Resources

33 pages, 4018 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of Energy and Heat Consumption Trends and Forecasting in the Small Consumer Sector in Poland Based on Historical Data

by Bożena Gajdzik, Magdalena Jaciow, Radosław Wolniak, Robert Wolny and Wieslaw Wes Grebski

Resources 2023, 12(9), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12090111 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4092

Abstract

The paper outlines the methodology employed for desk-based research, which involved gathering and analyzing empirical data on energy and heating consumption in the Polish small consumer sector. Secondary sources, including reports, documents, scientific publications, and public statistics, were utilized to ensure a comprehensive [...] Read more.

The paper outlines the methodology employed for desk-based research, which involved gathering and analyzing empirical data on energy and heating consumption in the Polish small consumer sector. Secondary sources, including reports, documents, scientific publications, and public statistics, were utilized to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. The research methodology ensured the acquisition and examination of reliable and extensive data regarding energy and heat consumption among small consumers in Poland. The study investigated consumption trends of hard coal, electricity, and natural gas in Polish households from 2006 to 2021. The findings revealed an increasing pattern in electricity and natural gas consumption, alongside a simultaneous decline in the usage of hard coal. Future consumption was estimated using trend models, and factors contributing to changes in energy consumption patterns were examined, with forecasts to 2027. To achieve decarbonization and address climate objectives, the study underscores the need to increase the proportion of renewable energy sources and boost energy efficiency. The significance of reducing household energy consumption through enhanced insulation, smart energy management systems, and low-carbon alternatives is emphasized. Additionally, the study addresses Poland’s future energy plans as a proactive step toward decarbonizing the national economy. In summary, the study furnishes valuable insights into energy consumption trends and their determinants in the Polish small consumer sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Optimization of Energy Efficiency)

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14 pages, 6641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Century of Changes in the Surface Area of Lakes in West Poland

by Mariusz Ptak, Katarzyna Szyga-Pluta, Salim Heddam, Senlin Zhu and Mariusz Sojka

Resources 2023, 12(9), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12090110 - 19 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1409

Abstract

Lakes are an important element of the hydrosphere that contribute to the stabilisation of water circulation by providing biodiversity conditions or supporting the development of different branches of the economy. All these properties depend on the longevity of lakes in the environment and [...] Read more.

Lakes are an important element of the hydrosphere that contribute to the stabilisation of water circulation by providing biodiversity conditions or supporting the development of different branches of the economy. All these properties depend on the longevity of lakes in the environment and the processes related to their evolution. Based on archival morphometric data from historical maps and modern cartographic studies, this paper presents an analysis of changes in their surface area over a period of 100 years. Among 169 lakes, a decrease in surface area was recorded in 156 cases (including the complete disappearance of two lakes); no change was observed in four lakes; and seven lakes increased their surface area. The total surface area of all the lakes has decreased by 11.4% in comparison with the initial state in the early 20th century. The highest rate of decline concerned the shallowest lakes with a maximum depth of up to 5.0 m and lakes with the smallest surface area of up to 20 ha, averaging 24.1% and 22.2%, respectively. The spatial distribution of changes in the surface area of lakes is variable, and at a larger scale it presents no similarities. This suggests that factors determining the rate and direction of changes in the surface area of lakes depend on their individual features and local conditions, which is in accordance with similar studies from the territory of Poland. The obtained results reveal the scale of the changes in the surface area of the lakes, potentially providing important information for authorities in charge of water management in the context of activities aimed at slowing down the disappearance of these valuable ecosystems. Full article

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17 pages, 5096 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Remediation towards Cadmium–Arsenic-Contaminated Soil via Phytoremediation and Stabilization

by Chenxu Zhang, Jiamei Wu and Jian Cao

Resources 2023, 12(9), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12090109 - 7 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1926

Abstract

Using a phytoremediation technique for soil remediation usually takes many years, which increases the risk that heavy metals spread into the environment during the project period. Currently, the combined remediation technique (phytoremediation and stabilization) is known as the solution to reduce this risk. [...] Read more.

