Ceramics

14 pages, 5678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combination of Physico-Chemical and Lead Isotope Analyses for the Provenance Study of the Archaeological Materials: Example of Saadien Ceramics (16th Century, Marrakech Morocco)

by Mouhssin El Halim, Lahcen Daoudi, Hicham El Boudour El Idrissi, Meriam El Ouahabi, Fatima Ezzahra Omdi, Abdelali Gourfi, Hanane Ait Hmeid, Hanane Id Abdellah and Nathalie Fagel

Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010013 - 31 Jan 2025

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Abstract

This paper aims to study the provenance of archaeological Saadien ceramics (16th century, Marrakech) based on the chemical, mineralogical and lead isotope composition of clays used as raw materials in the manufacture of ceramics in Morocco and collected in the six major potter [...] Read more.

This paper aims to study the provenance of archaeological Saadien ceramics (16th century, Marrakech) based on the chemical, mineralogical and lead isotope composition of clays used as raw materials in the manufacture of ceramics in Morocco and collected in the six major potter sites of Marrakech (Ourika I and II, Saada I and II and Mzouda) and Fez (Benjlikh). The clay chemical, mineralogical and isotopic signatures of these raw materials are compared to the compositions of decorated ceramics from El Badi Palace and Saadien Tombs, the most visited archaeological sites in Marrakech, described as World Heritage by UNESCO. The chemical composition was determined using X-ray fluorescence analysis, while the structural changes of the mineral phases during firing were studied using X-ray diffraction over a temperature range between 500–1000 °C. Pb isotopes, on the other hand, were measured using the Nu Plasma MC-ICP-MS technique. Results show that Saadien ceramics were made using calcareous clay from the Fez region. These clays were imported by the artisans from 400 km away to be used in the manufacturing of ceramics in the Saadien buildings of Marrakech. The firing temperature of these materials ranges between 600 and 700 °C for El Badi Palace, and from 800 to 900 °C for the Saadien Tombs ceramics using traditional ovens. This study reveals the mystery behind the source of Saadien ceramics and provides artisans with information about the origin of the raw materials used in Marrakech’s 16th-century buildings, which should be considered for any future restoration of these materials. Full article

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22 pages, 4874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tracking Secondary Raw Material Operational Framework—DataOps Case Study

by Gabriel Pestana, Marisa Almeida and Nelson Martins

Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010012 - 28 Jan 2025

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Abstract

The ceramic and glass industries, integral to the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), face significant challenges in achieving decarbonization despite advancements in energy efficiency. The circular economy offers a promising pathway, emphasizing the reuse and recycling of waste materials into secondary raw [...] Read more.

The ceramic and glass industries, integral to the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), face significant challenges in achieving decarbonization despite advancements in energy efficiency. The circular economy offers a promising pathway, emphasizing the reuse and recycling of waste materials into secondary raw materials (SRMs) to reduce resource consumption and emissions. This study investigates a standardized waste supply chain framework, developed collaboratively with stakeholders, tailored for the ceramic sector. The Waste Resource Platform (WRP) integrates Industry 4.0 paradigms, utilizing a modular, layered architecture and a process-centric design. The framework includes experimental tests and co-creation methodologies to refine a digital marketplace that connects stakeholders, facilitates SRM exchange, and fosters industrial symbiosis. The WRP demonstrates the potential for SRMs to replace virgin materials, reducing environmental impacts and production costs. It enhances supply chain transparency through digital traceability, promotes predictive material sourcing, and streamlines logistics via algorithmic optimization. Challenges such as regulatory gaps and quality standards are addressed through standardized processes, open data governance, and innovative algorithms. The WRP project advances circular economy goals in the ceramic sector, promoting waste reuse, industrial symbiosis, and supply chain resilience. Its standardized, open-access platform offers a scalable model for other industries, fostering sustainable practices and resource efficiency while addressing global climate targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics in the Circular Economy for a Sustainable World)

