deserves future studies in patients with AD, other causes of dementia, and mild cognitive impairment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iron Metabolism, Redox Balance and Neurological Diseases)

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17 pages, 2501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Copper Exposure Induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Related Fibrotic Change via Autophagy and Increase Risk of Lung Fibrosis in Human

by Hsin-Ying Clair Chiou, Chih-Wen Wang, Szu-Chia Chen, Mei-Lan Tsai, Ming-Hong Lin, Chih-Hsing Hung and Chao-Hung Kuo

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020532 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2838

Abstract

Copper is an essential trace element involved in several vital biological processes of the human body. However, excess exposure to copper caused by occupational hazards and environmental contamination, such as food, water, and air, damages human health. In this study, in vitro cell [...] Read more.

Copper is an essential trace element involved in several vital biological processes of the human body. However, excess exposure to copper caused by occupational hazards and environmental contamination, such as food, water, and air, damages human health. In this study, in vitro cell culture model and epidemiologic studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of copper on lung fibrosis. In vitro, treatment of CuSO₄ in lung epithelial cells at 100 μM consistently decreases cell viability in alveolar type (A549) and human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. CuSO₄ promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as shown by increased cell migration and increased EMT marker and fibrotic gene expressions. Besides, CuSO₄ induced cell autophagy, with an increased LC3, PINK, and decreased p62 expression. Inhibition of ROS by N-acetylcysteine reversed the CuSO₄-induced PINK1, LC3, and Snail expressions. Inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine reverses the CuSO₄-induced EMT changes. Nature flavonoids, especially kaempferol, and fustin, were shown to inhibit Copper-induced EMT. In humans, a unit increase in urinary copper concentration was significantly associated with an increased risk of lung fibrotic changes (odds ratio [OR] = 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01–1.36, p = 0.038). These results indicated that Copper is a risk factor for lung fibrosis through activation of the ROS-autophagy-EMT pathway, which can be reversed by flavonoids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative-Stress in Human Diseases—2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 1987 KiB

Open AccessReview

Aurora Kinase A Regulation by Cysteine Oxidative Modification

by In-Gyun Lee and Bong-Jin Lee

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020531 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2440

Abstract

Aurora kinase A (AURKA), which is a member of serine/threonine kinase family, plays a critical role in regulating mitosis. AURKA has drawn much attention as its dysregulation is critically associated with various cancers, leading to the development of AURKA inhibitors, a new class [...] Read more.

Aurora kinase A (AURKA), which is a member of serine/threonine kinase family, plays a critical role in regulating mitosis. AURKA has drawn much attention as its dysregulation is critically associated with various cancers, leading to the development of AURKA inhibitors, a new class of anticancer drugs. As the spatiotemporal activity of AURKA critically depends on diverse intra- and inter-molecular factors, including its interaction with various protein cofactors and post-translational modifications, each of these pathways should be exploited for the development of a novel class of AURKA inhibitors other than ATP-competitive inhibitors. Several lines of evidence have recently shown that redox-active molecules can modify the cysteine residues located on the kinase domain of AURKA, thereby regulating its activity. In this review, we present the current understanding of how oxidative modifications of cysteine residues of AURKA, induced by redox-active molecules, structurally and functionally regulate AURKA and discuss their implications in the discovery of novel AURKA inhibitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section ROS, RNS and RSS)

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19 pages, 6227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Generation of Highly Antioxidant Submicron Particles from Myrtus communis Leaf Extract by Supercritical Antisolvent Extraction Process

by Diego Valor, Antonio Montes, María Calderón-Domínguez, Inass Aghziel, Ismael Sánchez-Gomar, Martín Alcalá, Ma Carmen Durán-Ruiz and Clara Pereyra

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020530 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2100

Abstract

Submicron particles have been produced from an ethanolic extract of Myrtus communnis leaves using supercritical carbon dioxide technology, hereinafter referred to as Supercritical Antisolvent Extraction (SAE). The influence of pressure (9–20 MPa), temperature (308 and 328 K) and injection rate (3 and 8 [...] Read more.

Submicron particles have been produced from an ethanolic extract of Myrtus communnis leaves using supercritical carbon dioxide technology, hereinafter referred to as Supercritical Antisolvent Extraction (SAE). The influence of pressure (9–20 MPa), temperature (308 and 328 K) and injection rate (3 and 8 mL/min) on the particles’ precipitation has been investigated, and it has been confirmed that increases in pressure and temperature led to smaller particle sizes. The obtained particles had a quasi-spherical shape with sizes ranging from 0.42 to 1.32 μm. Moreover, the bioactivity of the generated particles was assessed and large contents of phenolic compounds with a high antioxidant activity were measured. The particles were also subjected to in vitro studies against oxidative stress. The myrtle particles demonstrated cytoprotective properties when applied at low concentrations (1 μM) to macrophage cell lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Capacity of Bioactive Plant Compounds for Therapeutic Purpose)

