Biosensors

Research

12 pages, 1275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Choline Oxidase-Incorporated ATRP-Based Cerium Nanogels as Nanozymes for Colorimetric Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide and Choline

by Trung Hieu Vu, Byung Jo Yu and Moon Il Kim

Biosensors 2024, 14(12), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14120563 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 163

Abstract

Choline is an important molecule in monitoring food safety and infant nutrition. Here, we report Ce nanogels synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) employing Ce-coordinated acryloyl-lysine polymer brushes (Ce@SiO₂ NGs) as highly efficient cascade nanozymes for colorimetric detection of choline. The [...] Read more.

Choline is an important molecule in monitoring food safety and infant nutrition. Here, we report Ce nanogels synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) employing Ce-coordinated acryloyl-lysine polymer brushes (Ce@SiO₂ NGs) as highly efficient cascade nanozymes for colorimetric detection of choline. The synthesized Ce@SiO₂ NGs demonstrated remarkable peroxidase-like activity with a porous exterior, which are essential to entrap choline oxidase (COx) to yield COx@Ce@SiO₂ NGs and construct a cascade reaction system to detect choline. Immobilized COx catalyzed the oxidation of choline in food samples to produce H₂O₂, which subsequently induced the oxidation of chromogenic substrate 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to produce blue color signals. This method enabled the selective and sensitive detection of target choline with a satisfactory linear range of 4–400 μM, which is sufficient to analyze foodborne choline. The practical utility of the COx@Ce@SiO₂ NG-based assay was successfully validated to determine choline spiked in commercially available milk and infant formula with high accuracy and precision values. This approach provides a simple and affordable method of choline detection and has the potential to lead to more developments in ATRP-based nanozymes for diverse biosensing applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices 2024)

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10 pages, 1238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Noninvasive Monitoring of Glycemia Level in Diabetic Patients by Wearable Advanced Biosensors

by Elena V. Daboss, Maria A. Komkova, Vita N. Nikitina, Egor A. Andreev, Darya V. Vokhmyanina and Arkady A. Karyakin

Biosensors 2024, 14(10), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14100486 - 8 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1086

Abstract

We report on the possibility of noninvasive diabetes monitoring through continuous analysis of sweat. The prediction of the blood glucose level in diabetic patients is possible on the basis of their sweat glucose content due to the positive correlation discovered. The ratio between [...] Read more.

We report on the possibility of noninvasive diabetes monitoring through continuous analysis of sweat. The prediction of the blood glucose level in diabetic patients is possible on the basis of their sweat glucose content due to the positive correlation discovered. The ratio between the blood glucose and sweat glucose concentrations for a certain diabetic subject is stable within weeks, excluding requirements for frequent blood probing. The glucose variations in sweat display allometric (non-linear) dependence on those in blood, allowing more precise blood glucose estimation. Selective (avoiding false-positive responses) and sensitive (sweat glucose is on average 30–50 times lower) detection is possible with biosensors based on the glucose oxidase enzyme coupled with a Prussian Blue transducer. Reliable glucose detection in just secreted sweat would allow noninvasive monitoring of the glycemia level in diabetic patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices 2024)

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10 pages, 2607 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Optical Interferometric Device for Rapid and Specific Detection of Biological Cells

by Sándor Valkai, Dániel Petrovszki, Zsombor Fáskerti, Margaréta Baumgärtner, Brigitta Biczók, Kira Dakos, Kevin Dósa, Berill B. Kirner, Anna E. Kocsis, Krisztina Nagy, István Andó and András Dér

Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090421 - 29 Aug 2024

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Abstract

Here, we report a rapid and accurate optical method for detecting cells from liquid samples in a label-free manner. The working principle of the method is based on the interference of parts of a conical laser beam, coming from a single-mode optical fiber [...] Read more.

Here, we report a rapid and accurate optical method for detecting cells from liquid samples in a label-free manner. The working principle of the method is based on the interference of parts of a conical laser beam, coming from a single-mode optical fiber directly, and reflected from a flat glass surface. The glass is functionalized by antibodies against the cells to be detected from the liquid sample. Cells bound to that surface modify the reflected beam, and hence, change the resulting interference pattern, too. By registering and interpreting the variation in the image, the presence of cells from the sample can be detected. As for a demonstration, cell suspensions from a U937 cell line were used in glass chambers functionalized by antibodies (TMG6-5 (mIgG1)) to which the cells specifically bind. The limit of detection (LOD) of the method was also estimated. This proof-of-concept setup offers a cost-effective and easy-to-use way of rapid and specific detection of any type of cells (including pathogens) from suspensions (e.g., body fluids). The possible portability of the device predicts its applicability as a rapid test in clinical diagnostics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices 2024)

