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Antioxidants
Volume 8
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Antioxidants, Volume 8, Issue 2 (February 2019) – 23 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is counteracted by its reactivity with oxygen, which turns into superoxide, becoming prooxidant. Vitamin C is also unproductively depleted, particularly in water at physiologic pH, where it is dissociated to the less-stable ascorbate. Loading ascorbic acid into the alkaline inner lumen of natural halloysite nanotubes protects it from oxygen and allows slower release in time to quench peroxyl radicals. Through this method, antioxidant activity is boosted 4-fold! View Paper here.
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12 pages, 2335 KiB  
Article
Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Nigella sativa Oil in Human Pre-Adipocytes
by Laura Bordoni, Donatella Fedeli, Cinzia Nasuti, Filippo Maggi, Fabrizio Papa, Martin Wabitsch, Raffaele De Caterina and Rosita Gabbianelli
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020051 - 25 Feb 2019
Cited by 113 | Viewed by 11593
Abstract
The oil obtained from the seeds of Nigella sativa L. (N. sativa), also known as black cumin, is frequently used in the Mediterranean area for its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer activities. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the [...] Read more.
The oil obtained from the seeds of Nigella sativa L. (N. sativa), also known as black cumin, is frequently used in the Mediterranean area for its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer activities. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the oil extracted from seeds of a N. sativa cultivar produced in the Marche region of Italy, and to determine if the thymoquinone content, antioxidant properties, and biological activity would decay during storage. Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory properties of N. sativa oil were tested in an in vitro model of low-grade inflammation in Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome human pre-adipocytes. The fresh extracted oil (FEO) contained 33% more thymoquinone than stored extracted oil (SEO), demonstrating that storage affects its overall quality. In addition, the thymoquinone content in the N. sativa oil from the Marche region cultivar was higher compared with other N. sativa oils produced in the Middle East and in other Mediterranean regions. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., Interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6) were differently modulated by fresh and stored extracts from N. sativa oils: FEO, containing more thymoquinone reduced IL-6 levels significantly, while SEO inhibited IL-1beta and had a higher antioxidant activity. Total antioxidant activity, reported as µM of Trolox, was 11.273 ± 0.935 and 6.103 ± 0.446 for SEO and FEO (p = 1.255 × 10−7), respectively, while mean values of 9.895 ± 0.817 (SEO) and 4.727 ± 0.324 (FEO) were obtained with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay (p = 2.891 × 10−14). In conclusion, the oil capacity to counteract proinflammatory cytokine production does not strictly depend on the thymoquinone content, but also on other antioxidant components of the oil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Plants Extract)
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7 pages, 971 KiB  
Review
Oxidant-Mediated Protein Amino Acid Conversion
by Yuichiro J. Suzuki
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020050 - 25 Feb 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6050
Abstract
Biological oxidation plays important roles in the pathogenesis of various diseases and aging. Carbonylation is one mode of protein oxidation. It has been reported that amino acids that are susceptible to carbonylation are arginine (Arg), proline (Pro), lysine, and threonine residues. The carbonylation [...] Read more.
Biological oxidation plays important roles in the pathogenesis of various diseases and aging. Carbonylation is one mode of protein oxidation. It has been reported that amino acids that are susceptible to carbonylation are arginine (Arg), proline (Pro), lysine, and threonine residues. The carbonylation product of both Arg and Pro residues is glutamyl semialdehyde. While chemically the oxidation reactions of neither Pro to glutamyl semialdehyde nor Arg to glutamyl semialdehyde are reversible, experimental results from our laboratory suggest that the biological system may drive the reduction of glutamyl semialdehyde to Pro in the protein structure. Further, glutamyl semialdehyde can be oxidized to become glutamic acid (Glu). Therefore, I hypothesize that biological oxidation post-translationally converts Arg to Pro, Arg to Glu, and Pro to Glu within the protein structure. Our mass spectrometry experiments provided evidence that, in human cells, 5–10% of peroxiredoxin 6 protein molecules have Pro-45 replaced by Glu. This concept of protein amino acid conversion challenges the dogma that amino acid sequences are strictly defined by nucleic acid sequences. I propose that, in the biological system, amino acid replacements can occur post-translationally through redox regulation, and protein molecules with non-DNA coding sequences confer functions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Aspects of Redox, Antioxidant and Mitochondrial Signaling)
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17 pages, 2231 KiB  
Article
A Single-Dose of a Polyphenol-Rich Fucus Vesiculosus Extract is Insufficient to Blunt the Elevated Postprandial Blood Glucose Responses Exhibited by Healthy Adults in the Evening: A Randomised Crossover Trial
by Margaret Murray, Aimee L. Dordevic, Lisa Ryan and Maxine P. Bonham
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020049 - 24 Feb 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5221
Abstract
When healthy adults consume carbohydrates at night, postprandial blood glucose responses are elevated and prolonged compared to daytime.Extended postprandial hyperglycaemia is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Polyphenols are bioactive secondary metabolites of plants and algae with potential to moderate postprandial glycaemia. [...] Read more.