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20 pages, 4146 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Targeting of BTK and TrxR as a Therapeutic Approach to the Treatment of Lymphoma

by Sicong Wang, Erin Clapper, Kathryn F. Tonissen and Giovanna Di Trapani

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020529 - 20 Feb 2023

Viewed by 2863

Abstract

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a haematological malignancy representing the most diagnosed non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) subtype. Despite the approved chemotherapies available in clinics, some patients still suffer from side effects and relapsed disease. Recently, studies have reported the role of the Trx [...] Read more.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a haematological malignancy representing the most diagnosed non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) subtype. Despite the approved chemotherapies available in clinics, some patients still suffer from side effects and relapsed disease. Recently, studies have reported the role of the Trx system and the BCR signalling pathway in cancer development and drug resistance. In this regard, we assessed a potential link between the two systems and evaluated the effects of [Au(d2pype)₂]Cl (TrxR inhibitor) and ibrutinib (BTK inhibitor) alone and in combination on the cell growth of two DLBCL lymphoma cell lines, SUDHL2 and SUDHL4. In this study, we show higher expression levels of the Trx system and BCR signalling pathway in the DLBCL patient samples compared to the healthy samples. The knockdown of TrxR using siRNA reduced BTK mRNA and protein expression. A combination treatment with [Au(d2pype)₂]Cl and ibrutinib had a synergistic effect on the inhibition of lymphoma cell proliferation, the activation of apoptosis, and, depending on lymphoma cell subtype, ferroptosis. Decreased BTK expression and the cytoplasmic accumulation of p65 were observed after the combination treatment in the DLBCL cells, indicating the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. Thus, the co-targeting of BTK and TrxR may be an effective therapeutic strategy to consider for DLBCL treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Antioxidant Enzyme Systems)

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15 pages, 1712 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Response of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Pea Plants Exposed to Drought and Boron Nanoparticles

by Rūta Sutulienė, Aušra Brazaitytė, Stanisław Małek, Michał Jasik and Giedrė Samuolienė

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 528; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020528 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2882

Abstract

Pea plants are sensitive to water shortages, making them less attractive to farmers. Hoping to reduce the adverse effects of drought on peas and considering the benefits of boron, this study aimed to investigate the impact of boron nanoparticles on the antioxidant system [...] Read more.

Pea plants are sensitive to water shortages, making them less attractive to farmers. Hoping to reduce the adverse effects of drought on peas and considering the benefits of boron, this study aimed to investigate the impact of boron nanoparticles on the antioxidant system and oxidative stress biomarkers in drought-stressed peas. Experiments were performed in a greenhouse. Pea plants were treated with a suspension of B₂O₃ nanoparticles at 12.5, 25, and 50 ppm concentrations before ten days of water shortage. Drought effects were induced by maintaining 30% substrate moisture. This study investigated the properties of the nanoparticle suspension and different application methods for spraying and watering pea plants. The effects of B₂O₃ nanoparticles and drought were determined on pea growth indicators, oxidative stress biomarkers, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Spraying with B₂O₃ nanoparticles at 12.5 ppm most effectively stimulated phenol accumulation; FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS antioxidant capacity; and APX, SOD, GPX, and CAT enzyme activity in pea leaves exposed to drought. In addition, B₂O₃ nanoparticles reduced the amount of MDA and H₂O₂ in pea plants grown on a substrate with insufficient moisture. The most substantial positive effect was found on peas affected by drought after spraying them with 12.5 ppm of B₂O₃ nanoparticles. B₂O₃ nanoparticles positively affected the pea height, leaf area, number of nodules, and yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling and Antioxidant Defence in Plant Stress Tolerance)

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19 pages, 2846 KiB

Open AccessReview

Evidence of Flavonoids on Disease Prevention

by Meng Li, Mengqi Qian, Qian Jiang, Bie Tan, Yulong Yin and Xinyan Han

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020527 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 6202

Abstract

A growing body of evidence highlights the properties of flavonoids in natural foods for disease prevention. Due to their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic activities, flavonoids have been revealed to benefit skeletal muscle, liver, pancreas, adipocytes, and neural cells. In this review, we introduced [...] Read more.

A growing body of evidence highlights the properties of flavonoids in natural foods for disease prevention. Due to their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic activities, flavonoids have been revealed to benefit skeletal muscle, liver, pancreas, adipocytes, and neural cells. In this review, we introduced the basic classification, natural sources, and biochemical properties of flavonoids, then summarize the experimental results and underlying molecular mechanisms concerning the effects of flavonoid consumption on obesity, cancers, and neurogenerative diseases that greatly threaten public health. Especially, the dosage and duration of flavonoids intervening in these diseases are discussed, which might guide healthy dietary habits for people of different physical status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Capacity of Bioactive Plant Compounds for Therapeutic Purpose)

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10 pages, 2077 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Selenium Protects Mouse Hypothalamic Cells from Glucocorticoid-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Vulnerability and Insulin Signaling Impairment

by Katlyn J. An, Ashley N. Hanato, Katherine W. Hui, Matthew W. Pitts, Lucia A. Seale, Jessica L. Nicholson, Pamela Toh, Jun Kyoung Kim, Marla J. Berry and Daniel J. Torres

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020526 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2284

Abstract

The use of glucocorticoid medications is known to cause metabolic side effects such as overeating, excess weight gain, and insulin resistance. The hypothalamus, a central regulator of feeding behavior and energy expenditure, is highly responsive to glucocorticoids, and it has been proposed that [...] Read more.