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10 pages, 2573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A 3D-Printed Do-It-Yourself ELISA Plate Reader as a Biosensor Tested on TNFα Assay

by Miroslav Pohanka, Ondřej Keresteš and Jitka Žáková

Biosensors 2024, 14(7), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14070331 - 6 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1513

Abstract

Simple analytical devices suitable for the analysis of various biochemical and immunechemical markers are highly desirable and can provide laboratory diagnoses outside standard hospitals. This study focuses on constructing an easily reproducible do-it-yourself ELISA plate reader biosensor device, assembled from generally available and [...] Read more.

Simple analytical devices suitable for the analysis of various biochemical and immunechemical markers are highly desirable and can provide laboratory diagnoses outside standard hospitals. This study focuses on constructing an easily reproducible do-it-yourself ELISA plate reader biosensor device, assembled from generally available and inexpensive parts. The colorimetric biosensor was based on standard 96-well microplates, 3D-printed parts, and a smartphone camera as a detector was utilized here as a tool to replace the ELISA method, and its function was illustrated in the assay of TNFα as a model immunochemical marker. The assay provided a limit of detection of 19 pg/mL when the B channel of the RGB color model was used for calibration. The assay was well correlated with the ELISA method, and no significant matrix effect was observed for standard biological samples or interference of proteins expected in a sample. The results of this study will inform the development of simple analytical devices easily reproducible by 3D printing and found on generally available electronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices 2024)

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14 pages, 2533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soft-Template-Based Manufacturing of Gold Nanostructures for Energy and Sensing Applications

by Tushar Kanti Maiti, Wanli Liu, Asghar Niyazi, Adam M. Squires, Sujay Chattpoadhyay and Mirella Di Lorenzo

Biosensors 2024, 14(6), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14060289 - 3 Jun 2024

Viewed by 953

Abstract

Implantable and wearable bioelectronic systems can enable tailored therapies for the effective management of long-term diseases, thus minimising the risk of associated complications. In this context, glucose fuel cells hold great promise as in- or on-body energy harvesters for ultra-low-power bioelectronics and as [...] Read more.

Implantable and wearable bioelectronic systems can enable tailored therapies for the effective management of long-term diseases, thus minimising the risk of associated complications. In this context, glucose fuel cells hold great promise as in- or on-body energy harvesters for ultra-low-power bioelectronics and as self-powered glucose sensors. We report here the generation of gold nanostructures through a gold electrodeposition method in a soft template for the abiotic electrocatalysis of glucose in glucose fuel cells. Two different types of soft template were used: a lipid cubic phase-based soft template composed of Phytantriol and Brij^®-56, and an emulsion-based soft template composed of hexane and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). The resulting gold structures were first characterised by SAXS, SEM and TEM to elucidate their structure, and then their electrocatalytic activity towards glucose was compared in both a three-electrode set-up and in a fuel cell set-up. The Phytantriol/Brij^®-56 template led to a nanofeather-like Au structure, while the hexane/SDS template led to a nanocoral-like Au structure. These templated electrodes exhibited similar electrochemical active surface areas (0.446 cm² with a roughness factor (RF) of 14.2 for Phytantriol/Brij^®-56 templated nanostructures and 0.421 cm² with an RF of 13.4 for hexane/SDS templated nanostructures), and a sensitivity towards glucose of over 7 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻². When tested as the anode of an abiotic glucose fuel cell (in a phosphate-buffered solution with a glucose concentration of 6 mM), a maximum power density of 7 μW cm⁻² was reached; however the current density in the case of the fuel cell with the Phytantriol/Brij^®-56 templated anode was approximately two times higher, reaching the value of 70 μA cm⁻². Overall, this study demonstrates two simple, cost-effective and efficient strategies to manipulate the morphology of gold nanostructures, and thus their catalytic property, paving the way for the successful manufacturing of functional abiotic glucose fuel cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices 2024)

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Review

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37 pages, 6074 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Urinary Metabolite Analysis: Exploiting Noble Metal Nanohybrids

by Ningbin Zhao, Peizheng Shi, Zengxian Wang, Zhuang Sun, Kaiqiang Sun, Chen Ye, Li Fu and Cheng-Te Lin

Biosensors 2024, 14(12), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14120564 - 21 Nov 2024

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Abstract

This review examines recent advances in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for urinary metabolite analysis, focusing on the development and application of noble metal nanohybrids. We explore the diverse range of hybrid materials, including carbon-based, metal–organic-framework (MOF), silicon-based, semiconductor, and polymer-based systems, which have [...] Read more.