When healthy adults consume carbohydrates at night, postprandial blood glucose responses are elevated and prolonged compared to daytime.Extended postprandial hyperglycaemia is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Polyphenols are bioactive secondary metabolites of plants and algae with potential to moderate postprandial glycaemia. This study investigated whether a polyphenol-rich alga (Fucus vesiculosus) extract moderated postprandial glycaemia in the evening in healthy adults. In a double blind, placebo-controlled, randomised three-way crossover trial, 18 participants consumed a polyphenol-rich extract, a cellulose placebo and rice flour placebo (7:15 p.m.) prior to 50 g available carbohydrate from bread (7:45 p.m.), followed by three hours of blood sampling to assess glucose and insulin. A subset of participants (n = 8) completed the same protocol once in the morning with only the cellulose placebo (7:15 a.m.). No effect of the polyphenol-rich extract was observed on postprandial glycaemia in the evening, compared with placebos, in the group as a whole. However, in females only, peak blood glucose concentration was reduced following the polyphenol-rich extract. In the subset analysis, as expected, participants exhibited elevated postprandial blood glucose in the evening compared with the morning following the cellulose placebo. This was the first study to investigate whether a polyphenol intervention moderated evening postprandial hyperglycaemia. The lowering effect observed in females suggests that this warrants further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Polyphenols in Contemporary Disease)
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23 pages, 1179 KiB  
Review
Hydrogen Sulfide and Persulfides Oxidation by Biologically Relevant Oxidizing Species
by Dayana Benchoam, Ernesto Cuevasanta, Matías N. Möller and Beatriz Alvarez
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020048 - 22 Feb 2019
Cited by 81 | Viewed by 9078
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S/HS–) can be formed in mammalian tissues and exert physiological effects. It can react with metal centers and oxidized thiol products such as disulfides (RSSR) and sulfenic acids (RSOH). Reactions with oxidized thiol products form persulfides (RSSH/RSS [...] Read more.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S/HS–) can be formed in mammalian tissues and exert physiological effects. It can react with metal centers and oxidized thiol products such as disulfides (RSSR) and sulfenic acids (RSOH). Reactions with oxidized thiol products form persulfides (RSSH/RSS–). Persulfides have been proposed to transduce the signaling effects of H2S through the modification of critical cysteines. They are more nucleophilic and acidic than thiols and, contrary to thiols, also possess electrophilic character. In this review, we summarize the biochemistry of hydrogen sulfide and persulfides, focusing on redox aspects. We describe biologically relevant one- and two-electron oxidants and their reactions with H2S and persulfides, as well as the fates of the oxidation products. The biological implications are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue H2S in Redox Signaling)
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12 pages, 1583 KiB  
Article
Comparison of the Phenolic Profiles of Soaked and Germinated Peanut Cultivars via UPLC-QTOF-MS
by Qiong-Qiong Yang, Lin Cheng, Zhi-Yuan Long, Hua-Bin Li, Anil Gunaratne, Ren-You Gan and Harold Corke
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020047 - 20 Feb 2019
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6076
Abstract
Diverse peanut varieties are widely cultivated in China. However, few studies have investigated the effects of germination on the phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of specific Chinese peanut cultivars. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of germination on total phenolic [...] Read more.
Diverse peanut varieties are widely cultivated in China. However, few studies have investigated the effects of germination on the phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of specific Chinese peanut cultivars. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of germination on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity, and phenolic profiles of seven peanut cultivars in China. The TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities were determined by spectrophotometry, while phenolic profiles were analyzed by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS). The results found that germination significantly increased TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity was found to be closely related to TPC in germinated peanut extracts, which indicates that phenolics are the main contributors of antioxidants in germinated peanuts. In addition, germination induced significant changes in polyphenolic profiles. In the analyzed samples, 36 phenolic compounds were identified in which most were flavonoids. Overall, these findings highlight that germinated peanuts can be a good natural source of natural antioxidants for human consumption and functional food development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phenolic Profiling and Antioxidant Capacity in Plants)
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10 pages, 762 KiB  
Review
Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms in Erythrocytes and in the Central Nervous System
by Rafael Franco, Gemma Navarro and Eva Martínez-Pinilla
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020046 - 18 Feb 2019
Cited by 53 | Viewed by 9059
Abstract
Differential antioxidant action is found upon comparison of organ/tissue systems in the human body. In erythrocytes (red blood cells), which transport oxygen and carbon dioxide through the circulatory system, the most important issue is to keep hemoglobin in a functional state that requires [...] Read more.
