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Chemosensors
Volume 12
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Chemosensors, Volume 12, Issue 2 (February 2024) – 13 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The artificial olfactory image was proposed by Lundström et al. in 1991 as a new strategy for an electronic nose system that generated a two-dimensional mapping to be interpreted as a fingerprint of the detected gas species. The potential distribution generated via the catalytic metals integrated into a semiconductor field-effect structure was read as a photocurrent signal generated by scanned light pulses. The impact of the proposed technology spread beyond gas sensing, inspiring the development of various imaging modalities to obtain spatial maps of pH, ions, molecules, and impedance. Light-addressing technologies have also been developed to realize the position control of a faradaic current on the electrode surface for localized electrochemical reactions and amperometric measurements and to realize the flow control of liquids in microfluidic devices. View this paper
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17 pages, 7557 KiB  
Article
RepDwNet: Lightweight Deep Learning Model for Special Biological Blood Raman Spectra Analysis
by Jiongheng He, Rigui Zhou, Pengju Ren, Yaochong Li and Shengjun Xiong
Chemosensors 2024, 12(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12020029 - 19 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1852
Abstract
The Raman spectroscopy analysis technique has found extensive applications across various disciplines due to its exceptional convenience and efficiency, facilitating the analysis and identification of diverse substances. In recent years, owing to the escalating demand for high-efficiency analytical methods, deep learning models have [...] Read more.
The Raman spectroscopy analysis technique has found extensive applications across various disciplines due to its exceptional convenience and efficiency, facilitating the analysis and identification of diverse substances. In recent years, owing to the escalating demand for high-efficiency analytical methods, deep learning models have progressively been introduced into the realm of Raman spectroscopy. However, the application of these models to portable Raman spectrometers has posed a series of challenges due to the computational intensity inherent to deep learning approaches. This paper proposes a lightweight classification model, named RepDwNet, for identifying 28 different types of biological blood. The model integrates advanced techniques such as multi-scale convolutional kernels, depth-wise separable convolutions, and residual connections. These innovations enable the model to capture features at different scales while preserving the coherence of feature data to the maximum extent. The experimental results demonstrate that the average recognition accuracy of the model on the reflective Raman blood dataset and the transmissive Raman blood dataset are 97.31% and 97.10%, respectively. Furthermore, by applying structural reparameterization to compress the well-trained model, it maintains high classification accuracy while significantly reducing the parameter size, thereby enhancing the speed of classification inference. This makes the model more suitable for deployment in portable and mobile devices. Additionally, the proposed model can be extended to various Raman spectroscopy classification scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Bioanalytics)
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17 pages, 3354 KiB  
Article
Gas Sensing Performance of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Fabricated via Ochradenus baccatus Leaf
by Mohd Wajid Ali Khan, Nagih M. Shaalan, Faheem Ahmed, Subuhi Sherwani, Abdullah Aljaafari, Abdulmohsen K. D. Alsukaibi, Khalaf M. Alenezi and Khalid Al-Motair
Chemosensors 2024, 12(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12020028 - 16 Feb 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2184
Abstract
ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by green synthesis using plant leaf extraction of Ochradenus baccatus and characterized by XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Since elevated CO levels have been associated with inflammatory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory disorders and the methane [...] Read more.
ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by green synthesis using plant leaf extraction of Ochradenus baccatus and characterized by XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Since elevated CO levels have been associated with inflammatory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory disorders and the methane gas primarily produced by gut microbiota and linked to gastrointestinal disorders and other abnormal methane levels in breath samples, the nanoparticles were applied for gas sensor fabrication. Thus, the gas sensors fabricated using ZnO nanoparticles were investigated for CH4, H2, CO, and NO2 gases. The gas sensing was performed for the fabricated sensors at various operating temperatures and gas concentrations. Interestingly, leaf-extracted green synthesized ZnO NPs were more sensitive to CH4, CO, and NO2 gases than to H2. The results of sensing studies revealed that the nanoparticles exhibit a selectivity toward gas depending on the gas type. The sensor response was also studied against the humidity. These findings bridge between the laboratory and industry sectors for future gas sensors development, which can be used for exhaled breath analysis and serve as potential diagnostic tools for highly sensitive contagious diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors for Volatile Organic Compound Detection, 2nd Edition)
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26 pages, 10763 KiB  
Review
New Trend of Amperometric Gas Sensors Using Atomic Gold-Decorated Platinum/Polyaniline Composites
by Anifatul Faricha, Parthojit Chakraborty, Tso-Fu Mark Chang, Masato Sone and Takamichi Nakamoto
Chemosensors 2024, 12(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12020027 - 12 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2004
Abstract
The Amperometric Gas Sensor (AGS) uses an electrode as the transducer element which converts its signal into a current from the electrochemical reaction of analytes taking place at the electrode surface. Many attempts to improve AGS performance, such as modifying the working electrode, [...] Read more.