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35 pages, 10866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving the Mechanical, Corrosion Resistance, Microstructural and Environmental Performance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Using Ceramic Waste Powder as an Alternative to Cement

by Ansam Ali Hashim, Rana Anaee and Mohammed Salah Nasr

Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010011 - 26 Jan 2025

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Abstract

This study investigates the effectiveness of replacing the cement with 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.% of ceramic waste powder (HCCP) to improve the performance of recycled aggregate concrete (RCA) prepared using 25 wt.% wall tile ceramic coarse aggregates. The slump, initial [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effectiveness of replacing the cement with 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.% of ceramic waste powder (HCCP) to improve the performance of recycled aggregate concrete (RCA) prepared using 25 wt.% wall tile ceramic coarse aggregates. The slump, initial and final setting time, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, electrical resistivity, bulk density, porosity, total and surface water absorption, pH level, ultrasonic pulse velocity, dynamic elastic modulus, chloride ion diffusion coefficient, chloride penetration depth, microstructure analysis, and environmental assessment properties were investigated. The results showed that replacing cement with HCCP by 5 to 20 wt.% prolonged the setting time and improved all hardened properties. The highest improvements in mechanical properties were observed at 5 wt.% HCCP, with increasing rates of 26.5%, 22%, and 22.4% at 90 days for compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength, respectively. On the other hand, the optimum enhancement for the durability, microstructural, and environmental efficiency properties was recorded at a 20 wt.% HCCP replacement rate. However, the strength at this ratio tended to decrease but remained higher than that of the control RAC. For instance, the total water absorption, surface water absorption, void ratio, chloride penetration depth, and migration coefficient were reduced by 47%, 45%, 38%, 62.3%, and 55.52%, respectively, compared to the reference sample. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics in the Circular Economy for a Sustainable World)

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34 pages, 2511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Layer Thickness and Nozzle Diameter in Fused Deposition Modelling Printing on the Flexural Strength of Zirconia Ceramic Samples Produced by a Multistage Manufacturing Process

by Anton Smirnov, Oleg Yanushevich, Natella Krikheli, Yulia Zhukovskaya, Mihail Soloninkin, Petr Naumenko, Nestor Washington Solis Pinargote, Pavel Peretyagin, Sergey Grigoriev and Nikita Nikitin

Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010010 - 24 Jan 2025

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Abstract

The process of creating ceramic items using fused deposition modelling (FDM) enables the creation of intricate shapes for a variety of purposes, including tooling and prototyping. However, due to the numerous variables involved in the process, it is challenging to discern the impact [...] Read more.

The process of creating ceramic items using fused deposition modelling (FDM) enables the creation of intricate shapes for a variety of purposes, including tooling and prototyping. However, due to the numerous variables involved in the process, it is challenging to discern the impact of each parameter on the final characteristics of FDM components, which impedes the advancement of this technology. This paper deals with the application of statistical analysis in the study of the dependence of the flexural strength of sintered zirconia disks on the printing parameters (nozzle diameter, layer thickness, and infill pattern) of the fused deposition method printing of a ceramic–polymer filament containing 80 wt.% zirconia and 20 wt.% polylactide. X-ray-computed tomography and diffraction systems, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, were used for a microstructural analysis of the sintered samples. It was found that the nozzle diameter and infill pattern have no significant influence on the flexural strength values. It was assumed that this is due to the heterogeneous distribution of the ceramic phase in the manufactured filament during extrusion. On the other hand, correlation analysis and analysis of correlation diagrams have shown that the thickness of the filling layer has the greatest effect on flexural strength. The maximum (684 МPa) strength value was found in a sample printed with a layer thickness of 0.2 mm. The minimum layer thickness ensures a more uniform distribution of ceramic particles and minimizes defects in samples that occur during FDM printing. The results obtained make it possible to optimize the considered process of manufacturing ceramic products from ZrO₂ printed using FDM technology from extruded composite filaments. Full article

17 pages, 4174 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Australian Calcined Clays as Supplementary Cementitious Materials

by Emily Canda, Rackel San Nicolas, Madhuwanthi Rupasinghe, Haleh Rasekh and Arnaud Castel

Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010009 - 20 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC³) has become a highlighted research topic over the past decade. Through various research, LC³ demonstrated the capability to supplement portions of cement, highlighting the possibility to decrease CO₂ emissions due to the low calcination [...] Read more.

Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC³) has become a highlighted research topic over the past decade. Through various research, LC³ demonstrated the capability to supplement portions of cement, highlighting the possibility to decrease CO₂ emissions due to the low calcination temperatures and low levels of CO₂ released from the material during calcination. At this stage, there is no research into the feasibility of LC³ in any parts of Australia, limited research in finding clay, and incomplete research understanding how low calcination temperatures affect the compressive strength. The results show the feasibility of LC³, where we demonstrated the feasibility of a low calcination temperature of 650 °C and found that various overburden waste clays (clay in quarries and mines that are not needed) across the East Coast of Australia produced comparable compressive strength results to conventional Portland cement-based mixes. The results also indicate that optimising the particle size distribution of the calcined clay enhanced both the workability and compressive strength of the mortars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 16522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Research of New Hybrid Composites with Increased Requirements for Heat and Wear Resistance

by Peter Rusinov, Chao Zhang, Polina Sereda, Anastasia Rusinova, George Kurapov and Maxim Semadeni

Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010008 - 18 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Hybrid layered reinforced materials are able to increase the reliability, durability, and expand the functionality of high-temperature components in supercritical and ultra-supercritical power plants and in oil, gas, and petrochemical equipment operating under conditions with multifactorial influences (temperature, force, deformation). As a result [...] Read more.

Hybrid layered reinforced materials are able to increase the reliability, durability, and expand the functionality of high-temperature components in supercritical and ultra-supercritical power plants and in oil, gas, and petrochemical equipment operating under conditions with multifactorial influences (temperature, force, deformation). As a result of this research, surface reinforced ceramic composite materials with a gradient distribution of properties have been developed. These materials include thermal barrier layers (Gd₂O₃-Yb₂O₃-Y₂O₃-ZrO₂) and Ni-based layers reinforced with ceramic carbide and oxide particles. They are strong, have a high heat and wear resistance, and provide the specified functional and mechanical properties. The formation technology for the hybrid composites has also been developed. This technology includes the mechanical alloying of powder compositions, which is followed by vacuum plasma spraying. The structure of the powder compositions and composite layers, the density of the obtained composite materials, and the heat and wear resistance of the composites have also been investigated. The microhardness of the alloy layers of the hybrid composite materials Hastelloy X–GYYZO–material 1 and Hastelloy X–GYYZO–material 2 was as follows: super alloy Hastelloy X, HV_0.2 = 3.8–3.95 GPa; layer GYYZO, HV_0.3 = 16.1–16.7 GPa; layer material 1, HV_0.3 =18.3–18.8 GPa; layer material 2, HV_0.3 =19.1–19.6 GPa. The influence of the refractory phase of HfC and TaC on the strength of the composites was studied. It was found that the maximum strength (710–715 MPa) in the composites Hastelloy X—GYYZO—material 1 and Hastelloy X–GYYZO–material 2 is achieved with a content of HfC and TaC–27–28%. Full article

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15 pages, 16469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Superstoichiometric Bismuth Addition on the Structure and Dielectric Characteristics of the Solid Solutions (1−x)BiFeO₃-xBaTiO₃

by Nikita A. Boldyrev, Egor S. Esin, Lidia A. Shilkina, Svetlana I. Dudkina, Alexander V. Nagaenko and Larisa A. Reznichenko

Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010007 - 13 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Ceramic samples of solid solutions of the binary system (1−x)BiFeO₃-xBaTiO₃ + 2 wt.% Bi₂O₃ (0.29 ≤ x ≤ 0.33, Δx = 0.01) were prepared using the conventional solid-phase reaction method with and without [...] Read more.