Differential antioxidant action is found upon comparison of organ/tissue systems in the human body. In erythrocytes (red blood cells), which transport oxygen and carbon dioxide through the circulatory system, the most important issue is to keep hemoglobin in a functional state that requires maintaining the haem group in ferrous (Fe2+) state. Conversion of oxidized Fe3+ back into Fe2+ in hemoglobin needs a special mechanism involving a tripeptide glutathione, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glucose and NADPH as suppliers of reducing power. Fava beans are probably a good resource to make the detox innate system more robust as the pro-oxidant molecules in this food likely induce the upregulation of members of such mechanisms. The central nervous system consumes more oxygen than the majority of human tissues, i.e., 20% of the body’s total oxygen consumption and, therefore, it is exposed to a high level of oxidative stress. This fact, together with the progressive age-related decline in the efficiency of the antioxidant defense system, leads to neuronal death and disease. The innate mechanism operating in the central nervous system is not well known and seems different to that of the erythrocytes. The strategies of antioxidant intervention in brain will be reviewed here. Full article
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10 pages, 1106 KiB  
Review
Wine Lees as a Source of Antioxidant Compounds
by María José Jara-Palacios
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020045 - 16 Feb 2019
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 8459
Abstract
The winemaking industry produces large amount of byproducts, including grape pomace, stalks, and lees. Wine lees are a natural source of phenolic compounds, which have important antioxidant and biological properties. Due to the high quantities produced worldwide, this byproduct can be an ideal [...] Read more.
The winemaking industry produces large amount of byproducts, including grape pomace, stalks, and lees. Wine lees are a natural source of phenolic compounds, which have important antioxidant and biological properties. Due to the high quantities produced worldwide, this byproduct can be an ideal raw material for obtaining phenolic compounds that could be of interest in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this mini review, the main characteristics of wine lees as well as their phenolic composition and antioxidant activity have been summarized from the information in the literature. Full article
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10 pages, 365 KiB  
Review
Coenzyme Q10 and Degenerative Disorders Affecting Longevity: An Overview
by David Mantle and Iain Hargreaves
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020044 - 16 Feb 2019
Cited by 48 | Viewed by 35288
Abstract
Longevity is determined by a number of factors, including genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors. A major factor affecting longevity is the development of degenerative disorders such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney disease and liver disease, particularly where these occur as co-morbidities. In this [...] Read more.
Longevity is determined by a number of factors, including genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors. A major factor affecting longevity is the development of degenerative disorders such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney disease and liver disease, particularly where these occur as co-morbidities. In this article, we review the potential role of supplementation with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) for the prevention or management of these disorders. Thus, randomised controlled clinical trials have shown supplementation with CoQ10 or CoQ10 plus selenium reduces mortality by approximately 50% in patients with cardiovascular disease, or in the normal elderly population, respectively. Similarly, CoQ10 supplementation improves glycaemic control and vascular dysfunction in type II diabetes, improves renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease, and reduces liver inflammation in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The beneficial role of supplemental CoQ10 in the above disorders is considered to result from a combination of its roles in cellular energy generation, as an antioxidant and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CoQ10 in Longevity)
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2 pages, 151 KiB  
Reply
Reply to “Comment on Ahmad, I.M. et al. Healthcare Workers Occupationally Exposed to Ionizing Radiation Exhibit Altered Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines and Redox Parameters. Antioxidants, 2019, 8, 12”
by Iman M. Ahmad
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020043 - 16 Feb 2019
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2990
Abstract
Bevelacqua and Mortazavi [...] Full article
2 pages, 173 KiB  
Comment
Comments on Ahmad, I.M. et al. Healthcare Workers Occupationally Exposed to Ionizing Radiation Exhibit Altered Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines and Redox Parameters. Antioxidants, 2019, 8, 12
by Joseph J. Bevelacqua and Seyed Mohammad Javad Mortazavi
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020042 - 15 Feb 2019
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2516
Abstract
This commentary is regarding the paper recently published by Ahmad et al [...] Full article
19 pages, 1660 KiB  
Article
Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from the Agroindustrial Waste of Colombian Mango Cultivars ‘Sugar Mango’ and ‘Tommy Atkins’—An Alternative for Their Use and Valorization
