Energies

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5 pages, 180 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines

by Sandra Eriksson

Energies 2019, 12(14), 2830; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12142830 - 23 Jul 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4862

Abstract

Interest in permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) is continuously increasing worldwide, especially with the increased use of renewable energy and electrification of transports. This special issue contains the successful invited submissions of fifteen papers to a Special Issue of Energies on the subject [...] Read more.

Interest in permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) is continuously increasing worldwide, especially with the increased use of renewable energy and electrification of transports. This special issue contains the successful invited submissions of fifteen papers to a Special Issue of Energies on the subject area of “Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines”. The focus is on permanent magnet synchronous machines and the electrical systems they are connected to. The presented work represents a wide range of areas. Studies of control systems, both for permanent magnet synchronous machines and for brushless DC motors, are presented and experimentally verified. Design studies of generators for wind power, wave power and hydro power are presented. Finite element method simulations and analytical design methods are used. The presented studies represent several of the different research fields on permanent magnet machines and electric drives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines)

Research

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16 pages, 8258 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Restarting Strategy for Back-EMF-Based Sensorless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Drive

by Zih-Cing You and Sheng-Ming Yang

Energies 2019, 12(9), 1818; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091818 - 13 May 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4307

Abstract

Safely starting a spinning position sensorless controlled permanent magnet synchronous machine is difficult because the current controller does not include information regarding the motor position and speed for suppressing the back-electromotive force (EMF)-induced current. This paper presents a restarting strategy for back-EMF-based sensorless [...] Read more.

Safely starting a spinning position sensorless controlled permanent magnet synchronous machine is difficult because the current controller does not include information regarding the motor position and speed for suppressing the back-electromotive force (EMF)-induced current. This paper presents a restarting strategy for back-EMF-based sensorless drives. In the proposed strategy, the existing back-EMF and position estimator are used and no additional algorithm or specific voltage vector injection is required. During the restarting period, the current controller is set to a particular state so that the back-EMF estimator can rapidly estimate motor voltage without using rotor position and speed. Then, this voltage is used to decouple the back-EMF of the motor in the current controller in order to suppress the induced current. After the back-EMF is decoupled from the current controller, sensorless control can be restored with the estimated position and speed. The experimental results indicated that the induced current can be suppressed within four to five sampling periods regardless of the spinning conditions. Because of the considerably short time delay, the motor drive can restart safely from various speeds and positions without causing overcurrent fault. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines)

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16 pages, 3000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of Fault Diagnosis Based on Electrical Signature Analysis for Synchronous Generators Predictive Maintenance in Bulk Electric Systems

by Camila Paes Salomon, Claudio Ferreira, Wilson Cesar Sant’Ana, Germano Lambert-Torres, Luiz Eduardo Borges da Silva, Erik Leandro Bonaldi, Levy Ely de Lacerda de Oliveira and Bruno Silva Torres

Energies 2019, 12(8), 1506; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081506 - 21 Apr 2019

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 4907

Abstract

The condition of synchronous generators (SGs) is a matter of great attention, because they can be seen as equipment and also as fundamental elements of power systems. Thus, there is a growing interest in new technologies to improve SG protection and maintenance schemes. [...] Read more.

The condition of synchronous generators (SGs) is a matter of great attention, because they can be seen as equipment and also as fundamental elements of power systems. Thus, there is a growing interest in new technologies to improve SG protection and maintenance schemes. In this context, electrical signature analysis (ESA) is a non-invasive technique that has been increasingly applied to the predictive maintenance of rotating electrical machines. However, in general, the works applying ESA to SGs are focused on isolated machines. Thus, this paper presents a study on the condition monitoring of SGs in bulk electric systems by using ESA. The main contribution of this work is the practical results of ESA for fault detection in in-service SGs interconnected to a power system. Two types of faults were detected in an SG at a Brazilian hydroelectric power plant by using ESA, including stator electrical unbalance and mechanical misalignment. This paper also addresses peculiarities in the ESA of wound rotor SGs, including recommendations for signal analysis, how to discriminate rotor faults on fault patterns, and the particularities of two-pole SGs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines)

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19 pages, 1448 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Permanent Magnet Material Properties on Generator Rotor Design

by Petter Eklund and Sandra Eriksson

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1314; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071314 - 5 Apr 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5328

Abstract

Due to the price and supply insecurities for rare earth metal-based permanent magnet (PM) materials, a search for new PM materials is ongoing. The properties of a new PM material are not known yet, but a span of likely parameters can be studied. [...] Read more.