The Amperometric Gas Sensor (AGS) uses an electrode as the transducer element which converts its signal into a current from the electrochemical reaction of analytes taking place at the electrode surface. Many attempts to improve AGS performance, such as modifying the working electrode, applying a particular gas-permeable membrane, and selecting the proper electrolyte, etc., have been reported in the scientific literature. On the other hand, in the materials community, atomic gold has gained much attention because its physicochemical properties dramatically differ from those of gold nanoparticles. This paper provides an overview of the use of atomic gold in AGSs, both in a bulky AGS and a miniaturized AGS. In the miniaturized AGS, the system must be redesigned; for example, the aqueous electrolyte commonly used in a bulky AGS cannot be used due to volatility and fluidity issues. A Room Temperature Ionic Liquid (RTIL) can be used to replace the aqueous electrolyte since it has negligible vapor pressure; thus, a thin film of RTIL can be realized in a miniaturized AGS. In this paper, we also explain the possibility of using RTIL for a miniaturized AGS by incorporating a quartz crystal microbalance sensor. Several RTILs coated onto modified electrodes used for isomeric gas measurement are presented. Based on the results, the bulky and miniaturized AGS with atomic gold exhibited a higher sensor response than the AGS without atomic gold. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Chemosensors—Section ‘Electrochemical Devices and Sensors’)
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16 pages, 4841 KiB  
Article
Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensing of Glucose with a Carbon Black/Polyaniline/Silver Nanoparticle Composite
by Claudia Ivone Piñón-Balderrama, Claudia Alejandra Hernández-Escobar, Simón Yobanni Reyes-López, Alain Salvador Conejo-Dávila, Anayansi Estrada-Monje and Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras
Chemosensors 2024, 12(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12020026 - 9 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1936
Abstract
The present work describes the synthesis of an electroactive nanocomposite consisting of carbon black (CB) and polyaniline (PANI) obtained by in situ oxidative polymerization. Monomer P1 was used as a polyaniline precursor. P1 has surfactant properties that allow obtaining core–shell structures dispersed in [...] Read more.
The present work describes the synthesis of an electroactive nanocomposite consisting of carbon black (CB) and polyaniline (PANI) obtained by in situ oxidative polymerization. Monomer P1 was used as a polyaniline precursor. P1 has surfactant properties that allow obtaining core–shell structures dispersed in an aqueous medium. The nanocomposite, together with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as an electrocatalytic element, was used to modify the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for glucose detection. Electroactive areas were calculated using the Randles–Sevick equation. The results showed that the CB-PANI.1-1/AgNP nanocomposite exhibited a larger electroactive surface area (0.3451 cm2) compared to AgNP alone (0.0973 cm2) or the CB-PANI.1-1 composite (0.2989 cm2). Characterization of CB-PANI.1-1/AgNP, by cyclic voltammetry in the presence of glucose, showed a new oxidation peak with a maximum current close to 0.7 V due to the oxidation of glucose to gluconolactone. The amperometry test at 0.7 V showed a linear response with R2 of 0.999 as a function of the analyte concentration. The glucose sensor presented a linear detection range of 1 to 10 mM, a sensitivity of 41 µA mM−1 cm−2, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 520 µM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomarkers (Glucose, Lactate, Uric Acid, Ketones, Cholesterol, Glutamate) Biosensors)
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16 pages, 1570 KiB  
Article
Easy-to-Use Chemiluminescent-Based Assay for a Rapid and Low-Cost Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Cosmetic Products
by Seyedeh Rojin Shariati Pour, Donato Calabria, Augusto Nascetti, Domenico Caputo, Giampiero De Cesare, Massimo Guardigli, Martina Zangheri and Mara Mirasoli
Chemosensors 2024, 12(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12020025 - 9 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2034
Abstract
New cosmetic formulations are continuously requested by the market and the ingredients are constantly evolving. Recently the use of antioxidants has gained success and, in this context, analytical methods able to quickly and easily assess the antioxidant activity of cosmetics would make it [...] Read more.