by Henry I. Castro-Vargas, Diego Ballesteros Vivas, Jenny Ortega Barbosa, Sandra Johanna Morantes Medina, Fabio Aristizabal Gutiérrez and Fabián Parada-Alfonso
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020041 - 15 Feb 2019
Cited by 58 | Viewed by 7033
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the potential of the agroindustrial waste from two Colombian mango cultivars as sources of bioactive phenolic compounds. Phenolic extracts from mango waste (peels, seed coats, and seed kernels) of ‘sugar mango’ and ‘Tommy Atkins’ cultivars [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to explore the potential of the agroindustrial waste from two Colombian mango cultivars as sources of bioactive phenolic compounds. Phenolic extracts from mango waste (peels, seed coats, and seed kernels) of ‘sugar mango’ and ‘Tommy Atkins’ cultivars were obtained. The bioactive properties of the phenolic extracts were accessed by measuring their free radical scavenging activity and antioxidant effects against lipid oxidation in food products; moreover, their antiproliferative effects against some cell lines of human cancer were explored. It is observed that the agroindustrial waste studied provides promising sources of bioactive phenolics. ‘Sugar mango’ waste provided extracts with the highest antioxidant effect in food products and antiproliferative activity; these extracts reduced lipid oxidation and cell growth by more than 57% and 75%, respectively. The seed kernel from ‘sugar mango’ supplied the extract with the best bioactive qualities; in addition, some recognized bioactive phenolics (such as mangiferin and several galloyl glucosides) were observed in this extract and related with its properties. The results obtained suggest that ‘sugar mango’ waste may be considered a source of bioactive phenolics, with promising uses in food and pharmaceutical products. Thus, a suitable alternative for the use and valorization of agroindustrial waste from Colombian mango cultivars is presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction of Antioxidants from Food Waste)
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2 pages, 158 KiB  
Editorial
Lipid Peroxidation: Analysis and Applications in Biological Systems
by Jetty Chung-Yung Lee and Thierry Durand
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020040 - 13 Feb 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2573
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation is an ambiguous event in all biological species [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipid Peroxidation: Analysis and Applications in Biological Systems)
15 pages, 2469 KiB  
Article
Hystrix Brachyura Bezoar Characterization, Antioxidant Activity Screening, and Anticancer Activity on Melanoma Cells (A375): A Preliminary Study
by Al’aina Yuhainis Firus Khan, Faizah Abdullah Asuhaimi, Tara K. Jalal, Fatimah Opeyemi Roheem, Hatim Abdullah Natto, Muhammad Farid Johan, Qamar Uddin Ahmed and Ridhwan Abdul Wahab
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020039 - 12 Feb 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7554
Abstract
Porcupine bezoars (PBs) are masses of undigested calcareous concretions formed within the gastrointestinal tract. There are undocumented claims that PBs have antioxidant activity and can treat cancers. However, limited scientific study has been carried out to verify these traditional claims. Hence, this study [...] Read more.
Porcupine bezoars (PBs) are masses of undigested calcareous concretions formed within the gastrointestinal tract. There are undocumented claims that PBs have antioxidant activity and can treat cancers. However, limited scientific study has been carried out to verify these traditional claims. Hence, this study was conducted to characterize the chemical profile and validate the antioxidant and anticancer activity against melanoma cells (A375). PB extract was initially subjected to Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) analyses. The bioautography of antioxidant assays, namely 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH), and β-carotene was performed. An in vitro A375 cell viability assay, apoptosis assay, cell cycle arrest assay, and gene expression assay were carried out as well. The experimental finding revealed 5,10-diethoxy-2,3,7,8-tetrahydro-1H,6H-dipyrrolo[1,2-a:1′,2′-d]pyrazine, ursodeoxycholic acid, and cholest-5-en-3-ol (3 beta)-, carbonochloridate are major compounds detected in PB extract. PB extract has low phenolic content, viz. 698.7 ± 0.93 (µg GAE/5 mg dry weight). The bioautography antioxidant assays revealed a potent antioxidant effect (ABTS > DPPH > β-carotene), with free radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, PB extract exhibited dose- and time-dependent inhibition of cancer activity on A375 cells due to the exhibition of apoptosis via an intrinsic pathway. Full article
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10 pages, 541 KiB  
Article
Dietary Supplementation of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) during the Dry Period Improves Redox Balance in Lactating Dairy Cows
by Olimpia Barbato, Belinda Holmes, Iulia-Elena Filipescu and Pietro Celi
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020038 - 9 Feb 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4046
Abstract
Thirty-six pregnant Holstein–Friesian cows were used to study the effect of Yerba Mate (YM) supplementation during the dry period on redox balance. The treatments groups were Control (no YM), YM 250 (250 g/cow/day), and YM 500 (500 g/cow/day). Blood samples were obtained 30 [...] Read more.