The use of glucocorticoid medications is known to cause metabolic side effects such as overeating, excess weight gain, and insulin resistance. The hypothalamus, a central regulator of feeding behavior and energy expenditure, is highly responsive to glucocorticoids, and it has been proposed that it plays a role in glucocorticoid-induced metabolic defects. Glucocorticoids can alter the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes and promote the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Recent evidence indicates that selenium can counter the effects of glucocorticoids, and selenium is critical for proper hypothalamic function. This study sought to determine whether selenium is capable of protecting hypothalamic cells from dysfunction caused by glucocorticoid exposure. We treated mHypoE-44 mouse hypothalamic cells with corticosterone to study the effects on cellular physiology and the involvement of selenium. We found that corticosterone administration rendered cells more vulnerable to endoplasmic reticulum stress and the subsequent impairment of insulin signaling. Supplementing the cell culture media with additional selenium alleviated endoplasmic reticulum stress and promoted insulin signaling. These findings implicate a protective role of selenium against chronic glucocorticoid-induced hypothalamic dysfunction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Antioxidants-Advances in Health Outcomes of Oxidative Stress)

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15 pages, 3127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Radical Scavenging Potential of Ginkgolides and Bilobalide: Insight from Molecular Modeling

by Davide Zeppilli, Giovanni Ribaudo, Nicola Pompermaier, Andrea Madabeni, Marco Bortoli and Laura Orian

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020525 - 19 Feb 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2164

Abstract

The reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacities of ginkgolides and bilobalide, which are the peculiar constituents of the extract of Ginkgo biloba, are investigated in silico (level of theory: (SMD)-M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p)//M06-2X/6-31G(d)). Unlike other popular antioxidant natural substances, the carbon backbones of these compounds [...] Read more.

The reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacities of ginkgolides and bilobalide, which are the peculiar constituents of the extract of Ginkgo biloba, are investigated in silico (level of theory: (SMD)-M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p)//M06-2X/6-31G(d)). Unlike other popular antioxidant natural substances, the carbon backbones of these compounds are entirely aliphatic and exclusively single C–C bonds are present. The selectivity for alkoxyl radicals via hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) is assessed; importantly, the scavenging of peroxyl radicals is also possible from a peculiar site, here labeled C10 both for ginkgolides and bilobalide. The energetics are described in detail, and the analysis discloses that the studied compounds are powerful scavengers, with thermodynamic and kinetic properties similar to those of Trolox and melatonin, and that, in addition, they display selectivity for peroxyl radicals. These are all chemical-reactivity features contributing to the therapeutic action of the extract of G. biloba. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants)

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14 pages, 821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contamination by Trace Elements and Oxidative Stress in the Skeletal Muscle of Scyliorhinus canicula from the Central Tyrrhenian Sea

by Mariacristina Filice, Francesca Romana Reinero, Maria Carmela Cerra, Caterina Faggio, Francesco Luigi Leonetti, Primo Micarelli, Gianni Giglio, Emilio Sperone, Donatella Barca and Sandra Imbrogno

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020524 - 19 Feb 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2742

Abstract

Marine pollution, due to the regular discharge of contaminants by various anthropogenic sources, is a growing problem that imposes detrimental influences on natural species. Sharks, because of a diet based on smaller polluted animals, are exposed to the risk of water contamination and [...] Read more.

Marine pollution, due to the regular discharge of contaminants by various anthropogenic sources, is a growing problem that imposes detrimental influences on natural species. Sharks, because of a diet based on smaller polluted animals, are exposed to the risk of water contamination and the subsequent bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Trace elements are very diffuse water pollutants and able to induce oxidative stress in a variety of marine organisms. However, to date, studies on sharks are rather scarce and often limited to mercury. In this context, the present study aimed to analyze the accumulation of trace elements and their putative correlation with the onset of an oxidative status in the muscle of the lesser spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula, from the Central Mediterranean Sea. Ecotoxicological analysis detected the presence of Pb, As, Cd, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Fe; no significant differences were observed between sexes, while a negative correlation was found between Pb and animal length. Analysis of oxidative stress markers showed either positive or negative correlation with respect to the presence of trace elements. Lipid peroxidation (TBARS) positively correlated with Zn, Ni, and Fe; SOD enzyme activity negatively correlated with Cu and Ni; LDH was negatively correlated with Fe and positively correlated with Pb. Moreover, positive correlations between the leukocyte count and Mn and Zn, as well as with LDH activity, were also observed. The data suggested that, in sharks, trace elements accumulation may affect oxidant and antioxidant processes with important outcomes for their physiology and health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response in Marine Organisms)

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23 pages, 5778 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Evaluation of a Novel-Thymol@Natural-Zeolite/Low-Density-Polyethylene Active Packaging Film: Applications for Pork Fillets Preservation

by Constantinos E. Salmas, Aris E. Giannakas, Vassilios K. Karabagias, Dimitrios Moschovas, Ioannis K. Karabagias, Christina Gioti, Stavros Georgopoulos, Areti Leontiou, George Kehayias, Apostolos Avgeropoulos and Charalampos Proestos

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020523 - 19 Feb 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3003

Abstract

Sustainability, the circular economy, and the “greenhouse” effect have led the food packaging industry to use naturally available bio-compounds. The integration of such compounds in packaging films increases food safety and extends food shelf-life. The development of an active/antioxidant packaging film based on [...] Read more.