New cosmetic formulations are continuously requested by the market and the ingredients are constantly evolving. Recently the use of antioxidants has gained success and, in this context, analytical methods able to quickly and easily assess the antioxidant activity of cosmetics would make it possible to carry out analyses on new formulations even within the manufacturing process without the need for specialized laboratories and personnel, thus evaluating directly on-site the effectiveness and the shelf life of products. In this work, a chemiluminescent inhibition assay was developed for determining the total antioxidant activity in cosmetic products. The method was based on the luminol/enhancers/hydrogen peroxide/horseradish peroxidase chemiluminescent system, which generates light signals measurable through simple and compact instrumentation. The formation of the chemiluminescent signal is inhibited by the presence of antioxidant substances while it is restored once all the antioxidant molecules have been oxidized. The time of appearance of the light signal is related to the total antioxidant activity. The assay was carried out exploiting an integrated device comprising a microwell plate coupled with an array of amorphous silicon hydrogenated photosensors enclosed in a mini-dark box. The method was optimized in terms of concentrations and volumes of the required reagents and sample pre-treatment. A calibration curve was generated taking as a reference the antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid obtaining a detection limit of 10 µM. The developed method was applied to cosmetic products currently on the market as well as on spiked samples in order to evaluate the performance of the methods in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemiluminescent and Bioluminescent Sensors)
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20 pages, 3645 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Metallic Nanoparticles Decoration on Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Sensors Used to Detect Sulfur Dioxide
by Elisa Ruiz, Christelle Varenne, Bruno S. De Lima, Thiaka Gueye, Alain Pauly, Jérôme Brunet, Valmor R. Mastelaro and Amadou L. Ndiaye
Chemosensors 2024, 12(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12020024 - 8 Feb 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1791
Abstract
This paper presents the impact of the decoration of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with metallic nanoparticles to detect sulfur dioxide (SO2). Copper and platinum were employed to produce metal nanoparticles (NPs) for the chemical and physical decoration of rGO to form [...] Read more.
This paper presents the impact of the decoration of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with metallic nanoparticles to detect sulfur dioxide (SO2). Copper and platinum were employed to produce metal nanoparticles (NPs) for the chemical and physical decoration of rGO to form the nanocomposites (rGO/NPs). We optimized NP loading by varying the concentrations of metal ions and deposition times for chemical and physical decoration, respectively. The chemical decoration presents a random nanoparticle distribution on the rGO surface with a broad particle size distribution (1 to 100 nm with a majority less than 40 nm). In comparison, the physical decoration presents uniformly distributed nanoparticles with particles of a size between 1 and 20 nm, with a majority less than 10 nm. The chemically decorated structures present the best gas responses and show that lower NP loading provides better responses. The nanocomposites present responses owing to a better synergy between NPs and the rGO surface, combined with the catalytic action of the NPs on the rGO. The physical decoration allows higher NP surface coverage than the chemical one but implies a lower remaining rGO naked surface for gaseous molecule interaction. These results illustrate that the NPs’ surface and the uncovered rGO contribute to the gas response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Chemosensors and Biosensors: Development and Application)
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18 pages, 4242 KiB  
Article
Low-Cost Carbon Paste Cu(II)-Exchanged Zeolite Amperometric Sensor for Hydrogen Peroxide Detection
by Delia Gligor, Sanda Andrada Maicaneanu and Codruta Varodi
Chemosensors 2024, 12(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12020023 - 4 Feb 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1780
Abstract
The aim of this work was to explore the possibility of using a Cu-exchanged zeolitic volcanic tuff (which is natural and easy to prepare and apply) for the preparation of a new low-cost carbon paste amperometric sensor for H2O2 detection. [...] Read more.