Thirty-six pregnant Holstein–Friesian cows were used to study the effect of Yerba Mate (YM) supplementation during the dry period on redox balance. The treatments groups were Control (no YM), YM 250 (250 g/cow/day), and YM 500 (500 g/cow/day). Blood samples were obtained 30 days prepartum, at calving, and monthly postpartum until four months post calving. Liveweight (LW) and body condition score (BCS) were assessed prepartum, at calving, and then postpartum monthly until the end of the trial. Plasma was analyzed for hydroperoxides (d-ROMs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and biological antioxidant potential (BAP). The oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated as OSI = ROMs/BAP × 100. Cows were milked twice daily, and milk yield data were recorded daily. Redox balance was improved by YM supplementation, as reflected in the lower OSI values observed in the YM groups. Yerba Mate supplementation significantly affected LW, but did not affect BCS. Milk yield averaged 28.1 ± 0.40, 29.0 ± 0.48, and 29.9 ± 0.46 L/cow/day in the Control, YM 250, and YM 500 groups, respectively, but was not significant. Nutritional manipulation during the dry period with Yerba Mate has demonstrated the potential to improve redox balance and milk yield. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Balance in Animal Physiology)
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11 pages, 685 KiB  
Article
Optimization of the Microwave-Assisted Extraction Process of Bioactive Compounds from Annatto Seeds (Bixa orellana L.)
by Julian Quintero Quiroz, Angélica Celis Torres, Luisa Muñoz Ramirez, Mariluz Silva Garcia, Gelmy Ciro Gomez and John Rojas Camargo
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020037 - 6 Feb 2019
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6157
Abstract
This study deals with the extraction, optimization, and evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of bioactive compounds obtained from the seeds of annatto using microwave-assisted extraction as compared to leaching. Annatto seeds were subjected to a microwave treatment of 2450 MHz and [...] Read more.
This study deals with the extraction, optimization, and evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of bioactive compounds obtained from the seeds of annatto using microwave-assisted extraction as compared to leaching. Annatto seeds were subjected to a microwave treatment of 2450 MHz and power of 700 watts using a response surface design involving four factors: pH (4–11), solvent concentration (ethanol) (50–96%), solvent-to-seed ratio (2–10), and microwave exposure time (0–5 min). The contents of polyphenol compounds and bixin were taken as response variables. Subsequently, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were assessed at the optimal processing conditions predicted by the experimental design. Microwaves, solvent concentration, and the solvent-to-seed ratio showed a statistically significant effect for the extraction of polyphenol compounds and bixin. Thus, microwaves accelerated the extraction of those compounds and the slight increase in temperature caused some degradation of the polyphenol compounds. The microwave-assisted extraction increased the contents of polyphenols and bixin along with their antioxidant activity as compared to leaching extraction. However, this technique does not significantly improve the antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenolic Plant Extracts)
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16 pages, 4850 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the In Vitro Wound-Healing Activity of Calabrian Honeys
by Paolo Governa, Gabriele Carullo, Marco Biagi, Vittoria Rago and Francesca Aiello
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020036 - 6 Feb 2019
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 7541
Abstract
The healing of skin wounds and particularly chronic wounds, such as diabetic foot ulcers, is still a clinical emergency. Despite the many therapeutic tools that are available so far, none seems to be really effective and safe. In this context, we highlighted the [...] Read more.