Sustainability, the circular economy, and the “greenhouse” effect have led the food packaging industry to use naturally available bio-compounds. The integration of such compounds in packaging films increases food safety and extends food shelf-life. The development of an active/antioxidant packaging film based on the widely commercially used low-density polyethylene, natural zeolite, and Thymol, a natural extract from thyme oil, is presented in this work. The obtained active films were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry techniques. The tensile strength, water–oxygen barrier properties, and total antioxidant activity were measured. Low-density polyethylene incorporated with Thymol@Natural Zeolite at a proportion of 15 wt% was the most promising material and was used as film to wrap-up pork fillets. The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method and heme iron measurements indicated a delayed lipids oxidation using this film. A linear correlation between the TBA method and heme iron values seems to be established, which could result in a fast method to determine the degree of lipid oxidation in pork fillets. Finally, a two-stage diffusion process during Thymol release was observed, and the values of the diffusion coefficient was 2.09 × 10⁻⁷ and 1.21 × 10⁻⁸ cm²/s for each stage. The applied pseudo-second sorption model provided a rate constant k₂ = 0.01647 (s⁻¹). These results indicate the strong potential of such films to be used as food packaging materials free of E-number preservatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 2374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Antiglycation Potential of Erva-Baleeira (Varronia curassavica Jacq.)

by Winner Duque Rodrigues, Felipe Nunes Cardoso, Amanda Martins Baviera and André Gonzaga dos Santos

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020522 - 19 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2061

Abstract

Background: Varronia curassavica Jacq. (Boraginaceae) is traditionally used in the treatment of inflammatory processes. The ethanolic extract of its leaves (EEVc) showed anti-inflammatory properties and low toxicity. Medicinal plants have aroused interest for their antiglycation activities. The formation and accumulation of advanced glycation [...] Read more.

Background: Varronia curassavica Jacq. (Boraginaceae) is traditionally used in the treatment of inflammatory processes. The ethanolic extract of its leaves (EEVc) showed anti-inflammatory properties and low toxicity. Medicinal plants have aroused interest for their antiglycation activities. The formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are associated with several chronic diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antiglycation potential of EEVc and two isolated compounds. Methods: The compounds brickellin and cordialin A were obtained by chromatographic methods and identified by spectrometric techniques. Analysis of fluorescent AGEs, biomarkers of amino acid residue oxidation, protein carbonyl groups and crosslink formation were performed in samples obtained from an in vitro model system of protein glycation with methylglyoxal. Results: EEVc, brickellin and cordialin A significantly reduced the in vitro formation of AGEs, and reduced the damage caused by oxidative damage to the protein. Conclusions: According to the results, EEVc, brickellin and cordialin A are potential candidates against AGEs formation, which opens the way to expand the therapeutic arsenal for many pathologies resulting from glycoxidative stress. Full article

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13 pages, 900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Whole-Body Cryotherapy on Endothelium Parameters in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis

by Agata Stanek, Ewa Romuk, Tomasz Wielkoszyński, Klaudia Brożyna-Tkaczyk, Daria Wziątek-Kuczmik and Armand Cholewka

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020521 - 19 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2801

Abstract

Background: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) with subsequent exercise training (WBC group) or exercise-only training (ET group) on endothelium inflammation parameters in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods: The WBC procedure lasted 3 min, [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) with subsequent exercise training (WBC group) or exercise-only training (ET group) on endothelium inflammation parameters in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods: The WBC procedure lasted 3 min, and exercise training consisted of one 60 min session a day, which was the same in each group. The ET group was compared to the WBC group. Endothelium (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), soluble P-Selectin, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), neopterin), and oxidative stress (lipid hydroperoxide (LHP), protein sulfhydryl (PSH), lipofuscin, paraoxonase-1(PON-1), and albumin) parameters were estimated 1 day before and 1 day after the completion of the study. Results: A significant decrease in hsCRP, sP-Selectin, sVCAM-1, and neopterin concentrations was observed in the WBC group after the treatment. After the treatment, in both groups, LHP and lipofuscin levels and PON-1 activity decreased significantly. The observed drop in these parameters was higher in the WBC group compared to the ET group. Albumin concentration increased in the WBC group after treatment. Conclusion: Procedures of WBC have a beneficial effect on endothelium parameters in AS patients; therefore, this method can be applied in the treatment of this group of patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Organ Damage in Health and Disease--State of Art)

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16 pages, 1228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Functional Profile and Antioxidant Capacity of Tomato Fruits Are Modulated by the Interaction between Microbial Biostimulants, Soil Properties, and Soil Nitrogen Status

by Paola Ganugi, Andrea Fiorini, Vincenzo Tabaglio, Federico Capra, Gokhan Zengin, Paolo Bonini, Tito Caffi, Edoardo Puglisi, Marco Trevisan and Luigi Lucini

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020520 - 19 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2250

Abstract

The application of microbial biostimulants to plants has revealed positive effects related to nutrients uptake, stress tolerance, root development and phenological growth. However, little information is available exploiting the potential synergistic biostimulant action of microbes on the functional quality of the yields. The [...] Read more.

The application of microbial biostimulants to plants has revealed positive effects related to nutrients uptake, stress tolerance, root development and phenological growth. However, little information is available exploiting the potential synergistic biostimulant action of microbes on the functional quality of the yields. The current research elucidated the effect of single or coupled action of biostimulants, associated with either optimal or reduced nitrogen application, on the functional quality of tomato fruits. Chemical assays and untargeted metabolomics were applied to investigate Rhizoglomus irregulare and Funneliformis mosseae administration (both being arbuscular mycorrhiza, AMF), under optimal or low N input conditions, alone or coupled to Trichoderma atroviride application. The coupling of AMF and Trichoderma fungal inoculations resulted in a synergistic biostimulant effect on tomato fruits under sub-optimal fertility, revealing improved concentrations of carotenoid compounds—B-carotene (0.647 ± 0.243 mg/100 g), Z-carotene (0.021 ± 0.021 mg/100 g), 13-z-lycopene (0.145 ± 0.052 mg/100 g) and all-trans-lycopene (12.586 ± 1.511 mg/100 g), and increased values for total phenolic content (12.9 ± 2.9 mgGAE/g), total antioxidant activity (phosphomolybdenum, 0.9 ± 0.2 mmolTE/g), radical scavenging activity (DPPH, 3.4 ± 3.7 mgTE/g), reducing power (FRAP, 23.6 ± 6.3 mgTE/g and CUPRAC, 37.4 ± 7.6 mg TE/g), and enzyme inhibitory activity (AChE, 2.4 ± 0.1 mg GALAE/g), when compared to control. However, evidence of carotenoid and bioactive compounds were exclusively observed under the sub-optimal fertility and no significant differences could be observed between the biostimulant treatment and control under optimal fertility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phenolics as Antioxidant Agents II)