Using a phytoremediation technique for soil remediation usually takes many years, which increases the risk that heavy metals spread into the environment during the project period. Currently, the combined remediation technique (phytoremediation and stabilization) is known as the solution to reduce this risk. In this study, the combined remediation of cadmium–arsenic-contaminated soil via phytoremediation and stabilization was studied. The pot experiment was carried out using modified fly ash (MFA) and solid waste material (steel slag (SS): pyrolusite (PY): ferrous sulfide (FS) = 1:2:8) as stabilization materials and Bidens pilosa as the accumulative plant. The characteristics of B. pilosa, including its water content, biomass, root length, plant height, and heavy metal content, were obtained after harvesting, and the reduction rate of the bioavailability of Cd and As and their physico-chemical properties, including the pH, Eh, and Ec values of the soil, were also measured. The remediation effect was evaluated according to the above indexes, and the mechanism of combined remediation was studied through the FTIR, XRD, and XPS analyses. These experiments have shown that adding an appropriate amount of MFA can enhance the absorption of heavy metals by plants in the soil and reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals in contaminated soil. In addition, the mechanism study revealed that Cd²⁺/Cd(OH)⁺ was easily adsorbed on Si-OH and MnOOH, while AsO₄³⁻ was more easily adsorbed on Fe-OH and Al-OH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Resource Management 2023: Assessment, Mining and Processing)

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15 pages, 2802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Pilot Project Using Sensors in the Municipal Solid Waste Collection of a Medium-Sized City

by Jerónimo Franco-González, Antonio Gallardo, Mar Carlos and Natalia Edo-Alcón

Resources 2023, 12(9), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12090108 - 7 Sep 2023

Viewed by 2189

Abstract

Municipal solid waste collection must reach the recycling rates required by new regulations, like with the introduction of new bins to collect the organic fraction. The filling pattern of those bins is unknown, and the collection frequency and collection routes can change. Sensors [...] Read more.

Municipal solid waste collection must reach the recycling rates required by new regulations, like with the introduction of new bins to collect the organic fraction. The filling pattern of those bins is unknown, and the collection frequency and collection routes can change. Sensors can help to identify the filling degree and to reorganize the waste collection routes. Yet, equipping all the bins with new technologies can represent a significant amount of money for enterprises and public authorities. The aim of this work is to analyze the use of sensors in waste collection systems where the collection frequency is high. Bins from two zones of a town (a residential and a commercial zone) were selected, and a volumetric sensor was installed to study the filling pattern. In the first scenario, the organic fraction and the mixed waste bin were monitored. In the second experiment, data from mixed waste bins were recorded during two days of the week. Results show that the filling degree pattern is similar in all the cases and that citizens do not respect the recommended times for taking their waste out. Additionally, the cost of the sensors represents a significant amount for a medium-sized town. Although sensors can provide a great amount of information, it is not necessary to install them in all the bins but only at the points to be analyzed. This work proposes a new way to use sensors to validate and calibrate the containerization network of a town with a high collection frequency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Management, Environment, Energy and Sustainability under a Circular Economy)

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19 pages, 8849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Do Extreme Lake Water Temperatures in Poland Respond to Climate Change?

by Temidayo Olowoyeye, Mariusz Ptak and Mariusz Sojka

Resources 2023, 12(9), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12090107 - 7 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1778

Abstract

Lakes are vital components of the Earth’s hydrological cycle and are susceptible to the impacts of climate change. Understanding the changes in terms of minimum and maximum lake surface temperatures is crucial for assessing the effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems. This [...] Read more.

Lakes are vital components of the Earth’s hydrological cycle and are susceptible to the impacts of climate change. Understanding the changes in terms of minimum and maximum lake surface temperatures is crucial for assessing the effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems. This study focuses on ten lakes in Poland to investigate the impacts of climate change on lake temperatures in different geographical regions. The Mann–Kendall (MK) and Sen tests were employed to analyze trends and changes in minimum and maximum water temperatures, respectively. The results reveal significant increases in the minimum and maximum temperatures, particularly in May and June. Different lakes exhibit varying trends and variability in temperature changes over time, indicating the vulnerability of these ecosystems. The current study also examines the magnitude of annual temperature changes and classifies them into different levels. This analysis highlights the complex relationship between air temperature, seasonal cycles, and lake morphometric characteristics in shaping variations in lake surface water temperature. These findings contribute to understanding the impacts of climate change on Poland’s lakes and provide valuable insights for developing conservation strategies and adaptive measures to protect freshwater resources. Full article

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16 pages, 3768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Historical Analysis and Prediction of the Magnitude and Scale of Natural Disasters Globally

by Julia Buszta, Katarzyna Wójcik, Celso Augusto Guimarães Santos, Krystian Kozioł and Kamil Maciuk

Resources 2023, 12(9), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12090106 - 5 Sep 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5236