The healing of skin wounds and particularly chronic wounds, such as diabetic foot ulcers, is still a clinical emergency. Despite the many therapeutic tools that are available so far, none seems to be really effective and safe. In this context, we highlighted the renewed wound healing activity of honey, a viscous aromatic and sweet food, by way of in vitro wound-healing assays, using the HaCaT cell line. Specifically, we investigated five monofloral or multifloral honeys from different Calabrian provinces using them as such or extracted (by Amberlite® or n-hexane and ethyl acetate). The chemical composition of honeys was ascertained by 1H NMR spectroscopy and by the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Amongst the five tested honeys, BL1 and BL5 honeys showed the most promising healing properties. Pinocembrin, which was revealed in BL1 (multifloral) and BL5 (orange) honey samples, is a flavanol that is already known to possess interesting biological activities, including healing. This study aims to investigate how a traditional food such as honey, which is appreciated for its nutritional value and used in folk medicine, can be enhanced as an effective modern remedial to promote a multifaceted and safe healing activity for all skin wounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Polyphenols in Contemporary Disease)
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28 pages, 20285 KiB  
Review
Potential Role of Flavonoids in Treating Chronic Inflammatory Diseases with a Special Focus on the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Apigenin
by Rashida Ginwala, Raina Bhavsar, De Gaulle I. Chigbu, Pooja Jain and Zafar K. Khan
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020035 - 5 Feb 2019
Cited by 386 | Viewed by 25096
Abstract
Inflammation has been reported to be intimately linked to the development or worsening of several non-infectious diseases. A number of chronic conditions such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders emerge as a result of tissue injury and genomic changes [...] Read more.
Inflammation has been reported to be intimately linked to the development or worsening of several non-infectious diseases. A number of chronic conditions such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders emerge as a result of tissue injury and genomic changes induced by constant low-grade inflammation in and around the affected tissue or organ. The existing therapies for most of these chronic conditions sometimes leave more debilitating effects than the disease itself, warranting the advent of safer, less toxic, and more cost-effective therapeutic alternatives for the patients. For centuries, flavonoids and their preparations have been used to treat various human illnesses, and their continual use has persevered throughout the ages. This review focuses on the anti-inflammatory actions of flavonoids against chronic illnesses such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neuroinflammation with a special focus on apigenin, a relatively less toxic and non-mutagenic flavonoid with remarkable pharmacodynamics. Additionally, inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) due to diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) gives ready access to circulating lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), causing edema, further inflammation, and demyelination. As the dearth of safe anti-inflammatory therapies is dire in the case of CNS-related disorders, we reviewed the neuroprotective actions of apigenin and other flavonoids. Existing epidemiological and pre-clinical studies present considerable evidence in favor of developing apigenin as a natural alternative therapy against chronic inflammatory conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Flavonoids on Cell Signalling Pathways)
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11 pages, 4212 KiB  
Article
Correction of Experimental Retinal Ischemia by l-Isomer of Ethylmethylhydroxypyridine Malate
by Anna Peresypkina, Anton Pazhinsky, Mikhail Pokrovskii, Evgenya Beskhmelnitsyna, Anna Pobeda and Mikhail Korokin
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020034 - 3 Feb 2019
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5065
Abstract
An important task of pharmacology and ophtalmology is to find specific and highly effective agents for correcting retinal ischemia. The objective of this study is to increase the effectiveness of pharmacological correction of retinal ischemia by using new 3-hydroxypyridine derivative–l-isomer of [...] Read more.
An important task of pharmacology and ophtalmology is to find specific and highly effective agents for correcting retinal ischemia. The objective of this study is to increase the effectiveness of pharmacological correction of retinal ischemia by using new 3-hydroxypyridine derivative–l-isomer of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine malate. A modification to the retinal ischemia-reperfusion model was used, in which an increase in intraocular pressure is carried out by mechanical pressure (110 mmHg) to the front chamber of the eye for 30 min. The protective effects of l-isomer of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine malate in comparison with Emoxipine as pretreatment, with parabulbar injection, based on the model of retinal ischemia-reperfusion, were estimated by the changes in the ratio of the amplitudes of the a- and b-waves of electroretinography (the b/a coefficient) and ophthalmoscopy. The use of l-isomer of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine malate improves the retinal electrophysiological state after 72 h of reperfusion; in the group of rats treated with l-isomer of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine malate, the coefficient b/a was reliably increased by 9.5%, p < 0.05, in comparison with animals treated with Emoxipine, and by 91.7%, p < 0.05, in comparison with the group with no treatment. Furthermore, it prevents the development of ischemic changes in the retina observed in ophthalmoscopy to a greater extent than Emoxipine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants and Retinal Disease)
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14 pages, 2511 KiB  
Article
Hyperoxidation of Peroxiredoxin 6 Induces Alteration from Dimeric to Oligomeric State
by Sharifun Shahnaj, Rimpy Kaur Chowhan, Potshangbam Angamba Meetei, Pushpa Kakchingtabam, Khundrakpam Herojit Singh, Laishram Rajendrakumar Singh, Potshangbam Nongdam, Aron B. Fisher and Hamidur Rahaman
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020033 - 2 Feb 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5278
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins(Prdx), the family of non-selenium glutathione peroxidases, are important antioxidant enzymes that defend our system from the toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). They are thiol-based peroxidases that utilize self-oxidation of their peroxidatic cysteine (Cp) group to reduce peroxides and peroxidized biomolecules. [...] Read more.