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16 pages, 6591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cytoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of Hydrolysates from Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)

by Kristian Riolo, Archimede Rotondo, Giovanna Loredana La Torre, Ylenia Marino, Gianluca Antonio Franco, Rosalia Crupi, Roberta Fusco, Rosanna Di Paola, Sabrina Oliva, Giuseppe De Marco, Domenico Savastano, Salvatore Cuzzocrea, Enrico Gugliandolo and Alessia Giannetto

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020519 - 18 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3350

Abstract

The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, has been recognized as one of the most promising insect species for its ability to valorize organic waste while producing a valuable larval biomass with a great potential as a sustainable source of nutrients, including proteins [...] Read more.

The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, has been recognized as one of the most promising insect species for its ability to valorize organic waste while producing a valuable larval biomass with a great potential as a sustainable source of nutrients, including proteins and bioactive molecules. In the present study, BSF larvae were used to produce and characterize the protein hydrolysates (BPHs) that were then evaluated for their potential biological activity in vitro. The BPHs obtained from the BSF larvae proteins by enzymatic digestion were characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and assessed for their antioxidant activity (BPHs in the range of 0.1 to 1.5 mg/mL) in L-929 cells. Our findings show that BPHs can exert a dose-dependent cytoprotective role against H₂O₂-iduced oxidative stress in cells. This antioxidant activity relies on the reduction of ROS levels in challenged cells as measured by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, together with the induction and nuclear translocation of Nrf2, as evaluated by qPCR and indirect immunofluorescence analysis, respectively. Overall, our findings on the remarkable biological activity of the BPHs obtained in a large-scale process strongly suggest the application of BPHs as ingredients promoting animal health in feed formulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Nature to Synthetic Small Molecule Antioxidants: New Candidates in Drug Discovery)

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14 pages, 1979 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA Type-c: Potential Therapeutic Candidate in Retinal Diseases

by Zahra Mohtashami, Mithalesh Kumar Singh, Farid Thomaz Neto, Nasim Salimiaghdam, Hossein Hasanpour and M. Cristina Kenney

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020518 - 18 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2461

Abstract

Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA type-c (MOTS-c) is the most unearthed peptide encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). It is an important regulator of the nuclear genome during times of stress because it promotes an adaptive stress response to maintain cellular [...] Read more.

Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA type-c (MOTS-c) is the most unearthed peptide encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). It is an important regulator of the nuclear genome during times of stress because it promotes an adaptive stress response to maintain cellular homeostasis. Identifying MOTS-c specific binding partners may aid in deciphering the complex web of mitochondrial and nuclear-encoded signals. Mitochondrial damage and dysfunction have been linked to aging and the accelerated cell death associated with many types of retinal degenerations. Furthermore, research on MOTS-c ability to revive oxidatively stressed RPE cells has revealed a significant protective role for the molecule. Evidence suggests that senescent cells play a role in the development of age-related retinal disorders. This review examines the links between MOTS-c, mitochondria, and age-related diseases of the retina. Moreover, the untapped potential of MOTS-c as a treatment for glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration is reviewed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms and Antioxidant Therapy in Eye Diseases)

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30 pages, 1601 KiB

Open AccessReview

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Neurodegenerative Disorders

by Edward O. Olufunmilayo, Michelle B. Gerke-Duncan and R. M. Damian Holsinger

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020517 - 18 Feb 2023

Cited by 146 | Viewed by 15689

Abstract

Neurodegenerative disorders constitute a substantial proportion of neurological diseases with significant public health importance. The pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases is characterized by a complex interplay of various general and disease-specific factors that lead to the end point of neuronal degeneration and loss, and [...] Read more.

Neurodegenerative disorders constitute a substantial proportion of neurological diseases with significant public health importance. The pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases is characterized by a complex interplay of various general and disease-specific factors that lead to the end point of neuronal degeneration and loss, and the eventual clinical manifestations. Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between pro-oxidant species and antioxidant systems, characterized by an elevation in the levels of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species, and a reduction in the levels of endogenous antioxidants. Recent studies have increasingly highlighted oxidative stress and associated mitochondrial dysfunction to be important players in the pathophysiologic processes involved in neurodegenerative conditions. In this article, we review the current knowledge of the general effects of oxidative stress on the central nervous system, the different specific routes by which oxidative stress influences the pathophysiologic processes involved in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Huntington’s disease, and how oxidative stress may be therapeutically reversed/mitigated in order to stall the pathological progression of these neurodegenerative disorders to bring about clinical benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Neurodegenerative Disorders)

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21 pages, 757 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cardiac Hepatopathy: New Perspectives on Old Problems through a Prism of Endogenous Metabolic Regulations by Hepatokines

by Alexander A. Berezin, Zeljko Obradovic, Tetiana A. Berezina, Elke Boxhammer, Michael Lichtenauer and Alexander E. Berezin

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020516 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3823

Abstract

Cardiac hepatopathy refers to acute or chronic liver damage caused by cardiac dysfunction in the absence of any other possible causative reasons of liver injury. There is a large number of evidence of the fact that cardiac hepatopathy is associated with poor clinical [...] Read more.