The aim of this work was to explore the possibility of using a Cu-exchanged zeolitic volcanic tuff (which is natural and easy to prepare and apply) for the preparation of a new low-cost carbon paste amperometric sensor for H2O2 detection. The properties of the zeolitic volcanic tuff were determined using chemical analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, the specific surface area, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The sensor was successfully built and operates at pH 7, at an applied potential of −150 mV Ag/AgCl/KClsat, presenting a sensitivity of 0.87 mA M−1, a detection limit of 10 µM and a linear domain up to 30 mM H2O2. These good electroanalytic parameters for H2O2 detection (a low detection limit and high sensitivity) support the possibility of using these sensors for the detection of many analytes in environmental, food and medical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Cost Chemo/Bio-Sensors Based on Nanomaterials)
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9 pages, 1865 KiB  
Communication
Online Measurement of Sodium Nitrite Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
by Xianzhe Xu, Yongshen Zhang, Mingmin Zhang, Dingming Li and Chen Zuo
Chemosensors 2024, 12(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12020022 - 31 Jan 2024
Viewed by 2048
Abstract
In this study, a method was developed for the rapid online measurement of sodium nitrite solutions using near-infrared spectroscopy. A series of standard solutions of sodium nitrite at different concentrations were prepared, and the samples were measured in cuvettes and flow cells. Following [...] Read more.
In this study, a method was developed for the rapid online measurement of sodium nitrite solutions using near-infrared spectroscopy. A series of standard solutions of sodium nitrite at different concentrations were prepared, and the samples were measured in cuvettes and flow cells. Following the preprocessing of raw spectra and band selection, partial least squares were used to establish a prediction model, and the coefficient of determination (R2) of the validation set and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of the model were 0.9989 and 0.0338. The results demonstrate that the established model can meet the demands of online measurement and perform the rapid, nondestructive detection of sodium nitrite solutions, which provides some basis for the automated formulation of feedstock in spent fuel reprocessing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Analytical Methods, Instrumentation and Miniaturization)
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2 pages, 531 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Wei et al. Self-Assembled Corn-Husk-Shaped Fullerene Crystals as Excellent Acid Vapor Sensors. Chemosensors 2022, 10, 16
by Zexuan Wei, Jingwen Song, Renzhi Ma, Katsuhiko Ariga and Lok Kumar Shrestha
Chemosensors 2024, 12(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12020021 - 31 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1317
Abstract
The authors make the following corrections to the published paper [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials for Chemical Sensing)
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22 pages, 8722 KiB  
Review
Field-Effect Sensors Combined with the Scanned Light Pulse Technique: From Artificial Olfactory Images to Chemical Imaging Technologies
by Tatsuo Yoshinobu, Ko-ichiro Miyamoto, Torsten Wagner and Michael J. Schöning
Chemosensors 2024, 12(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12020020 - 28 Jan 2024
Viewed by 2054
Abstract
The artificial olfactory image was proposed by Lundström et al. in 1991 as a new strategy for an electronic nose system which generated a two-dimensional mapping to be interpreted as a fingerprint of the detected gas species. The potential distribution generated by the [...] Read more.
The artificial olfactory image was proposed by Lundström et al. in 1991 as a new strategy for an electronic nose system which generated a two-dimensional mapping to be interpreted as a fingerprint of the detected gas species. The potential distribution generated by the catalytic metals integrated into a semiconductor field-effect structure was read as a photocurrent signal generated by scanning light pulses. The impact of the proposed technology spread beyond gas sensing, inspiring the development of various imaging modalities based on the light addressing of field-effect structures to obtain spatial maps of pH distribution, ions, molecules, and impedance, and these modalities have been applied in both biological and non-biological systems. These light-addressing technologies have been further developed to realize the position control of a faradaic current on the electrode surface for localized electrochemical reactions and amperometric measurements, as well as the actuation of liquids in microfluidic devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Exciting Journey of Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Ingemar Lundström)
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16 pages, 4035 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Polyphenol Patterns of Pleurotus ostreatus Cultivars by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS; Application of FT-NIR and Chemometric Methods, Classification Options
by Anna Matkovits, Marietta Fodor and Zsuzsa Jókai
Chemosensors 2024, 12(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12020019 - 26 Jan 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2089
Abstract
The nutritional properties of Pleurotus mushrooms were studied to select the varieties with the most favourable properties. These mushrooms have high nutritional value; they are rich in carbohydrates, protein, minerals, vitamins, chitin and reducing compounds, such as phenols and polyphenols. In this study, [...] Read more.