This review examines recent advances in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for urinary metabolite analysis, focusing on the development and application of noble metal nanohybrids. We explore the diverse range of hybrid materials, including carbon-based, metal–organic-framework (MOF), silicon-based, semiconductor, and polymer-based systems, which have significantly improved SERS performance for detecting key urinary biomarkers. The principles underlying SERS enhancement in these nanohybrids are discussed, elucidating both electromagnetic and chemical enhancement mechanisms. We analyze various fabrication methods that enable precise control over nanostructure morphology, composition, and surface chemistry. The review critically evaluates the analytical performance of different hybrid systems for detecting specific urinary metabolites, considering factors such as sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. We address the analytical challenges associated with SERS-based urinary metabolite analysis, including sample preparation, matrix effects, and data interpretation. Innovative solutions, such as the integration of SERS with microfluidic devices and the application of machine learning algorithms for spectral analysis, are highlighted. The potential of these advanced SERS platforms for point-of-care diagnostics and personalized medicine is discussed, along with future perspectives on wearable SERS sensors and multi-modal analysis techniques. This comprehensive overview provides insights into the current state and future directions of SERS technology for urinary metabolite detection, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize non-invasive health monitoring and disease diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices 2024)

24 pages, 7527 KiB

Open AccessReview

CRISPR–Cas Systems Associated with Electrolyte-Gated Graphene-Based Transistors: How They Work and How to Combine Them

by Pierre Guermonprez, Pierre Nioche, Louis Renaud, Nicolas Battaglini, Sébastien Sanaur, Eric Krejci and Benoît Piro

Biosensors 2024, 14(11), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14110541 - 7 Nov 2024

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Abstract

In this review, recent advances in the combination of CRISPR–Cas systems with graphene-based electrolyte-gated transistors are discussed in detail. In the first part, the functioning of CRISPR–Cas systems is briefly explained, as well as the most common ways to convert their molecular activity [...] Read more.

In this review, recent advances in the combination of CRISPR–Cas systems with graphene-based electrolyte-gated transistors are discussed in detail. In the first part, the functioning of CRISPR–Cas systems is briefly explained, as well as the most common ways to convert their molecular activity into measurable signals. Other than optical means, conventional electrochemical transducers are also developed. However, it seems that the incorporation of CRISPR/Cas systems into transistor devices could be extremely powerful, as the former provides molecular amplification, while the latter provides electrical amplification; combined, the two could help to advance in terms of sensitivity and compete with conventional PCR assays. Today, organic transistors suffer from poor stability in biological media, whereas graphene materials perform better by being extremely sensitive to their chemical environment and being stable. The need for fast and inexpensive sensors to detect viral RNA arose on the occasion of the COVID-19 crisis, but many other RNA viruses are of interest, such as dengue, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, West Nile fever, Ebola, and polio, for which detection means are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices 2024)

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19 pages, 8697 KiB

Open AccessReview

In Situ and Label-Free Quantification of Membrane Protein–Ligand Interactions Using Optical Imaging Techniques: A Review

by Caixin Huang, Jingbo Zhang, Zhaoyang Liu, Jiying Xu, Ying Zhao and Pengfei Zhang

Biosensors 2024, 14(11), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14110537 - 6 Nov 2024

Viewed by 565

Abstract

Membrane proteins are crucial for various cellular processes and are key targets in pharmacological research. Their interactions with ligands are essential for elucidating cellular mechanisms and advancing drug development. To study these interactions without altering their functional properties in native environments, several advanced [...] Read more.

Membrane proteins are crucial for various cellular processes and are key targets in pharmacological research. Their interactions with ligands are essential for elucidating cellular mechanisms and advancing drug development. To study these interactions without altering their functional properties in native environments, several advanced optical imaging methods have been developed for in situ and label-free quantification. This review focuses on recent optical imaging techniques such as surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi), surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM), edge tracking approaches, and surface light scattering microscopy (SLSM). We explore the operational principles, recent advancements, and the scope of application of these methods. Additionally, we address the current challenges and explore the future potential of these innovative optical imaging strategies in deepening our understanding of biomolecular interactions and facilitating the discovery of new therapeutic agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices 2024)

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21 pages, 4870 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Nanozyme Sensors Based on Metal–Organic Frameworks and Covalent–Organic Frameworks

by Xingliang Cheng, Shuojiang Liu and Yuling Hu

Biosensors 2024, 14(11), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14110520 - 23 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1060

Abstract

Nanozymes are nanomaterials that exhibit enzyme-like catalytic activity, which have drawn increasing attention on account of their unique superiorities including very high robustness, low cost, and ease of modification. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent–organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as promising candidates for nanozymes [...] Read more.