Cardiac hepatopathy refers to acute or chronic liver damage caused by cardiac dysfunction in the absence of any other possible causative reasons of liver injury. There is a large number of evidence of the fact that cardiac hepatopathy is associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with acute or actually decompensated heart failure (HF). However, the currently dominated pathophysiological background does not explain a role of metabolic regulative proteins secreted by hepatocytes in progression of HF, including adverse cardiac remodeling, kidney injury, skeletal muscle dysfunction, osteopenia, sarcopenia and cardiac cachexia. The aim of this narrative review was to accumulate knowledge of hepatokines (adropin; fetuin-A, selenoprotein P, fibroblast growth factor-21, and alpha-1-microglobulin) as adaptive regulators of metabolic homeostasis in patients with HF. It is suggested that hepatokines play a crucial, causative role in inter-organ interactions and mediate tissue protective effects counteracting oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and necrosis. The discriminative potencies of hepatokines for HF and damage of target organs in patients with known HF is under on-going scientific discussion and requires more investigations in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Oxidative Stress in Mitochondrial Function: Relevance for Liver Function)

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19 pages, 1564 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Maternal Circulating MicroRNAs in Obese Pregnancies and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

by Anaïs Serati, Chiara Novielli, Gaia Maria Anelli, Maria Mandalari, Francesca Parisi, Irene Cetin, Renata Paleari and Chiara Mandò

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020515 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3161

Abstract

Maternal obesity (MO) is expanding worldwide, contributing to the onset of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). MO and GDM are associated with adverse maternal and foetal outcomes, with short- and long-term complications. Growing evidence suggests that MO and GDM are characterized by epigenetic alterations [...] Read more.

Maternal obesity (MO) is expanding worldwide, contributing to the onset of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). MO and GDM are associated with adverse maternal and foetal outcomes, with short- and long-term complications. Growing evidence suggests that MO and GDM are characterized by epigenetic alterations contributing to the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. In this pilot study, plasma microRNAs (miRNAs) of obese pregnant women with/without GDM were profiled at delivery. Nineteen women with spontaneous singleton pregnancies delivering by elective Caesarean section were enrolled: seven normal-weight (NW), six obese without comorbidities (OB/GDM(−)), and six obese with GDM (OB/GDM(+)). miRNA profiling with miRCURY LNA PCR Panel allowed the analysis of the 179 most expressed circulating miRNAs in humans. Data acquisition and statistics (GeneGlobe and SPSS software) and Pathway Enrichment Analysis (PEA) were performed. Data analysis highlighted patterns of significantly differentially expressed miRNAs between groups: OB/GDM(−) vs. NW: n = 4 miRNAs, OB/GDM(+) vs. NW: n = 1, and OB/GDM(+) vs. OB/GDM(−): n = 14. For each comparison, PEA revealed pathways associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as with nutrients and hormones metabolism. Indeed, miRNAs analysis may help to shed light on the complex epigenetic network regulating metabolic pathways in both the mother and the foeto-placental unit. Future investigations are needed to deepen the pregnancy epigenetic landscape in MO and GDM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Maternal-Perinatal Well-Being)

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13 pages, 304 KiB

Open AccessReview

Coenzyme Q10 and Endocrine Disorders: An Overview

by David Mantle and Iain Parry Hargreaves

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020514 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 12787

Abstract

Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of endocrine disorders; this, in turn, suggests a potential role for the vitamin-like substance coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in the pathogenesis and treatment of these disorders, on the basis of [...] Read more.

Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of endocrine disorders; this, in turn, suggests a potential role for the vitamin-like substance coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in the pathogenesis and treatment of these disorders, on the basis of its key roles in mitochondrial function, and as an antioxidant. In this article we have therefore reviewed the role of CoQ10 deficiency and supplementation in disorders of the thyroid, pancreas, gonads, pituitary and adrenals, with a particular focus on hyperthyroidism, type II diabetes, male infertility and polycystic ovary syndrome. Full article

14 pages, 4407 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Hypertensive Property of an NO Nanoparticle in an Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease Young Rat Model

by You-Lin Tain, Hung-Wei Yang, Chih-Yao Hou, Guo-Ping Chang-Chien, Sufan Lin and Chien-Ning Hsu

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020513 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2020

Abstract

Hypertension is the most common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children but is still poorly controlled. Nitric oxide (NO) deficiency plays a pivotal role in CKD and hypertension. NO is known to have health benefits, while NO typically has a short [...] Read more.

Hypertension is the most common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children but is still poorly controlled. Nitric oxide (NO) deficiency plays a pivotal role in CKD and hypertension. NO is known to have health benefits, while NO typically has a short half-life and is not specifically targeted. In this study, we used a pediatric CKD model, which was induced in young rats by feeding them 0.25% adenine. We investigated two different NO donors, namely S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and diethylenetriamine/NO adduct (DETA NONOate) via intraperitoneal injection at 10 mg/kg/day daily for 3 weeks. GSNO was delivered by Cu²⁺-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework (Cu/ZIF-8) nanoparticles to generate NO. As a result, we observed Cu/ZIF-8 nanoparticles were successfully loaded with GSNO and were able to release NO. Young rats fed with adenine displayed kidney dysfunction and hypertension at 9 weeks of age, which were prevented by GSNO-loaded nanoparticle or DETA NONOate treatment. GSNO-loaded nanoparticles reduced CKD-induced hypertension, which was related to an enhanced endogenous NO-generating system, reduced renal oxidative stress, and downregulated several components belonging to the classic renin–angiotensin (RAS) system. Our results cast new light on targeting NO delivery through the use of nanoparticles aiming to improve child-focused outcomes related to CKD worthy of clinical translation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nitric Oxide (NO) and Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) in Biology, Illness, and Therapies)