Peroxiredoxins(Prdx), the family of non-selenium glutathione peroxidases, are important antioxidant enzymes that defend our system from the toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). They are thiol-based peroxidases that utilize self-oxidation of their peroxidatic cysteine (Cp) group to reduce peroxides and peroxidized biomolecules. However, because of its high affinity for hydrogen peroxide this peroxidatic cysteine moiety is extremely susceptible to hyperoxidation, forming peroxidase inactive sulfinic acid (Cys-SO2H) and sulfonic acid (Cys-SO3H) derivatives. With the exception of peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6), hyperoxidized sulfinic forms of Prdx can be reversed to restore peroxidase activity by the ATP-dependent enzyme sulfiredoxin. Interestingly, hyperoxidized Prdx6 protein seems to have physiological significance as hyperoxidation has been reported to dramatically upregulate its calcium independent phospholipase A2 activity. Using biochemical studies and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation, we investigated the roles of thermodynamic, structural and internal flexibility of Prdx6 to comprehend the structural alteration of the protein in the oxidized state. We observed the loosening of the hydrophobic core of the enzyme in its secondary and tertiary structures. These changes do not affect the internal dynamics of the protein (as indicated by root-mean-square deviation, RMSD and root mean square fluctuation, RMSF plots). Native-PAGE and dynamic light scattering experiments revealed the formation of higher oligomers of Prdx6 under hyperoxidation. Our study demonstrates that post translational modification (like hyperoxidation) in Prdx6 can result in major alterations of its multimeric status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peroxiredoxin 6 as a Unique Member of the Peroxiredoxin Family)
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9 pages, 1957 KiB  
Perspective
Chronic Inhibition of Mitochondrial Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase (DLDH) as an Approach to Managing Diabetic Oxidative Stress
by Xiaojuan Yang, Jing Song and Liang-Jun Yan
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020032 - 2 Feb 2019
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6718
Abstract
Mitochondrial dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) is a redox enzyme involved in decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA during the cascade of glucose metabolism and mitochondrial adenine triphosphate (ATP) production. Depending on physiological or pathophysiological conditions, DLDH can either enhance or attenuate the production of [...] Read more.
Mitochondrial dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) is a redox enzyme involved in decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA during the cascade of glucose metabolism and mitochondrial adenine triphosphate (ATP) production. Depending on physiological or pathophysiological conditions, DLDH can either enhance or attenuate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species. Recent research in our laboratory has demonstrated that inhibition of DLDH induced antioxidative responses and could serve as a protective approach against oxidative stress in stroke injury. In this perspective article, we postulated that chronic inhibition of DLDH could also attenuate oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes. We discussed DLDH-involving mitochondrial metabolic pathways and metabolic intermediates that could accumulate upon DLDH inhibition and their corresponding roles in abrogating oxidative stress in diabetes. We also discussed a couple of DLDH inhibitors that could be tested in animal models of type 2 diabetes. It is our belief that DLDH inhibition could be a novel approach to fighting type 2 diabetes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitochondrial Function in Health and Disease)
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9 pages, 574 KiB  
Article
Liver Antioxidants in Relation to Beak Morphology, Gizzard Size and Diet in the Common Eider Somateria mollissima
by Anders Pape Møller, Karsten Laursen and Filiz Karadas
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020031 - 31 Jan 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3297
Abstract
Antioxidants in the liver are particularly abundant in capital breeders that rely on stored resources for egg production. Capital breeders like eider (hereafter common eider) Somateria mollissima have disproportionately large livers with low levels of coenzyme Q10 when compared to other bird [...] Read more.