Due to the price and supply insecurities for rare earth metal-based permanent magnet (PM) materials, a search for new PM materials is ongoing. The properties of a new PM material are not known yet, but a span of likely parameters can be studied. This paper presents an investigation on how the remanence and recoil permeability of a PM material affect its usefulness in a low speed, multi-pole, and PM synchronous generator. Demagnetisation is also considered. The investigation is carried out by constrained optimisation of three different rotor topologies for maximum torque production for different PM material parameters and a fixed PM maximum energy. The rotor topologies used are surface mounted PM rotor, spoke type PM rotor and an interior PM rotor with radially magnetised PMs. The three different rotor topologies have their best performance for different kinds of materials. The spoke type PM rotor is the best at utilising low remanence materials as long as they are sufficiently resistant to demagnetisation. The surface mounted PM rotor works best with very demagnetisation resistant PM materials with a high remanence, while the radial interior PM rotor is preferable for high remanence materials with low demagnetisation resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines)

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19 pages, 949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Permanent-Magnet Linear Generators with Constant-Torque-Angle Control for Wave Power

by Sandra Eriksson

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071312 - 5 Apr 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5392

Abstract

This paper presents a simulation method for direct-drive permanent-magnet linear generators designed for wave power. Analytical derivations of power and maximum damping force are performed based on Faraday’s law of induction and circuit equations for constant-torque-angle control. Knowledge of the machine reactance or [...] Read more.

This paper presents a simulation method for direct-drive permanent-magnet linear generators designed for wave power. Analytical derivations of power and maximum damping force are performed based on Faraday’s law of induction and circuit equations for constant-torque-angle control. Knowledge of the machine reactance or the load angle is not needed. An aim of the simulation method is to simplify comparison of the maximum damping force, losses, and cost between different generator designs at an early design stage. A parameter study in MATLAB based on the derived equations is performed and the effect of changing different generator parameters is studied. The analytical calculations are verified with finite element method (FEM) simulations and experiments. An important conclusion is that the copper losses and the maximum damping force are mainly dependent on the rated current density and end winding length. The copper losses are inherently large in a slow-moving machine so special consideration should be taken to decrease the end winding length. It is concluded that the design of the generator becomes a trade-off between material cost versus high efficiency and high maximum damping force. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines)

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20 pages, 3667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fast and Accurate Model of Interior Permanent-Magnet Machine for Dynamic Characterization

by Klemen Drobnič, Lovrenc Gašparin and Rastko Fišer

Energies 2019, 12(5), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12050783 - 26 Feb 2019

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 4263

Abstract

A high-fidelity two-axis model of an interior permanent-magnet synchronous machine (IPM) presents a convenient way for the characterization and validation of motor dynamic performance during the design stage. In order to consider a nonlinear IPM nature, the model is parameterized with a standard [...] Read more.

A high-fidelity two-axis model of an interior permanent-magnet synchronous machine (IPM) presents a convenient way for the characterization and validation of motor dynamic performance during the design stage. In order to consider a nonlinear IPM nature, the model is parameterized with a standard dataset calculated beforehand by finite-element analysis. From two possible model implementations, the current model (CM) seems to be preferable to the flux-linkage model (FLM). A particular reason for this state of affairs is the rather complex and time-demanding parameterization of FLM in comparison with CM. For this reason, a procedure for the fast and reliable parameterization of FLM is presented. The proposed procedure is significantly faster than comparable methods, hence providing considerable improvement in terms of computational time. Additionally, the execution time of FLM was demonstrated to be up to 20% shorter in comparison to CM. Therefore, the FLM should be used in computationally intensive simulation scenarios that have a significant number of iterations, or excessive real-time time span. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines)

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19 pages, 7407 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Nonlinear Predictive Current Control Techniques for PMSM

by Mingcheng Lyu, Gongping Wu, Derong Luo, Fei Rong and Shoudao Huang

Energies 2019, 12(3), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030443 - 30 Jan 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4507