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14 pages, 2740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DMF-Activated Nrf2 Ameliorates Palmitic Acid Toxicity While Potentiates Ferroptosis Mediated Cell Death: Protective Role of the NO-Donor S-Nitroso-N-Acetylcysteine

by Diana Abu-Halaka, Adi Shpaizer, Haim Zeigerman, Joseph Kanner and Oren Tirosh

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020512 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3443

Abstract

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease that can develop into an aggressive form called nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which ultimately progresses to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and end-stage liver failure. Currently, the deterioration of NAFLD is attributed to [...] Read more.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease that can develop into an aggressive form called nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which ultimately progresses to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and end-stage liver failure. Currently, the deterioration of NAFLD is attributed to specific lipid toxicity which could be due to lipotoxicity and/or ferroptosis. In the current study, we evaluated the involvement of the nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), which is a main activator of phase II metabolism in the two types of lipid-induced toxicity in hepatocytes, lipotoxicity by saturated fatty acids, and in ferroptosis, and the effect of NO donor treatment. AML12 cells were exposed to 600 μM palmitic acid to induce lipotoxicity or treated with 20 μM erastin or 5 μM RSL3 for ferroptosis. In SFA-lipotoxicity, pretreatment with the Nrf2 activator dimethyl fumarate (DMF) managed to ameliorate the cells and the oxidative stress level while aggravating ferroptosis due to emptying the thiol pool. On the other hand, the nitric oxide (NO)-donor, S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (NAC-SNO) proved to be effective in the prevention of hepatocytes ferroptosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Regulation in Alcoholic Liver Disease)

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14 pages, 1460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Compounds of Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum and Optimization of Extraction Condition

by Heewon An, Le Nguyen Thanh, Le Quoc Khanh, Se Hwan Ryu, Solip Lee, Sang Won Yeon, Hak Hyun Lee, Ayman Turk, Ki Yong Lee, Bang Yeon Hwang and Mi Kyeong Lee

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020511 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2104

Abstract

Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum (Kurz.) Gogel (Guttiferae), called kuding tea, is widely distributed in Southeast Asia. In this study, the constituents and biological activity of C. formosum ssp. pruniflorum were investigated. Extract of its leaves, roots and stems showed antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory [...] Read more.

Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum (Kurz.) Gogel (Guttiferae), called kuding tea, is widely distributed in Southeast Asia. In this study, the constituents and biological activity of C. formosum ssp. pruniflorum were investigated. Extract of its leaves, roots and stems showed antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Interestingly, comparison of the metabolite profiles of leaves, roots and stems of C. formosum ssp. pruniflorum by LC-MS analysis showed a great difference between the roots and leaves, whereas the roots and stems were quite similar. Purification of the roots and leaves of C. formosum ssp. pruniflorum through various chromatographic techniques resulted in the isolation of 25 compounds. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis as 18 xanthones, 5 flavonoids, a benzophenone and a phenolic compound. Among them, a xanthone (16) and a benzophenone (19) were first reported from nature. Evaluation of biological activity revealed that xanthones had a potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, while flavonoids were responsible for the antioxidant activity. To maximize the biological activity, yield and total phenolic content of C. formosum ssp. pruniflorum, extraction conditions such as extraction solvent, time and temperature were optimized using response surface methodology with Box–Behnken Design (BBD). Regression analysis showed a good fit of the experimental data, and the optimal condition was obtained as MeOH concentration in EtOAc, 88.1%; extraction time, 6.02 h; and extraction temperature 60.0 °C. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity, yield and total phenolic content under the optimal condition were found to be 72.2% inhibition, 10.3% and 163.9 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. These results provide useful information about C. formosum ssp. pruniflorum as functional foods for oxidative stress–related metabolic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: Challenges and Perspectives on Future Nutrition)

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18 pages, 840 KiB

Open AccessReview

m6A Modification—Association with Oxidative Stress and Implications on Eye Diseases

by Yueqi Ni, Hong Zhang, Liang Chu and Yin Zhao

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020510 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2655

Abstract

Oxidative stress (OS) refers to a state of imbalance between oxidation and antioxidation. OS is considered to be an important factor leading to aging and a range of diseases. The eyes are highly oxygen-consuming organs. Due to its continuous exposure to ultraviolet light, [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress (OS) refers to a state of imbalance between oxidation and antioxidation. OS is considered to be an important factor leading to aging and a range of diseases. The eyes are highly oxygen-consuming organs. Due to its continuous exposure to ultraviolet light, the eye is particularly vulnerable to the impact of OS, leading to eye diseases such as corneal disease, cataracts, glaucoma, etc. The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most investigated RNA post-transcriptional modification and participates in a variety of cellular biological processes. In this study, we review the role of m6A modification in oxidative stress-induced eye diseases and some therapeutic methods to provide a relatively overall understanding of m6A modification in oxidative stress-related eye diseases. Full article

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20 pages, 10403 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Characterization of Different Extracts of Justicia secunda Vahl and Determination of Their Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Enzymatic, Anti-Viral, and Cytotoxic Properties

by Łukasz Świątek, Elwira Sieniawska, Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan, Gokhan Zengin, Anastazja Boguszewska, Benita Hryć, Kouadio Bene, Małgorzata Polz-Dacewicz and Stefano Dall’Acqua

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020509 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4786

Abstract

Justicia secunda Vahl. is a traditional medicinal plant in tropical regions, including West Africa. The present study examined the chemical profiles and biological properties of J. secunda extracts obtained with different solvents (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanolic and aqueous: macerated and infused). Chemical components [...] Read more.