Nanozymes are nanomaterials that exhibit enzyme-like catalytic activity, which have drawn increasing attention on account of their unique superiorities including very high robustness, low cost, and ease of modification. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent–organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as promising candidates for nanozymes due to their abundant catalytic activity centers, inherent porosity, and tunable chemical functionalities. In this review, we first compare the enzyme-mimicking activity centers and catalytic mechanisms between MOF and COF nanozymes, and then summarize the recent research on designing and modifying MOF and COF nanozymes with inherent catalytic activity. Moreover, typical examples of sensing applications based on these nanozymes are presented, as well as the translation of enzyme catalytic activity into a visible signal response. At last, a discussion of current challenges is presented, followed by some future prospects to provide guidance for designing nanozyme sensors based on MOFs and COFs for practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices 2024)

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25 pages, 5952 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Evolution of Illicit-Drug Detection: From Conventional Approaches to Cutting-Edge Immunosensors—A Comprehensive Review

by Nigar Anzar, Shariq Suleman, Yashda Singh, Supriya Kumari, Suhel Parvez, Roberto Pilloton and Jagriti Narang

Biosensors 2024, 14(10), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14100477 - 3 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1041

Abstract

The increasing use of illicit drugs has become a major global concern. Illicit drugs interact with the brain and the body altering an individual’s mood and behavior. As the substance-of-abuse (SOA) crisis continues to spread across the world, in order to reduce trafficking [...] Read more.

The increasing use of illicit drugs has become a major global concern. Illicit drugs interact with the brain and the body altering an individual’s mood and behavior. As the substance-of-abuse (SOA) crisis continues to spread across the world, in order to reduce trafficking and unlawful activity, it is important to use point-of-care devices like biosensors. Currently, there are certain conventional detection methods, which include gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), surface ionization, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), electrochemiluminescence (ECL), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), etc., for the detection of abused drugs. These methods have the advantage of high accuracy and sensitivity but are generally laborious, expensive, and require trained operators, along with high sample requirements, and they are not suitable for on-site drug detection scenarios. As a result, there is an urgent need for point-of-care technologies for a variety of drugs that can replace conventional techniques, such as a biosensor, specifically an immunosensor. An immunosensor is an analytical device that integrates an antibody-based recognition element with a transducer to detect specific molecules (antigens). In an immunosensor, the highly selective antigen–antibody interaction is used to identify and quantify the target analyte. The binding event between the antibody and antigen is converted by the transducer into a measurable signal, such as electrical, optical, or electrochemical, which corresponds to the presence and concentration of the analyte in the sample. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of various illicit drugs, the conventional methods employed for their detection, and the advantages of immunosensors over conventional techniques. It highlights the critical need for on-site detection and explores emerging point-of-care testing methods. The paper also outlines future research goals in this field, emphasizing the potential of advanced technologies to enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and convenience of drug detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices 2024)

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Other

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9 pages, 1078 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Extraction from Bivalve Meat for Analysis Using Potentiometric Chemical Sensors

by Ana Filipa R. Cerqueira, Catarina Moreirinha, Mariana Raposo, Maria Teresa S. R. Gomes, Sara T. Costa, Maria João Botelho and Alisa Rudnitskaya

Biosensors 2024, 14(10), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14100487 - 8 Oct 2024

Viewed by 660

Abstract

A simple and reliable methodology for the detection of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in bivalve tissues using potentiometric chemical sensors was developed. Five methods of PST extraction from mussel and oyster tissues were evaluated, including the AOAC-recommended method, which served as the reference. [...] Read more.

A simple and reliable methodology for the detection of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in bivalve tissues using potentiometric chemical sensors was developed. Five methods of PST extraction from mussel and oyster tissues were evaluated, including the AOAC-recommended method, which served as the reference. The main objective was to minimize the matrix effect of the extracts on the sensors’ responses and ensure efficient toxin recovery. Extraction procedures using acetic acid with heating and water yielded the highest responses from the potentiometric chemical sensors to PSTs. The highest recovery of PSTs from bivalve tissues was achieved with extraction using acetic acid and heating. Further extract purification, which is indispensable for liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection (LC-FLD) analysis, was found to be unnecessary for analysis with chemical sensors. While water extraction can also be used as a rapid and simple PST extraction method, the lower recoveries should be considered when interpreting the results. Further research is needed to identify the compounds remaining in the extracts that cause a decrease in sensor responses and to develop procedures for their elimination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices 2024)

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