Abstract

This paper proposes a robust nonlinear predictive current control (RNPCC) method for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives, which can optimize the current control loop performance of the PMSM system with model parameter perturbation. First, the disturbance caused by parameter perturbation was considered [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a robust nonlinear predictive current control (RNPCC) method for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives, which can optimize the current control loop performance of the PMSM system with model parameter perturbation. First, the disturbance caused by parameter perturbation was considered in the modeling of PMSM. Based on this model, the influence of parameter perturbation on the conventional predictive current control (PCC) was analyzed. The composite integral terminal sliding mode observer (SMO) was then designed to estimate the disturbance caused by the parameter perturbation in real time. Finally, a RNPCC method is developed without relying on the mathematical model of PMSM, which can effectively eliminate the influence of parameter perturbation by injecting the estimated disturbance value. Simulations and experiments verified that the proposed RNPCC method was able to remove the current error caused by the parameter perturbation during steady state operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines)

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22 pages, 8618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Commutation Error Compensation Strategy for Sensorless Brushless DC Motors

by Xuliang Yao, Jicheng Zhao, Guangxu Lu, Hao Lin and Jingfang Wang

Energies 2019, 12(2), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020203 - 9 Jan 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5672

Abstract

Sensorless brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive systems often suffer from inaccurate commutation signals, which result in current fluctuation and high conduction loss. To improve precision of commutation signals, this paper presents a novel commutation error compensation strategy for BLDC motors. First, the relationship [...] Read more.

Sensorless brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive systems often suffer from inaccurate commutation signals, which result in current fluctuation and high conduction loss. To improve precision of commutation signals, this paper presents a novel commutation error compensation strategy for BLDC motors. First, the relationship between the line voltage difference integral in 60 electrical degree conduction interval and the commutation error is analyzed. Then, in terms of the relationship derived, a feedback compensation strategy based on the line voltage difference integral is proposed to regulate commutation signals by making three-phase back electromotive force (EMF) integral to zero, and the effect of the freewheeling process on the line voltage difference integral is considered. Moreover, an incremental PI controller is designed to achieve closed-loop compensation for the commutation error automatically. Finally, experiment results verify feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines)

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15 pages, 5684 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On Speed Control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Current Predictive Compensation

by Meiling Tang and Shengxian Zhuang

Energies 2019, 12(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12010065 - 26 Dec 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5124

Abstract

In this study, a current model predictive controller (MPC) is designed for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) where the speed of the motor can be regulated precisely. First, the mathematical model, the specifications, and the drive topology of the PMSM are introduced, [...] Read more.

In this study, a current model predictive controller (MPC) is designed for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) where the speed of the motor can be regulated precisely. First, the mathematical model, the specifications, and the drive topology of the PMSM are introduced, followed by an elaboration of the design of the MPC. The MPC is then used to predict the current in a discrete-time calculation. The phase current at the next sampling step can be estimated to compensate the current errors, thereby modifying the three-phase currents of the motor. Next, Simulink modeling of the MPC algorithm is given, with three-phase current waveforms compared when the motor is operated under the designed MPC and a traditional vector control for PMSM. Finally, the speed responses are measured when the motor is controlled by traditional control methods and the MPC approach under varied speed references and loads. In comparison with traditional controllers, both the simulation and the experimental results suggest that the MPC for the PMSM can improve the speed-tracking performance of the motor and that this motor has a fast speed response and small steady-state errors under the rated load. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines)

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19 pages, 4135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finite Element Method Investigation and Loss Estimation of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Feeding a Non-Linear Load

by Alexandra C. Barmpatza and Joya C. Kappatou

Energies 2018, 11(12), 3404; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123404 - 4 Dec 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3785

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is the performance investigation of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) system, suitable for wind power applications and the comparison of the machine electromagnetic characteristics under open and closed control loop implementations. The copper and iron losses are [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper is the performance investigation of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) system, suitable for wind power applications and the comparison of the machine electromagnetic characteristics under open and closed control loop implementations. The copper and iron losses are estimated and compared for the above control systems with the use of the Steinmetz-Bertotti loss separation equation. In addition, the effect of the rotating magnetic field on the total losses is studied. The generator is simulated using Finite Element Analysis (FEA), while the rest of the components are connected to the machine model using a drawing window of the FEA software and suitable command files. The close loop control used in the present study results to less losses and greater machine efficiency. The main novelty of the paper is the simulation of the PMSG coupled with a converter and control schemes using FEA, which ensures more accurate results of the whole system and allows the detailed machine electromagnetic study, while the majority of existing papers on this topic uses simulation tools that usually simulate in detail the electric circuits but not the machine. The FEM model is validated by experimental results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines)

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15 pages, 6277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cogging Torque Reduction Based on a New Pre-Slot Technique for a Small Wind Generator

by Miguel García-Gracia, Ángel Jiménez Romero, Jorge Herrero Ciudad and Susana Martín Arroyo

Energies 2018, 11(11), 3219; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113219 - 20 Nov 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7321

Abstract

Cogging torque is a pulsating, parasitic, and undesired torque ripple intrinsic of the design of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), which should be minimized due to its adverse effects: vibration and noise. In addition, as aerodynamic power is low during start-up at [...] Read more.