Ceramic samples of solid solutions of the binary system (1−x)BiFeO₃-xBaTiO₃ + 2 wt.% Bi₂O₃ (0.29 ≤ x ≤ 0.33, Δx = 0.01) were prepared using the conventional solid-phase reaction method with and without mechanical activation. Using X-ray studies, it was found that the objects have a pseudocubic crystal structure, and limited solubility occurs in solid solutions of the studied composition, as evidenced by the presence of regions with an increased Bi or Ba content and similar cell parameters. A diffuse phase transition occurred from the FE to PE state in the temperature ranges of (650–850) K. Relaxor-like behavior and the smearing of the phase transition in the studied ceramics can be associated with the presence of non-interacting regions with an increased content of Bi or Ba, different modulation, and crystal lattice symmetry. The grain morphology and dielectric characteristics of the selected solid solutions were investigated. The highest piezoelectric coefficient, d₃₃ = 120 pC/N, was obtained in the mechanically activated ceramics 0.71BiFeO₃-0.29BaTiO₃ + 2 wt.% Bi₂O₃. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electronic Ceramics)

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13 pages, 6246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differentiated Slip Casting: Producing Variable Thickness Ceramic Tiles with Functionally Graded Plaster Moulds

by Efilena Baseta, Marco Palma, Florian Heher, Thomas Konegger and Martin Kaftan

Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010006 - 11 Jan 2025

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Abstract

This paper introduces a method that enhances the traditional slip casting technique’s potential to fabricate ceramic objects with variable thickness. The variability depends on the different filtration rates offered by plaster moulds of varying densities. Two sets of experiments are presented. They focused [...] Read more.

This paper introduces a method that enhances the traditional slip casting technique’s potential to fabricate ceramic objects with variable thickness. The variability depends on the different filtration rates offered by plaster moulds of varying densities. Two sets of experiments are presented. They focused on identifying (1) the maximum workable density range of moulds made from plaster of Paris and (2) the range of thickness in the resulting ceramic casts. This was accomplished by creating four square flat moulds with different gypsum/water (G:W) ratios and their corresponding casts. Based on these findings, the second set of experiments focused on assembling graded plaster moulds with variable densities (G:W 1:3 to 2:1), resulting in ceramic tiles exhibiting a thickness gradient of 2 mm. These results suggest the possibility of producing double-curved ceramic objects (e.g., custom ceramic tiles or sanitaryware) with graded thickness, tailored to their desired structural and functional performance. Full article

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16 pages, 8830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Porcelain Stoneware Slabs: An Investigation into Pyroplastic Deformation in New Body Formulations Containing Waste Glasses

by Caterina Sgarlata, Lincy Varghese, Francesco Ferrari, Davide Venturelli and Cristina Siligardi

Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010005 - 9 Jan 2025

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Abstract

The ceramics industry has consistently applied circular economy principles by efficiently reusing and recovering raw materials in the production process. Incorporating secondary raw materials, such as production scraps and recycled materials, reduces costs and improves sustainability. In the ceramics sector, raw materials like [...] Read more.

The ceramics industry has consistently applied circular economy principles by efficiently reusing and recovering raw materials in the production process. Incorporating secondary raw materials, such as production scraps and recycled materials, reduces costs and improves sustainability. In the ceramics sector, raw materials like feldspars can be substituted with secondary raw materials from other production processes, particularly glass-based ones. This study selected waste glass, such as bottle glass or glass fiber processing scraps, to investigate its performance in a porcelain stoneware slab mixture. The behavior of this mixture was compared to a traditional porcelain stoneware mixture and a mixture containing a glass-ceramic frit, which exhibits significantly different behavior from waste glass. The study involved a comprehensive characterization of the fired samples, with a specific focus on addressing pyroplastic deformation—an issue that occurs in large slabs during the firing process. Although pyroplastic deformation has been extensively studied in the past using various waste glasses, this research work uniquely employed waste glass fiber and glass-ceramic material to mitigate pyroplastic deformation compared to the more commonly studied waste soda–lime glass. The pyroplastic deformation tests were conducted using an instrument from Expert Lab Service-MDF. Full article