Antioxidants in the liver are particularly abundant in capital breeders that rely on stored resources for egg production. Capital breeders like eider (hereafter common eider) Somateria mollissima have disproportionately large livers with low levels of coenzyme Q10 when compared to other bird species. Concentrations of total carotenoids and vitamin E in the livers of eiders were smaller than predicted for similarly sized bird species. Eiders with high body condition estimated as body mass relative to skeletal body size had high levels of total carotenoids and low levels of coenzyme Q10. The concentration of total carotenoids per gram of liver increased with age, and vitamin E and total carotenoids accumulated during the winter onwards from February to peak at the start of incubation in April. Total vitamin E, total carotenoids, and coenzyme Q10 per gram of liver decreased with increasing beak volume. The size of the empty gizzard increased with increasing liver mass but decreased with total carotenoids and coenzyme Q10. The main components of the diet were blue mussels Mytilus edulis (40%), draft whelk Nassarius reticulatus (27%), and periwinkle Littorina littorea (10%). The concentration of vitamin E increased with the number of razor clams Ensis sp. and draft whelks in the gizzard and the concentration of total carotenoids increased with the number of beach crabs Carcinus maenas. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that eiders are limited in their levels of antioxidants through food limitation. Furthermore, they imply that diet and morphological characters involved in food acquisition and processing are important determinants of the level of antioxidants in the liver. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Poultry Nutrition and Reproduction)
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17 pages, 3258 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Antioxidant Activity under Biomimetic Settings of Ascorbic Acid Included in Halloysite Nanotubes
by Andrea Baschieri, Riccardo Amorati, Tiziana Benelli, Laura Mazzocchetti, Emanuele D’Angelo and Luca Valgimigli
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020030 - 27 Jan 2019
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5873
Abstract
Antioxidant activity of native vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AH2) is hampered by instability in solution. Selective loading of AH2 into the inner lumen of natural halloysite nanotubes (HNT) yields a composite nanoantioxidant (HNT/AH2), which was characterized and investigated [...] Read more.
Antioxidant activity of native vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AH2) is hampered by instability in solution. Selective loading of AH2 into the inner lumen of natural halloysite nanotubes (HNT) yields a composite nanoantioxidant (HNT/AH2), which was characterized and investigated for its reactivity with the persistent 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical and with transient peroxyl radicals in the inhibited autoxidation of organic substrates, both in organic solution (acetonitrile) and in buffered (pH 7.4) water in comparison with native AH2. HNT/AH2 showed excellent antioxidant performance being more effective than native ascorbic acid by 131% in acetonitrile and 290% (three-fold) in aqueous solution, under identical settings. Reaction with peroxyl radicals has a rate constant of 1.4 × 106 M−1 s−1 and 5.1 × 104 M−1 s−1, respectively, in buffered water (pH 7.4) and acetonitrile, at 30 °C. Results offer physical understanding of the factors governing HNT/AH2 reactivity. Improved performance of HNT/AH2 is unprecedented among forms of stabilized ascorbic acid and its relevance is discussed on kinetic grounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Chemistry of Antioxidant Activity)
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Graphical abstract

22 pages, 1936 KiB  
Review
Signals Getting Crossed in the Entanglement of Redox and Phosphorylation Pathways: Phosphorylation of Peroxiredoxin Proteins Sparks Cell Signaling
by John J. Skoko, Shireen Attaran and Carola A. Neumann
Antioxidants 2019, 8(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020029 - 23 Jan 2019
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5848
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species have cell signaling properties and are involved in a multitude of processes beyond redox homeostasis. The peroxiredoxin (Prdx) proteins are highly sensitive intracellular peroxidases that can coordinate cell signaling via direct reactive species scavenging or by acting as [...] Read more.
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species have cell signaling properties and are involved in a multitude of processes beyond redox homeostasis. The peroxiredoxin (Prdx) proteins are highly sensitive intracellular peroxidases that can coordinate cell signaling via direct reactive species scavenging or by acting as a redox sensor that enables control of binding partner activity. Oxidation of the peroxidatic cysteine residue of Prdx proteins are the classical post-translational modification that has been recognized to modulate downstream signaling cascades, but increasing evidence supports that dynamic changes to phosphorylation of Prdx proteins is also an important determinant in redox signaling. Phosphorylation of Prdx proteins affects three-dimensional structure and function to coordinate cell proliferation, wound healing, cell fate and lipid signaling. The advent of large proteomic datasets has shown that there are many opportunities to understand further how phosphorylation of Prdx proteins fit into intracellular signaling cascades in normal or malignant cells and that more research is necessary. This review summarizes the Prdx family of proteins and details how post-translational modification by kinases and phosphatases controls intracellular signaling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Peroxiredoxins in Cancer)
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