Abstract

The aim of this study was to conduct a geospatial analysis of natural disasters occurring worldwide between 1960 and 2018. A total of 9962 disasters were considered, covering 39,953 locations. These phenomena were analysed in terms of frequency and number to determine changes [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to conduct a geospatial analysis of natural disasters occurring worldwide between 1960 and 2018. A total of 9962 disasters were considered, covering 39,953 locations. These phenomena were analysed in terms of frequency and number to determine changes over time and predict future trends. The data included information such as location and year of occurrence. The following natural disasters were included in the analyses: droughts, earthquakes, extreme temperatures, floods, landslides, earth mass movements, storms, and volcanic activity. The analyses were carried out across three dimensions: by continent, by number of disasters in relation to population, and in relation to the area of the continents concerned. An additional objective was to visualise the distribution of disasters by affected countries. This aspect shows the incidence of disasters by year during the period under study, with a 20-year forecast for the coming years. Full article

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Graphical abstract

3 pages, 180 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial Note: Decision Making in Resource Management: Exploring Problems, Methods, and Tools

by Eleftherios Thalassinos, Kesra Nermend and Anna Borawska

Resources 2023, 12(9), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12090105 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1297

Abstract

The field of resource management plays a crucial role in addressing the complex challenges of allocating resources within societal frameworks while considering ecological, legal, and practical considerations [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decision Making in Resources Management: Problems, Methods and Tools)

16 pages, 2803 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Properties and Temporal Dynamics of Red Latosol (Oxisol) in Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Conservation

by Rodrigo Aparecido Jordan, Rodrigo Couto Santos, Ricardo Lordelo Freitas, Anamari Viegas de Araújo Motomiya, Luciano Oliveira Geisenhoff, Arthur Carniato Sanches, Hélio Ávalo, Marcio Mesquita, Maria Beatriz Ferreira, Patrícia Costa Silva, Ítalo Sabião Sanches, Édipo Sabião Sanches, Jhon Lennon Bezerra Da Silva and Marcos Vinícius da Silva

Resources 2023, 12(9), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12090104 - 1 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1457

Abstract

Understanding and characterizing the relationship between soil and environmental temperatures is crucial for developing effective agricultural management strategies, promoting natural resource conservation, and developing sustainable production systems. Despite the direct impact of the thermal properties of Oxisols on global food production and sustainable [...] Read more.

Understanding and characterizing the relationship between soil and environmental temperatures is crucial for developing effective agricultural management strategies, promoting natural resource conservation, and developing sustainable production systems. Despite the direct impact of the thermal properties of Oxisols on global food production and sustainable agriculture, there is a dearth of research in this area. Therefore, this study aimed to monitor and analyze the thermal behavior of a Red Latosol (Oxisol) in Dracena-SP, Brazil, over two years (from 28 July 2020 to 27 July 2022). Using R software (version 4.3.0) and paired group comparisons, we organized the data into twelve-month sets to estimate monthly soil thermal diffusivity using amplitude, arctangent, and logarithm methods. Soil depth and thermal amplitude showed a temporal pattern characterized by inversely proportional magnitudes that followed an exponential behavior. The thermal amplitude of the Oxisol evaluated decreased with increasing depth, indicating soil thermal damping. In conclusion, the relationship between Oxisol and environmental temperature has significant implications for achieving sustainable agriculture and efficient water and plant resource management. Full article

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24 pages, 4135 KiB

Open AccessReview

Transformation Processes for Energy Production Alternatives from Different Biomass Sources in the Highlands and Semi-Desert Areas of Mexico

by Salvador Carlos-Hernández, Artemio Carrillo-Parra, Lourdes Díaz-Jiménez, Lidia Rosaura Salas-Cruz, Rigoberto Rosales-Serna and Maginot Ngangyo-Heya

Resources 2023, 12(9), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12090103 - 1 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2038

Abstract

Biomass revalorization is a worldwide trend which can contribute to diversifying the energy sector and to obtaining added value products. The objective of the present review is to discern potential sources of biomass and their corresponding alternatives for transformation, with a particular emphasis [...] Read more.