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17 pages, 6637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Cell Geometry on the Mechanical and Failure Characteristics of 3D Voronoi Hydroxyapatite Through the Stereolithography Technique

by Ali Arab, Zhwan Dilshad Ibrahim Sktani, Zainab Alknery and Chunwei Zhang

Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010004 - 4 Jan 2025

Viewed by 596

Abstract

This study investigates the design and mechanical evaluation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, using stereolithography (SLA) to fabricate homogeneous and hollow elongated Voronoi structures. HAp, known for its biocompatibility and biodegradability, was selected to create scaffolds with a structure that [...] Read more.

This study investigates the design and mechanical evaluation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, using stereolithography (SLA) to fabricate homogeneous and hollow elongated Voronoi structures. HAp, known for its biocompatibility and biodegradability, was selected to create scaffolds with a structure that supports cell growth. Both scaffold designs were tested under compression to measure key properties, including compressive strength, Young’s modulus, stiffness, and energy absorption. The homogeneous design demonstrated superior mechanical properties, achieving a maximum load of 913.6 N at a displacement of 0.166 mm and a stiffness of 5162.8 N/mm, indicating a higher load-bearing capacity and energy absorption compared to the hollow design. Despite these strengths, failure analysis revealed early fractures at strut junctions, particularly in slender areas, leading to fluctuations in the load–displacement curve and suggesting a risk to neighboring tissues in practical applications. These findings underscore the potential of Voronoi-based scaffolds for orthopedic use, while also highlighting the need for structural refinements to improve scaffold durability and clinical effectiveness. Full article

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17 pages, 9272 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Overview on the Manufacture and Properties of Clay-Based Porous Ceramics for Water Filtration

by Iffat Qoudsiyyah Maury Njoya, Gisèle Laure Lecomte-Nana, Kassoum Barry, Dayirou Njoya, Youssef El Hafiane and Claire Peyratout

Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010003 - 30 Dec 2024

Viewed by 688

Abstract

This study explores the different techniques used to manufacture porous clay-based ceramics, examining their properties such as porosity, strength, permeability and filtration efficiency. Different techniques are discussed in this review, with additive manufacturing being one of the most innovative techniques for manufacturing porous [...] Read more.

This study explores the different techniques used to manufacture porous clay-based ceramics, examining their properties such as porosity, strength, permeability and filtration efficiency. Different techniques are discussed in this review, with additive manufacturing being one of the most innovative techniques for manufacturing porous ceramics. Porous ceramics have their applications in numerous domains. Such ceramic filters have the advantages of retaining heavy materials, suspended particles, bacteria, viruses and, water turbidity. Thus, the choice of the technique and propriety is a crucial step in obtaining a porous ceramic with the best performance. Barry et al. prepared porous phyllosilicate-based ceramics by freeze-tape casting on four samples and obtained porosity values in the range of 67–79% and diametrical compressive strength in the range of 3–7 MPa. Manni et al. prepared porous red ceramics from Moroccan clay and coffee waste (10, 20 and 30 wt.%) via uniaxial pressing and sintering at 1150 °C. They obtained porosities ranging from 30.2 to 63.8% and flexural strength values from 1.8 to 19.5 MPa. Medri et al. prepared ZrB2-based porous bodies with the use of sponges and polyurethane foams as templates via the replica method and obtained high porosity over 80% and compressive strength up to 4.8 MPa. The use of clay and peanut shell mixtures was used in preparing porous silicate ceramics after unidirectional pressing and sintering at 1100 °C. These samples included 25 mass% of peanut shells, and exhibited porosity in the range of 40 to 60% and diametrical compressive strength in the range of 1–6 MPa. Such properties are suitable for domestic use of these types of clay-based ceramic filters. Moreover, the permeability values and removal of some pollutants, like arsenic, have been satisfactory for the first set of samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Manufacturing Processes of Silicate Materials)