Justicia secunda Vahl. is a traditional medicinal plant in tropical regions, including West Africa. The present study examined the chemical profiles and biological properties of J. secunda extracts obtained with different solvents (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanolic and aqueous: macerated and infused). Chemical components were characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and over 50 compounds were identified, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids. Antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, cytotoxic, and antiviral properties were selected as biological properties. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in methanol (58.07 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 13.07 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g) and water (infused) (36.34 mg GAE/g and 8.52 mg RE/g) were higher than in other extracts. Consistent with the levels of total bioactive components, the methanol and water extracts exhibited stronger antioxidant abilities. However, the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts were more active on α-amylase and α-glucosidase than other extracts. Aqueous extracts exerted selective anticancer properties toward human pharyngeal cancer cell lines, whereas the methanolic extract decreased the human herpesvirus type-1 (HHV-1) infectious titer by 2.16 log and the viral load by 1.21 log. Overall, J. secunda could be considered a multifunctional bioactive raw material in the preparation of potent applications to manage diseases related to oxidative stress, including cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts II)

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14 pages, 2638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anthocyanins Prevent AAPH-Induced Steroidogenesis Disorder in Leydig Cells by Counteracting Oxidative Stress and StAR Abnormal Expression in a Structure-Dependent Manner

by Jun Hu, Xusheng Li, Naijun Wu, Cuijuan Zhu, Xinwei Jiang, Kailan Yuan, Yue Li, Jianxia Sun and Weibin Bai

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020508 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2065

Abstract

Testosterone deficiency may increase the risk of sexual dysfunction and the failure of spermatogenesis. Oxidative stress that is derived from the destruction of homeostasis, disease, and exposure to contaminants can damage the steroidogenicity process in Leydig cells, resulting in a reduction in testosterone [...] Read more.

Testosterone deficiency may increase the risk of sexual dysfunction and the failure of spermatogenesis. Oxidative stress that is derived from the destruction of homeostasis, disease, and exposure to contaminants can damage the steroidogenicity process in Leydig cells, resulting in a reduction in testosterone synthesis. Anthocyanins are a group of innoxious antioxidants widely recognized in food sources, and are an ideal candidate to relieve oxidative stress-related steroidogenesis disorder. However, there is still a major gap in our knowledge of the structure–function relationship of anthocyanin on the activity mentioned above. In the present study, four anthocyanins including cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-3-glu), delphinidin-3-glucoside (Dp-3-glu), pelargonidin-3-glucoside (Pg-3-glu), and cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside (Cy-3,5-diglu) were applied to reverse testosterone generation after employing 2,2′-Azobis(2-amidinopropane)-dihydrochloride (AAPH) as the inducer of oxidative stress in R2C cells. The results demonstrated that all four kinds of anthocyanins can inhibit ROS generation, alleviate mitochondrial membrane potential damage, and contribute to increased testosterone. Among them, Cy-3,5-diglu with diglycoside performed best on antioxidative ability and improved cell dysfunction and upregulated the expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). The molecular docking further revealed the direct combination between anthocyanins and StAR, suggesting that anthocyanins with monosaccharide were more likely to interact with StAR than with diglycoside. Taken together, these data indicate that recipient R2C cells under oxidative stress submitted to anthocyanins exhibited improved steroidogenesis in a structure-dependent manner. Anthocyanins could be considered the ideal ingredients against oxidative stress-induced testosterone deficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reproduction Health)

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17 pages, 561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Dietary Phenolic Compounds on Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in the “Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra” (SUN) Cohort

by Zenaida Vázquez-Ruiz, Miguel Ángel Martínez-González, Facundo Vitelli-Storelli, Maira Bes-Rastrollo, Francisco Javier Basterra-Gortari and Estefanía Toledo

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020507 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2304

Abstract

The global incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been steadily increasing in recent decades. The Mediterranean dietary pattern has shown a preventive effect on the risk of T2D. Evaluating the association between bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds (PC) in a Mediterranean [...] Read more.

The global incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been steadily increasing in recent decades. The Mediterranean dietary pattern has shown a preventive effect on the risk of T2D. Evaluating the association between bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds (PC) in a Mediterranean cohort could help to better understand the mechanisms implicated in this protection. We evaluated the association between dietary intake of PC and the risk of T2D in a relatively young cohort of 17,821 Spanish participants initially free of T2D, through the University of Navarra Follow-up Project (“Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra” or SUN cohort) after 10 years of median follow-up using time-dependent Cox models. Intake of PC was estimated at baseline and repeatedly at 10-year follow-up using a 136-item validated food frequency and the Phenol-Explorer database. The incidence of T2D was identified by a biennial follow-up, and only medically confirmed cases were included. During 224,751 person-years of follow-up, 186 cases of T2D were confirmed. A suboptimal intake of stilbenes was independently associated with a higher risk of T2D in subjects over 50 years (HR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.06–2.90, p value < 0.05) after adjusting for potential confounders. Our results suggest that a moderate-high intake of stilbenes can decrease the risk of developing T2D in subjects over 50 years in our cohort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease)

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