Biomass revalorization is a worldwide trend which can contribute to diversifying the energy sector and to obtaining added value products. The objective of the present review is to discern potential sources of biomass and their corresponding alternatives for transformation, with a particular emphasis on energy generation within the Mexican highlands and semi-desert regions. Methodologically, this review was conducted by reviewing various search engines, identifying articles related to energy production, the transformation processes, and the obtained product, establishing the relevance of each contribution, and including the information that was deemed pertinent. From this information analysis, it was found that most of the studies are conducted at theoretical and laboratory levels; then, scientific knowledge has been generated in this topic. However, low interaction with the social and industrial sectors is observed. It is required to develop strategies to transfer the generated knowledge and to scale up the studied transformation processes to generate ecological, economic, and social benefits. According to the information obtained it can be concluded that the agricultural and forestry sectors in the highlands and semi-desert regions of Mexico hold significant promise for generating bioenergy via the utilization of residual biomass, including stubble, straw, branches, stems, and sawdust. Moreover, the implementation of these sophisticated techniques for the conversion of residual biomass into biofuels and other forms of bioenergy contribute to the improvement of the adverse effects associated with the use of fossil fuels while fostering a more environmentally sustainable economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass Energy Resources: Feedstock Quality and Bioenergy Sustainability—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 1890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immediate Socioeconomic Impacts of Mindoro Oil Spill on Fisherfolk of Naujan, Philippines

by Casper Boongaling Agaton, Charmaine Samala Guno, Russel Añonuevo Labog and Angelie Azcuna Collera

Resources 2023, 12(9), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12090102 - 1 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 12350

Abstract

In February 2023, an oil tanker carrying 5660 bbl of industrial fuel oil sank off Naujan in the Philippines, causing an oil spill in the waters of Oriental Mindoro and nearby provinces. The disaster affected fishing communities as well as marine ecosystems including [...] Read more.

In February 2023, an oil tanker carrying 5660 bbl of industrial fuel oil sank off Naujan in the Philippines, causing an oil spill in the waters of Oriental Mindoro and nearby provinces. The disaster affected fishing communities as well as marine ecosystems including the Verde Island Passage, which is at the “center of the world’s marine biodiversity”. This study assessed the immediate social and economic impacts of this oil spill on various communities of the Naujan coast. We conducted semi-structured interviews and employed a narrative analysis to explore the lived experiences of fisherfolk after the oil spill and to understand the socioeconomic impacts. With the prohibition of fishing and other aquatic activities, the participants lost up to USD 1300 of income per week from fishing. The participants had no other source of income due to the lack of other skills or an opportunity for an alternative livelihood in the community. While the government provided food packs and financial assistance, the participants found these insufficient to sustain their basic family needs including food, utilities, education, and health. Traces of oil were also found in the sources of potable water affecting their daily household activities. The fisherfolk, who live in communities that are vulnerable to natural and human-made hazards, had their subsistence, food security, and human well-being highly compromised. The findings provided recommendations for government interventions to mitigate the impacts of an oil spill and other future disasters, considering social, economic, and human ecological perspectives. Full article

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17 pages, 763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Efficacy of Hungarian Propolis against Bacteria, Yeast, and Trichomonas gallinae Isolated from Pigeons—A Possible Antibiotic Alternative?

by Ádám Kerek, Péter Csanády, Barbara Tuska-Szalay, László Kovács and Ákos Jerzsele

Resources 2023, 12(9), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12090101 - 29 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1989

Abstract

The spread of antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious human and animal health problems of our time. Propolis is a natural substance with antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic activity, the most active components of which are polyphenols and terpenoids. In the present [...] Read more.

The spread of antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious human and animal health problems of our time. Propolis is a natural substance with antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic activity, the most active components of which are polyphenols and terpenoids. In the present study, the authors investigated the efficacy of propolis against Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica, Candida albicans fungi, and Trichomonas gallinae isolated from pigeons. For each pathogen, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum eradication concentration (MEC) of eight isolates were determined for 96%, 90%, 80%, 70%, and 60% ethanolic extracts of propolis from the region of Észak-Alföld. Propolis was shown to be effective in inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive bacteria, Candida albicans, and Trichomonas gallinae strains. Propolis showed a much better efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria (1.56–400 µg/mL) than against Gram-negative bacteria (>13,000 µg/mL). For Staphylococcus spp., MIC values ranged within 1.56–400 µg/mL and MEC values within 12.5–3260 µg/mL, while for Enterococcus spp. MIC values ranged within 1.56–400 µg/mL and MEC values within 12.5–800 µg/mL. MIC values > 13,000 µg/mL were found for Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica species. For Candida albicans, MIC values ranging from 1.56 to 400 µg/mL and MEC values ranging from 3.125 to 800 µg/mL were effective. MEC values between 2.5 and 5 mg/mL were observed for three Trichomonas gallinae strains. The effectiveness against Gram-positive bacteria has, in some cases, approached that of antibiotics, making propolis a potential alternative in the treatment of wound infections. Its outstanding efficacy against Trichomonas gallinae holds promise as a potential alternative for treating this widespread infection in pigeons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alternative Use of Biological Resources)