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24 pages, 6956 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tailoring the Preparation, Microstructure, FTIR, Optical Properties and Photocatalysis of (Fe/Co) Co-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles (Zn_0.9Fe_xCo_0.1−xO)

by A. M. Faramawy, W. R. Agami and Mohamed A. Swillam

Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010002 - 28 Dec 2024

Viewed by 565

Abstract

In this work, Fe³⁺- and Co²⁺-doped ZnO NPs (zinc oxide nanoparticles), Zn_0.9Fe_xCo_0.1−xO, with a hexagonal wurtzite phase (single-phase), were synthesized via a co-precipitation technique where the phase purity and elemental composition were confirmed [...] Read more.

In this work, Fe³⁺- and Co²⁺-doped ZnO NPs (zinc oxide nanoparticles), Zn_0.9Fe_xCo_0.1−xO, with a hexagonal wurtzite phase (single-phase), were synthesized via a co-precipitation technique where the phase purity and elemental composition were confirmed by XRD and EDX, respectively. Due to the substitution of Fe by Co, the cell parameters (

a

and c) were increased, alongside which a slight shift to higher diffracted angles appeared. FTIR was carried out to confirm the insertion of both the Fe³⁺ and Co²⁺ dopants into the ZnO hexagonal phase. Based on the experimental results, different numerical techniques were used to determine the optical gap and refractive index for the ZnO NP-doped samples, and when the concentration of Fe³⁺ ions was increased, the band gap value of ZnO decreased from 3.36 eV to 3.29 eV, accompanied by a decrease in the Urbach energy, while the refractive index increased. The doped ZnO NPs were later found to be effective UV photocatalysts which demonstrated a maximum reduction (84%) of methylene blue (MB) in a neutral environment for X = 0.05. The correlation between the Fe³⁺ concentration, structure, optical parameters, and photocatalytic efficacy is explained in detail. Full article

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11 pages, 2643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterisation of the Electrical Properties of Wastes Vitrified from Canarian Island Basaltic Quarries: Original Glasses and Glass-Ceramics

by Jesús Ma. Rincón, Pío Callejas, María Belén Almendro-Candel and Manuel Jordan

Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010001 - 27 Dec 2024

Viewed by 574

Abstract

We obtained original glasses and glass-ceramics through the controlled melting and recrystallisation of basalt rocks extracted from several quarries in the Canary Islands. The electrical measurements of the resulting glasses and glass-ceramics were conducted in a complex impedance at temperatures in the 250–700 [...] Read more.

We obtained original glasses and glass-ceramics through the controlled melting and recrystallisation of basalt rocks extracted from several quarries in the Canary Islands. The electrical measurements of the resulting glasses and glass-ceramics were conducted in a complex impedance at temperatures in the 250–700 °C range. These electrical determinations made it possible to follow the nucleation and crystal growth processes. The main crystalline phases were pyroxenes, feldspar (anorthite) and magnetite, which decorate the dendritic crystallisation of pyroxenes. The magnetite is present as nanocrystals, being the component chiefly responsible for the electrical conduction properties of these glass-ceramics. Electrical conduction is facilitated by the presence of magnetite nanocrystals on the axes of dendrites of pyroxene crystals, enabling polar electron conduction in these materials. Thus, the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ ratio was related to the total Fe²⁺/Fe, which made it possible to express an electronic conduction model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic and Glass Material Coatings)

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Ceramics, Volume 8, Issue 1 (March 2025) – 13 articles

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