The nutritional properties of Pleurotus mushrooms were studied to select the varieties with the most favourable properties. These mushrooms have high nutritional value; they are rich in carbohydrates, protein, minerals, vitamins, chitin and reducing compounds, such as phenols and polyphenols. In this study, the polyphenol profiles of thirteen Pleurotus ostreatus cultivars were established by the UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS technique. The results showed that 4-hydroxibenzoic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and vanillic acid were the most abundant polyphenolic components in the samples. In addition, the Fourier-transformed near infrared (FT-NIR) spectra of the samples were recorded and evaluated. The correlation between the differences in NIR spectra and the differences in polyphenol patterns of the samples was investigated. The polyphenol results were subjected to several statistical evaluations (Kruskal–Wallis test, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Spearman correlation analysis, cluster analysis) to detect possible differences between the samples. Relationships between the polyphenol profile and antioxidant capacity (FRAP), total polyphenol content (TPC), free amino acid content (fAA) and the values of each polyphenol component were examined. Based on the results, an effort was made to group the varieties according to the attributes tested. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Chemosensors: Miniaturized Analytical Devices for Chemical and Biological Sensing)
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11 pages, 1642 KiB  
Article
Rapid Assessment of Extractability of Macronutrients from Yerba Mate (Illex paraguariensis) Leaves Based on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
by Diego Díaz Pace, Juan Molina and Corina Iris Rodríguez
Chemosensors 2024, 12(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12020018 - 25 Jan 2024
Viewed by 2029
Abstract
Leaves of yerba mate plant (Ilex paraguariensis) have a wealth of nutrients, ingested by people who drink them in the hot water infusion popularly known as mate. In the present work, the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique was applied for the [...] Read more.
Leaves of yerba mate plant (Ilex paraguariensis) have a wealth of nutrients, ingested by people who drink them in the hot water infusion popularly known as mate. In the present work, the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique was applied for the first time to analysis of the extractability of macronutrients, including Mg, Ca, Na, and K, in commercial samples of yerba mate. Powdered samples from leaves’ material were used to simulate the infusion process in the laboratory. To carry out LIBS analysis, the emission spectra were measured before and after the infusion from the samples prepared in pellets. The spectral data were processed and analyzed by a specially designed algorithm. A coefficient of extractability was calculated for each of the investigated macronutrients in the range 34–76%, showing a good correlation with the corresponding elemental concentrations leached into the water infusion, determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The obtained results demonstrated the feasibility of our approach for the rapid analysis of extractable macronutrients present in yerba mate leaves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synergy between Basic and Applied Research in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Biochemical Analyses)
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14 pages, 2455 KiB  
Article
Two-Dimensional Tellurium Nanosheets for the Efficient Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Detection of H2O2
by Amit Kumar Shringi, Rajeev Kumar, Netanya F. Dennis and Fei Yan
Chemosensors 2024, 12(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12020017 - 23 Jan 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2419
Abstract
This study reports, for the first time, the utilization of two-dimensional (2D) tellurium (Te) nanosheets for the efficient nonenzymatic detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). H2O2 acts as a pivotal biomarker with widespread applications across environmental, biological, [...] Read more.
This study reports, for the first time, the utilization of two-dimensional (2D) tellurium (Te) nanosheets for the efficient nonenzymatic detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). H2O2 acts as a pivotal biomarker with widespread applications across environmental, biological, industrial, and food processing domains. However, an excessive accumulation of H2O2 in the body poses a severe threat to human life. Consequently, the imperative need for a selective, sensitive, and cost-effective sensing platform for H2O2 detection has gained paramount significance. Employing a low-cost and straightforward hydrothermal method, Te nanosheets were synthesized to address the escalating demand for a reliable detection platform. The as-synthesized Te nanosheets are characterized through Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy techniques. The electrochemical performance of the Te nanosheets integrated onto a glassy carbon (Te-GC) electrode was thoroughly investigated using cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. The experiments were designed to evaluate the response of the Te-GC electrode in the presence and absence of H2O2, alongside its performance in the detection of other pertinent interfering analytes. The sensor shows a limit of detection of 0.47 µM and a sensitivity of 27.2 µA µM−1 cm−2 towards H2O2. The outcomes of this study demonstrate the efficacy of Te nanosheets as a promising material for nonenzymatic H2O2 detection in urine samples. The simplicity and cost-effectiveness of the hydrothermal synthesis process, coupled with the notable electrochemical performance of the Te/GC electrode, highlight the potential of Te nanosheets in the development of a robust sensing platform. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to enhance our capabilities in monitoring and detecting H2O2, fostering advancements in environmental, biomedical, and industrial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors for Food Control, Environmental Analysis, and Diagnosis in Medicine)
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