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17 pages, 3055 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Analysis of the Life Cycle Cost of a Heat Recovery System from Greywater Using a Vertical “Tube-in-Tube” Heat Exchanger: Case Study of Poland

by Beata Piotrowska and Daniel Słyś

Resources 2023, 12(9), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12090100 - 29 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1589

Abstract

Significant amounts of waste heat are deposited in greywater, which can be utilized, among other things, for heating domestic hot water in residential buildings. The manuscript presents an economic analysis of a greywater heat recovery system using a vertical heat exchanger of the [...] Read more.

Significant amounts of waste heat are deposited in greywater, which can be utilized, among other things, for heating domestic hot water in residential buildings. The manuscript presents an economic analysis of a greywater heat recovery system using a vertical heat exchanger of the “tube-in-tube” type in a single-family building. The analysis is based on the results of experimental research on the energy efficiency of three domestic hot water preparation systems equipped with a vertical heat exchange unit. The analyzed systems had different concepts for the flow of preheated water and cold water. The research showed that the implementation of a vertical “tube-in-tube” heat exchanger can reduce the energy consumption for domestic hot water preparation by approximately 45.7% to 60.8%, depending on the system variant. Furthermore, it was determined that the energy savings associated with reducing domestic hot water consumption can cover the investment costs related to the purchase and system of the heat exchanger within a period of 2 to 5 years of system operation, depending on the design variant and the unit price of electricity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alternative Water and Energy Systems in the Buildings)

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19 pages, 1993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Approach to Assess the Impact of Agricultural Production Factors on Selected Ecosystem Services in Poland

by Waldemar Bojar, Wojciech Żarski, Renata Kuśmierek-Tomaszewska, Jacek Żarski, Piotr Baranowski, Jaromir Krzyszczak, Krzysztof Lamorski, Cezary Sławiński, Konstadinos Mattas, Christos Staboulis, Dimitrios Natos, Ahmet Ali Koç, Ahmet Bayaner, Álvaro Ojeda Roldán and Obdulia Parra Rivero

Resources 2023, 12(9), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12090099 - 28 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1816

Abstract

The conservation of environmental resources is aimed at ensuring the continuity of ecosystem services for future generations and maintaining ecosystem integrity. Given the extensive reliance of agriculture on the environment, it is crucial to identify factors that impact the quality of ecosystem services [...] Read more.

The conservation of environmental resources is aimed at ensuring the continuity of ecosystem services for future generations and maintaining ecosystem integrity. Given the extensive reliance of agriculture on the environment, it is crucial to identify factors that impact the quality of ecosystem services (ESs), which can be regulated at large and heterogeneous national or European scales. This research, conducted within the Polish use case of the AGRICORE project, aims to demonstrate the feasibility of establishing indicators depicted in three ES categories, which can be shaped under the actions of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The study was conducted based on national sources, mostly the database of the Central Statistical Office. The analyses of regression showed a significant impact of selected agricultural productivity factors on the key performance indicators (KPIs) assessing the level of selected ESs. The yield of cereal grains, which quantitatively expresses the potential of current crop production, depended to the greatest extent (r = 0.81) on a comprehensive indicator of the agricultural production space suitability, as well as on the rise of the level of nitrogen fertilization (r = 0.68), and also on the reduced share of permanent grassland in the agricultural area (r = −0.53). It was proved that in territorial units, in which the level of nitrogen fertilization per 1 ha was greater, the share of soils with favorable pH > 5.5 was also greater. The gross nitrogen balance had a positive and significant correlation with the level of investment subsidies (r = 0.86), the share of agricultural land in the total area (r = 0.67), and the level of nitrogen fertilization (r = 0.66). Notably, there were positive correlations between the level of environmental subsidies and the increase in forestation (r = 0.68) and also between air quality and the share of cereals in the sowing structure (r = 0.86). Additionally, the impact of agricultural productivity factors on cultural eco-services was found, e.g., the share of ecological land had a positive impact on the number of natural monuments, the area of nature reserves, the number of agritourists, and agritourism nights, while the share of cereals in the sowing structure negatively correlated with the most of analyzed cultural indicators. These results are useful for the development of a module for the ABM model that employs the desired environmental parameters to provide different assessments of the impact of selected agricultural productivity factors and ecosystem services on the economic farm status. Full article