Cogging torque is a pulsating, parasitic, and undesired torque ripple intrinsic of the design of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), which should be minimized due to its adverse effects: vibration and noise. In addition, as aerodynamic power is low during start-up at low wind speeds in small wind energy systems, the cogging torque must be as low as possible to achieve a low cut-in speed. A novel mitigation technique using compound pre-slotting, based on a combination of magnetic and non-magnetic materials, is investigated. The finite element technique is used to calculate the cogging torque of a real PMSG design for a small wind turbine, with and without using compound pre-slotting. The results show that cogging torque can be reduced by a factor of 48% with this technique, while avoiding the main drawback of the conventional closed slot technique: the reduction of induced voltage due to leakage flux between stator teeth. Furthermore, through a combination of pre-slotting and other cogging torque optimization techniques, cogging torque can be reduced by 84% for a given design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines)

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14 pages, 4672 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Current Spikes Minimization Method for Three-Phase Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor with Real-Time Implementation

by Mohamed Dahbi, Said Doubabi and Ahmed Rachid

Energies 2018, 11(11), 3206; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113206 - 19 Nov 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7030

Abstract

Due to their high efficiency and low cost of maintenance, brushless DC motors (BLDCMs) with trapezoidal electromotive forces (back-EMFs), have become widely used in various applications such as aerospace, electric vehicles, industrial uses, and robotics. However, they suffer from large current ripples and [...] Read more.

Due to their high efficiency and low cost of maintenance, brushless DC motors (BLDCMs) with trapezoidal electromotive forces (back-EMFs), have become widely used in various applications such as aerospace, electric vehicles, industrial uses, and robotics. However, they suffer from large current ripples and current spikes. In this paper, a new method for minimizing current spikes appearing during BLDCM start-up or sudden set point changes is proposed. The method is based on controlling the MOSFET gates of the motor driver using R-C filters. These filters are placed between the PWM control signal generator and the MOSFET gates to smooth these control signals. The analysis of the proposed method showed that the R-C filter usage affects the BLDCM steady-state performances. To overcome this limitation, the R-C filter circuit was activated only during current spikes detection. The effectiveness of the proposed method was analytically analyzed and then validated through simulation and experimental tests. The obtained results allowed a reduction of 13% in current spikes amplitude. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines)

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17 pages, 3869 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On Field Weakening Performance of a Brushless Direct Current Motor with Higher Winding Inductance: Why Does Design Matter?

by Ozgur Ustun, Omer Cihan Kivanc, Seray Senol and Bekir Fincan

Energies 2018, 11(11), 3119; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113119 - 12 Nov 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5404

Abstract

This paper comprises the design, analysis, experimental verification and field weakening performance study of a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor for a light electric vehicle. The main objective is to design a BLDC motor having a higher value d-axis inductance, which implies [...] Read more.

This paper comprises the design, analysis, experimental verification and field weakening performance study of a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor for a light electric vehicle. The main objective is to design a BLDC motor having a higher value d-axis inductance, which implies an improved performance of field weakening and a higher constant power speed ratio (CPSR) operation. Field weakening operation of surface-mounted permanent magnet (SMPM) BLDC motors requires a large d-axis inductance, which is characteristically low for those motors due to large air gap and PM features. The design phases of the sub-fractional slot-concentrated winding structure with unequal tooth widths include the motivation and the computer aided study which is based on Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS Maxwell. A 24/20 slot–pole SMPM BLDC motor is chosen for prototyping. The designed motor is manufactured and performed at different phase-advanced currents in the field weakening region controlled by a TMS320F28335 digital signal processor. As a result of the experimental work, the feasibility and effectiveness of field weakening for BLDC motors are discussed thoroughly and the contribution of higher winding inductance is verified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines)

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19 pages, 1523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Node Mapping Criterion for Highly Saturated Interior PMSMs Using Magnetic Reluctance Network

by Damian Caballero, Borja Prieto, Gurutz Artetxe, Ibon Elosegui and Miguel Martinez-Iturralde

Energies 2018, 11(9), 2294; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092294 - 31 Aug 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3294

Abstract

Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (IPMSM) are high torque density machines that usually work under heavy load conditions, becoming magnetically saturated. To obtain properly their performance, this paper presents a node mapping criterion that ensure accurate results when calculating the performance of a [...] Read more.

Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (IPMSM) are high torque density machines that usually work under heavy load conditions, becoming magnetically saturated. To obtain properly their performance, this paper presents a node mapping criterion that ensure accurate results when calculating the performance of a highly saturated IPMSM via a novel magnetic reluctance network approach. For this purpose, a Magnetic Circuit Model (MCM) with variable discretization levels for the different geometrical domains is developed. The proposed MCM caters to V-shaped IPMSMs with variable magnet depth and angle between magnets. Its structure allows static and dynamic time stepping simulations to be performed by taking into account complex phenomena such as magnetic saturation, cross-coupling saturation effect and stator slotting effect. The results of the proposed model are compared to those obtained by Finite Element Method (FEM) for a number of IPMSMs obtaining excellent results. Finally, its accuracy is validated comparing the calculated performance with experimental results on a real prototype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines)

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18 pages, 4638 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Quantitative Comparisons of Six-Phase Outer-Rotor Permanent-Magnet Brushless Machines for Electric Vehicles

by Yuqing Yao, Chunhua Liu and Christopher H.T. Lee

Energies 2018, 11(8), 2141; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11082141 - 16 Aug 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4467

Abstract

Multiphase machines have some distinct merits, including the high power density, high torque density, high efficiency and low torque ripple, etc. which can be beneficial for many industrial applications. This paper presents four different types of six-phase outer-rotor permanent-magnet (PM) brushless machines for [...] Read more.

Multiphase machines have some distinct merits, including the high power density, high torque density, high efficiency and low torque ripple, etc. which can be beneficial for many industrial applications. This paper presents four different types of six-phase outer-rotor permanent-magnet (PM) brushless machines for electric vehicles (EVs), which include the inserted PM (IPM) type, surface PM (SPM) type, PM flux-switching (PMFS) type, and PM vernier (PMV) type. First, the design criteria and operation principle are compared and discussed. Then, their key characteristics are addressed and analyzed by using the finite element method (FEM). The results show that the PMV type is quite suitable for the direct-drive application for EVs with its high torque density and efficiency. Also, the IPM type is suitable for the indirect-drive application for EVs with its high power density and efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines)

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18 pages, 5494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability Analysis of Deadbeat-Direct Torque and Flux Control for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives with Respect to Parameter Variations

by Jae Suk Lee

Energies 2018, 11(8), 2027; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11082027 - 4 Aug 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3781

Abstract

This paper presents a stability analysis and dynamic characteristics investigation of deadbeat-direct torque and flux control (DB-DTFC) of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives with respect to machine parameter variations. Since a DB-DTFC algorithm is developed based on a machine model and [...] Read more.

This paper presents a stability analysis and dynamic characteristics investigation of deadbeat-direct torque and flux control (DB-DTFC) of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives with respect to machine parameter variations. Since a DB-DTFC algorithm is developed based on a machine model and parameters, stability with respect to machine parameter variations should be evaluated. Among stability evaluation methods, an eigenvalue (EV) migration is used in this paper because both the stability and dynamic characteristics of a system can be investigated through EV migration. Since an IPMSM drive system is nonlinear, EV migration cannot be directly applied. Therefore, operating point models of DB-DTFC and CVC (current vector control) IPMSM drives are derived to obtain linearized models and to implement EV migration in this paper. Along with DB-DTFC, current vector control (CVC), one of the widely used control algorithms for motor drives, is applied and evaluated at the same operating conditions for performance comparison. For practical analysis, the US06 supplemental federal test procedure (SFTP), one of the dynamic automotive driving cycles, is transformed into torque and speed trajectories and the trajectories are used to investigate the EV migration of DB-DTFC and CVC IPMSM drives. In this paper, the stability and dynamic characteristics of DB-DTFC and CVC IPMSM drives are compared and evaluated through EV migrations with respect to machine parameter variations in simulation and experiment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines)

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