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21 pages, 15796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Study of the Lateral Sealing Ability of Faults Considering the Diagenesis Degree of the Fault Rock: An Example from the Nantun Formation in the Wuerxun-Beier Sag in the Hailar Basin, China

by Xinlei Hu, Yanfang Lv, Yang Liu and Junqiao Liu

Resources 2023, 12(9), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12090098 - 23 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1406

Abstract

The goal of this study was to accurately evaluate the lateral sealing ability of a fault in siliciclastic stratum based on previous analysis of the lateral sealing of faults by a large number of scholars in the published literature and physical simulation experiments. [...] Read more.

The goal of this study was to accurately evaluate the lateral sealing ability of a fault in siliciclastic stratum based on previous analysis of the lateral sealing of faults by a large number of scholars in the published literature and physical simulation experiments. Content of the clay mineral phase and the diagenetic degree of fault rock were investigated as the main factors to evaluate the lateral sealing of faults. Based on this theory, the configuration relationship between the clay content and burial depth of fault rock (SGR&H) threshold evaluation method for the lateral sealing of faults was established. Then, we applied these results to evaluate the lateral sealing ability of faults in the Beixi, Beier, Wuerxun, and Surennuoer areas in the Hailar Basin, China. The variation in SGR boundary values with burial depth between the lateral opening and moderate sealing area, as well as between the moderate and strong sealing area of the faults, are obtained. Compared with the previous methods, the SGR&H threshold method transforms the static SGR value of a formation or even a region into a dynamic SGR value that changes with the burial depth, which can fully characterize the differences in the conditions required for sealing faults with different internal structures at different depths. In determining the lateral sealing ability of faults by comparing the evaluation results, we discovered the following. (1) In the same area, the sealing thresholds of faults within different layers are different because the deep strata are subjected to greater pressures and longer loading times, so these faults are more likely to seal laterally. (2) In the same layer, the sealing thresholds of faults in different areas are also different. The higher the thickness ratio between the sandstone and the formation (RSF), the smaller the entry pressure of the fault rock when it has reached a critical seal state, so the SGR&H thresholds are relatively small. Compared to the previous methods, the SGR&H threshold method in this article reduces the exploration risk of faults with relatively low diagenetic degree in shallow strata, and also increases the exploration potential of faults with relatively high diagenetic degree in deep strata. The evaluation results are more consistent with the actual underground situation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Petroleum and Gas Engineering)

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13 pages, 2101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Double-Layer Membranes of Chitosan and Sodium Alginate Added to Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Potential Use in Skin Lesions

by Larah Gondim Santos Paulino, Luisa Bataglin Avila, Caroline Costa Moraes, Mohammad Rizwan Khan, Salim Manoharadas, Glaydson Simões dos Reis, Guilherme Luiz Dotto and Gabriela Silveira da Rosa

Resources 2023, 12(9), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12090097 - 22 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1526

Abstract

This study seeks to enhance bilayer membranes using a combination of chitosan and sodium alginate (CS/SA) with phytochemical compounds extracted from olive leaves (CS/SA-OLE), intended for use as a skin dressing. Olive leaf extracts (OLE) were sustainably obtained and showed a phenolic composition [...] Read more.

This study seeks to enhance bilayer membranes using a combination of chitosan and sodium alginate (CS/SA) with phytochemical compounds extracted from olive leaves (CS/SA-OLE), intended for use as a skin dressing. Olive leaf extracts (OLE) were sustainably obtained and showed a phenolic composition of 114.49 mgGAE·g⁻¹ and antioxidant activity of 94.25%. CS/AS and CS/SA-OLE were prepared using the casting method. The results showed that the addition of OLE improved the mechanical and barrier properties of the membranes. The elongation at break increased from 9.99 to 14.68%, and the water transmission rate reduced from 2207.78 to 2094.33 (g·m⁻²·24 h⁻¹) after the addition of OLE. The FTIR spectra showed functional groups of phenolic compounds, and the thermogravimetric analysis showed that the addition of OLE improved the thermal stability of the membranes. In addition, the CS/SA-OLE membranes showed active potential with inhibition halos (12.19 mm) against the microorganism Escherichia coli. The membranes generated in this research, particularly those with the addition of natural extracts, exhibit significant promise for utilization as wound dressings. Full article

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